Gender Differences In Attitudes Research Articles

Gender differences in caregiver attitudes and unmet needs for activities of daily living (ADL) assistance among older adults with disabilities

BackgroundWith a rapidly ageing population and a decline in the availability of family caregivers, the number of older adults with disabilities who have unmet long-term care needs is gradually increasing worldwide. However, whether there are gender differences in the association between primary caregivers or their attitudes and unmet needs for activities of daily living (ADL) assistance remains largely unknown.MethodsThis study used the latest 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), containing the data of 1187 older adults with disabilities aged 65 and older, to identify gender differences in the attitudes of primary caregivers toward the unmet needs for ADL assistance among with disabilities adults in China. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the effects of primary caregivers and their caregiving attitudes on the unmet care experiences of older adults with ADLs. In addition, a gender-stratified analysis was conducted to compare the differences based on older adults’ gender.ResultsThe results revealed that the lack of positive attitudes from primary caregivers might create a situation of unmet needs for ADL assistance among older adults. When family members carry the main burden of care, older adults with disabilities, especially older women, have a lower level of unmet needs for ADL assistance. Therefore, it is important to consider gender-specific interventions to improve ADL assistance among older adults.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the presence of a family member as a caregiver has a significant effect on unmet needs for ADL assistance in women, highlighting the importance of developing an emotional bond with the caregiver. Given that the availability of informal caregivers, such as family members, is declining, it is crucial to provide financial assistance and formal services, such as paid home services and community-based care services, and reduce the burden on family caregivers to address the unmet needs for ADL assistance among older adults with disabilities in China.

Digital versus Paper Reading: A Systematic Literature Review on Contemporary Gaps According to Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Rurality.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on electronic reading (e-reading) versus paper reading. The main objective was to assess the current state of research comparing digital and paper reading outcomes among students aged 6-18 years old, as well as assessing the impact of various factors (gender, socioeconomic status, and school location) in explaining the differences between the two modes. Inclusion criteria included the following: participants (6-18 years), research focus (comparing digital reading and paper reading), study type (quantitative or mixed methods), publication (peer reviewed between 2015 and 2022), and language (English). A systematic search in four databases (WOS, Scopus, ERIC, and JSTOR) in August 2022 was conducted by three reviewers. The search revealed 23 studies matching the inclusion criteria. The findings from the reviewed studies are diverse, with some reporting no significant differences in reading comprehension between the two modes, while others suggest screen inferiority, thereby favoring paper reading. Individual-level predictors, such as prior comprehension skills and reading habits, play a crucial role in determining reading performance across modes. Family-level factors, such as the number of books at home, and school-level factors, like the usage of ICT resources, influence both paper and digital reading comprehension. Moreover, gender differences in attitudes and performance towards different reading modes are apparent. SES is positively associated with reading achievement in both modes, with a larger effect shown for paper reading. Overall, the comparison between electronic and paper reading modes reveals a complex interplay of individual and contextual factors influencing reading comprehension and attitudes.

Measuring Implicit STEM and Math Attitudes in Adolescents Online with the Brief Implicit Association Test

Despite societal efforts toward enhancing gender equality, females are still underrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics). Prominent explanations draw on gender differences in attitudes about STEM (with females holding more negative attitudes than males), which result from the gender stereotype that STEM is a male domain. While a lot of research has focused on explicit attitudes, little is known about implicit attitudes toward STEM. The present research sought to examine implicit attitudes among adolescents, and how they relate to other STEM cognitions. We measured implicit attitudes about the STEM concept as a whole, and about math in particular. For this purpose, we developed two Brief Implicit Associations Tests (BIATs) and administered them online in a sample of adolescents (N = 517). We additionally measured a variety of self-reported motivational and social-psychological variables (interest, aspiration, self-concept of ability, and sense of belonging to the math and STEM community, respectively), which previous research has identified as factors contributing to the gender gap in STEM participation. Our findings confirm the reliability and validity of both the STEM BIAT and the Math BIAT. Moreover, implicit STEM attitudes predicted interest in and aspiration for STEM, self-concept of STEM ability, and sense of belonging to the STEM community. Similarly, implicit math attitudes predicted interest in and aspiration for math, and sense of belonging to the math community (but not self-concept of math ability). Our findings confirm that our novel online BIATs are efficient measurement tools of implicit attitudes in adolescents. Moreover, our findings underscore the significance of implicit attitudes in the STEM domain.

The Gender Gap in Animal Experimentation Support: The Mediating Roles of Empathy and Speciesism

ABSTRACT There is a large gender gap in support for animal experimentation, with men endorsing this practice more than women. However, little is known about the psychological factors associated with these differences. Drawing on a large and gender-balanced sample (nwomen = 551, nmen = 454), we conducted a cross-sectional survey to examine whether gender differences in empathy, social dominance orientation (SDO), and speciesism mediate gender differences in attitudes toward animal experimentation. Our results indicate that gender differences in empathy and speciesism mediate the link between gender and support for animal experimentation, but SDO does not. An integrative model also confirmed the role of gender differences in dispositional empathy related directly to speciesist attitudes, which as a result were related to attitudes toward animal testing. This research brings new insights into gender differences in the acceptance of animal experimentation and may explain why women are more likely than men to be opposed to this practice.

Salary Negotiations: Gender Differences in Attitudes, Priorities, and Behaviors of Ophthalmologists

To investigate attitudes, priorities, and behaviors of ophthalmologists in salary negotiations. Cross-sectional study. A Qualtrics survey was disseminated to U.S.-based practicing ophthalmologists between November 1, 2021 and March 31, 2022 and assessed attitudes, behaviors, and priorities surrounding salary negotiation during the respondents' first negotiation as a practicing physician and currently. Optional case-based scenarios were also included. Of 424 respondents, 155 (36.5%) identified as male (M) and 269 (63.3%) identified as female (F). Men were more likely to negotiate salary for their first position as an independent ophthalmologist (M 78.3%, F 68.2%; P=.04). Respondents of both genders assessed their success similarly; 85.0% of men and 75.7% of women (P=.07) felt that their negotiation was very successful or somewhat successful. Women were more likely to select "flexibility in clinic/OR schedule for personal commitments" as a priority during salary negation for their first position (M 14.8%, F 23.1%; P=.04). Women ophthalmologists reported feeling more uncomfortable (M 36.1%, F 49.1%; P=.01), intimidated (M 20.0%, F 43.5%; P < .01), and were less likely to feel well-trained (M 24.5%, F 13.0%; P < .01). Most respondents never received formal training in negotiation. We found significant gender differences among ophthalmologists in attitudes, priorities and behaviors surrounding salary negotiation. There were low reported levels of formal negotiation training, which appears to disadvantage women more than men. These gender disparities suggest that incorporating education about negotiation skills and career development early in training may be impactful.

Gender Difference in Attitudes of Learners Towards Online Learning at Higher Education of Bangladesh

Online learning has created a new window in today’s education system. It is an entirely new experience in the education system of Bangladesh. As a result, the pupils, the tutors and the education administration face some challenges adjusting to the new learning mode. The main objective of this study was to compare the attitudes of learners studying at the different programs of the National University central campus by basing on the gender issue regarding online learning. In this study, five independent factors were identified through a literature review that influences the successful execution of online learning. It is a quantitative study where the sample size was 141, which was found by applying the formula of Yamane (1973). A stratified sampling technique was used as the population is not homogeneous. A pilot study has been conducted with 52 responses to test the validity and reliability of the factors. Two factors were excluded from over twenty-six elements through this analysis. Different descriptive statistical tools have been used to analyze the primary data by using the SPSS software version 23. The study founds no gap exists between the responses of male and female learners except for the factor of students’ competency level on digital learning technology, the supportive environment for online learning and online assessment. The output of the study also claims that the tutors’ and the academic administration’s support is significant for the successful execution of online learning. The main limitation of this study is that it ignores the educational programs of NU-affiliated campuses, which does not represent the complete scenario of NU. In this regard, further analysis can be conducted to get a more effective result. NU Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences &amp; Business Studies Vol. 7 &amp; 8, No.2 &amp; 1, July 2021 - December 2022 p.1-21

Undergraduate sport sciences students’ attitudes towards statistics: A gender perspective

Statistics is involved in sport curricula, due to its importance in science in general and in sport sciences in particular (see for example the development of specific disciplines such as sabermetrics in baseball). The aim of this study is to investigate attitudes toward the first statistics course − the most relevant predictor for achievement − among sport sciences students of the University of Lausanne. Attitudes, measured by the instrument Survey of Attitudes Towards Statistics (SATS, Schau et al., 1995) were collected via a self-administered survey, that included known predictors of attitudes (Eichler & Zapata-Cardona, 2016) and a new one − interest in statistics in daily-life. Adopting a gender perspective, the results indicate that men have higher positive feelings toward statistics than women (Affect) and have higher confidence about their own capabilities than women (Competence). Gender and achievement in mathematics in secondary school are significant predictors of Affect and Competence, but there is an additional effect of age for the latter. Finally, there is no gender difference in achievement in the end of the semester. Gender differences in attitudes towards statistics are practically relevant for many reasons, such as women's experience during a course, the likelihood that they will take an additional optional statistical course, and in some cases, their achievement at the end of the course. It is important that the instructor is aware of them.

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN ATTITUDE TOWARD DOWRY SYSTEM AMONG DIFFERENT CASTES IN PUNJAB

The dowry is immoral crime that persists across different culture in Pakistan, which is discriminatory against unmarried girls whose value is determined by how much dowry they possess. This study examined the attitude toward dowry system that has been practicing among different castes. Gender differences in attitude and perceptions of young and older adults’ about dowry system were analyzed. A quantitative method was used, 300 male and females were selected purposively to collect the data from various parts of Punjab. Participants came from various caste systems i.e. Sheikh, Butt, Jutt, Syed, and Rajpoot. The Dowry System Assessment Inventory was utilized as a tool for data collection. Data analysis and result computation was done by applying ANOVA, T-test, and Chi square to examine the relationship between survey demographics and variables. The findings revealed that majority of people oppose dowry but men and women from modern urban culture have been practicing it by facing financial challenges. Participants in the current survey suggested that in order to omit this system, both the state and older people need to take action. Keywords: dowry, gender differences, caste, financial challenges

Gender differences in attitudes toward bisexual people and bisexuality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gender differences in attitudes toward bisexual people and bisexuality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gender differences in attitudes towards science: comparison of middle school students in England, Singapore and USA using complete TIMSS 2011 data

ABSTRACT Background There are relatively few studies in the literature on attitudes towards science that focus on cross-national comparisons and, more importantly, on gender differences in this regard. Purpose To explore attitudes towards science with respect to gender for three developed countries, each from a different continent – England, Singapore, and USA. Sample The entire TIMSS 2011 data set for England, Singapore and USA was used (N = 20,246) Design and methods The survey on attitudes towards science used in TIMSS 2011 formed the basis for this study. Rasch analysis was used to treat the survey data rather than classical test analysis, Results When data for the three countries are aggregated together, overall, males showed more favorable attitudes towards science as compared to females. There are gender differences for most of the items in the attitudes scale, not only between genders in a country but also across countries as well, and the differences are statistically significant for a number of items. Though Singapore topped in science achievement, their students’ confidence in science, irrespective of gender, is low compared to those in England and USA. Also, students from the USA, especially males, disagreed more on the value of studying science as compared to the other two countries. Conclusion Large-scale international assessment data provide not only robust sample sizes but also more representative data which can be meaningfully analyzed. This has shed some useful light on not only overall gender differences in the samples but also on a country-wide and cross-national basis. Even though the three counties selected for the study are economically developed, there are still gender differences on attitudes towards science. A few factors can possibly help to explain the differences on a cross-national basis – for example, educational ecosystem, relative levels of economic development and culture.

Evolution of Public Attitudes and Opinions Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination During the Vaccine Campaign in China: Year-Long Infodemiology Study of Weibo Posts.

Monitoring people's perspectives on the COVID-19 vaccine is crucial for understanding public vaccination hesitancy and developing effective, targeted vaccine promotion strategies. Although this is widely recognized, studies on the evolution of public opinion over the course of an actual vaccination campaign are rare. We aimed to track the evolution of public opinion and sentiment toward COVID-19 vaccines in online discussions over an entire vaccination campaign. Moreover, we aimed to reveal the pattern of gender differences in attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination. We collected COVID-19 vaccine-related posts by the general public that appeared on Sina Weibo from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021; this period covered the entire vaccination process in China. We identified popular discussion topics using latent Dirichlet allocation. We further examined changes in public sentiment and topics during the 3 stages of the vaccination timeline. Gender differences in perceptions toward vaccination were also investigated. Of 495,229 crawled posts, 96,145 original posts from individual accounts were included. Most posts presented positive sentiments (positive: 65,981/96,145, 68.63%; negative: 23,184/96,145, 24.11%; neutral: 6980/96,145, 7.26%). The average sentiment scores were 0.75 (SD 0.35) for men and 0.67 (SD 0.37) for women. The overall trends in sentiment scores showed a mixed response to the number of new cases and significant events related to vaccine development and important holidays. The sentiment scores showed a weak correlation with new case numbers (R=0.296; P=.03). Significant sentiment score differences were observed between men and women (P<.001). Common and distinguishing characteristics were found among frequently discussed topics during the different stages, with significant differences in topic distribution between men and women (January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2021: χ23=3030.9; April 1, 2021, to September 30, 2021: χ24=8893.8; October 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021: χ25=3019.5; P<.001). Women were more concerned with side effects and vaccine effectiveness. In contrast, men reported broader concerns around the global pandemic, the progress of vaccine development, and economics affected by the pandemic. Understanding public concerns regarding vaccination is essential for reaching vaccine-induced herd immunity. This study tracked the year-long evolution of attitudes and opinions on COVID-19 vaccines according to the different stages of vaccination in China. These findings provide timely information that will enable the government to understand the reasons for low vaccine uptake and promote COVID-19 vaccination nationwide.

SOMATIC PARAMETERS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVEL DETERMINATION BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ATTITUDES OF SLOVAK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Introduction: Regular whole life recreational movement activity plays irreplaceable role for increasing individual health and prolonging active life. From the point of the view the childhood and adolescent age are the decisive periods for performing physical activities and its integration into life of each man. University students are specific and numerous social groups. Hey are in critical age from the point of performing recreational activities and thus their physical fitness level can often decrease. In this contribution authors deal with relationships of physical activity attitudes with somatic and physical fitness parameters of Slovak universities students. Material and methods: In this research are involved 606 students, 344 males and 262 females from two Bratislava Universities (8 faculties). Attitudes were estimated by Lickert scale in three components (cognitive, emotional and tendency to act), from somatic parameters were measured body height and body weight, physical fitness was evaluated with reduced Eurofit and former Czechoslovak battery tests: sit and reach, standing broad jump, medicine ball throw, shuttle run 10x5m, sit-ups and endurance shuttle run. We have available students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports (FSPORT) and from 8 different faculties (not physical education and sport study orientation). Differences and relationships were evaluated by t-test and correlative coefficients; we used •p&lt;0.05, ••p&lt;0.01 significance level. Results: We found that there are not great differences between somatic parameters FSPORT and others faculties, both male and female. In physical fitness factors reached clear majority FSPORT students. In attitudes reached significantly higher levels FSPORT students in all three components, mainly in component tendency to act. Gender differences in attitudes were not very different. Components of attitudes relate to physical fitness level mostly in groups of other faculties students, more often among females. Conclusions: We proved that lower like average values in component tendency to act in other faculties courses often lack of physical activity and it influences also lower level of physical fitness. We suppose that entrance in FSPORT studies also means that attitudes components must reach relatively higher levels.

Disgust propensity-sensitivity and attitude towards homosexuals among parents

The objective of the research study was to find the extent to which disgust propensity-sensitivity is related to attitude towards homosexuals among parents. This study included 160 participants who were parents ranging in age of 21 to 70 from urban and rural localities of India. The study was conducted using the tools, Disgust propensity and sensitivity scale – Revised (DPSS-R) and The Development of Attitudes towards Homosexuality Scale for Indians (AHSI). The study used a correlational research design and the statistical analyses used were correlation, independent sample t-test and regression analysis. The study tested eight hypotheses and found a negative correlation between disgust propensity-sensitivity and attitude toward homosexuals among parents. The findings also revealed that disgust propensity-sensitivity has a significant impact on attitudes toward homosexuals. The results also showed that there is significant gender difference in attitude towards homosexuals among parents. According to the study, as parents' disgust propensity-sensitivity increases, attitude toward homosexuals decrease. The study also found that mothers have a more favourable attitude toward homosexuals than fathers. This study may aid in raising parental awareness of homosexuality and to raise awareness on how controlling the feeling of disgust can help in betterment of attitude towards homosexuals

Gender Differences in Attitude of University Students towards Gender Roles

Gender role attitude has gained considerable attention over the past three decades as the concern of society shifts from male dominance to the liberation of the female sex. This attitude of a country’s population helps in explaining deep-rooted gender sensitivity in its society. The present research was carried out purposively in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India in the year 2021-22 on 200 purposively selected students throwing light on the gender role attitude of University students. Primary data was collected using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Findings revealed that half of the respondents had an egalitarian gender role attitude followed by 40.50 per cent who had a transitional attitude. The majority of the female students had an egalitarian attitude whereas half of the male respondents had a transitional attitude. This gap in gender role attitude can be expected because of the male-dominated and patriarchal nature of Indian society. It is suggested that parents should be sensitized to teach their sons to share responsibilities irrespective of gender role norms and also more emphasis should be laid on gender empowerment.

Technology in Nature—mDGBL as a Successful Approach to Promote Complex Contents?

The central challenges of our time mostly share a high level of complexity, which makes them unsolvable by single-perspective approaches. To offer adolescents the educational concepts that enable them to take various perspectives, comprehend, and finally deal constructively with these problems, innovative measures must be created. Additionally, the benefit of these measures must be shared equally by all learners, without being limited by their individual biographical or attitudinal characteristics. In this work, potential concepts were collected from geography education, technology education (TE), and education for sustainable development (ESD), and merged into a multi-perspective educational approach with mobile digital game-based learning (mDGBL) for the promotion of environmental and technology-related content. In the presented study, the accumulation of n = 94 Hessian students’ subject-specific knowledge (SSK) was evaluated in a comparative study with a control group, along with the potential influence of gender, age, and concept-related attitudes (CRA) in a longitudinal quantitative study. Firstly, in a study of this kind, in addition to the approach’s short-term success, the long-term effects on subject-specific knowledge were also tested. The results prove the full success of the innovative mDGBL intervention. There were strong immediate and long-lasting effects on participants’ SSK, measured right after and eight weeks after the intervention. It could be proven that, although there were partially significant gender differences in attitudes towards modern technologies, learning success was not influenced by gender, age, or any of the measured attitudinal dimensions.

Gender differences in attitudes toward assisted reproduction in the Spanish population: The weight of religiosity and conservatism

IntroductionThe continuous increase in assisted reproductive treatments (ARTs) has generated different ethical dilemmas in the scientific and academic debate. However, there are a few occasions when Spanish citizenship pronounces itself on this issue. It seems that the population has assumed ARTs without questioning despite being a subject crossed by gender mandates that make women the center of ART application. This study delves into the attitudes of the Spanish population toward assisted reproduction and the persistence of gender mandates in the choice of ARTs, beyond the apparent (almost fixed image of the) total acceptance of ARTs.MethodsA questionnaire was applied to a sample of 1,030 randomly selected people. Variables included attitudes toward the different possibilities of assisted reproduction, different approaches depending on whether infertility or sterility fell on the woman or the man and other scenarios related to genetic dilemmas.ResultsThe mean difference test confirmed the high acceptance of ARTs by the Spanish population and revealed significant gender differences. Women accepted ARTs for infertility and genetic disorders, while men accepted ARTs for choosing a baby's sex. However, gender was not the only relevant variable in the conducted linear regression model; religiosity and political conservatism were also explanatory variables for the acceptance of ARTs.ContributionThis study is a clear contribution to the debate on the impact of “medicalization” on women regarding assisted reproduction, showing the persistence of motherhood as a gender mandate.

Gender Differences in Attitude and Barriers to Research by Medical Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

Background.&#x0D; Medical research, one of the pillars of medical education plays a crucial impact in advancing healthcare by improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses. It is important to ensure that medical students and early career physicians are involved to research outside the curriculum at an early stage of training. This early involvement has been widely known to increase one’s likelihood of building a career in research.&#x0D; In Nigeria, the gender composition of research personnel in universities is alarming as less than a quarter are female. There is a need to describe the factors responsible for this imbalance in order to inform stakeholders on where actionable measures can be taken.&#x0D; &#x0D; Aim&#x0D; To examine the gender differences in the attitude towards research, willingness to undertake research, and barriers to research reported by undergraduate clinical students in Nigeria.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods&#x0D; Six hundred and seventy-two (672) undergraduate medical students in their fourth to sixth years of study in seven selected medical schools across Nigeria completed an electronic survey in August 2022. The survey which was hosted on REDCap was adapted from published works which addressed a similar scope and comprised of 56 items divided into five sections. Gender differences in research experience, willingness to participate in research, attitude towards research and barriers that hinder participation in research were explored using a chi-square test. Variables were collected using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to agree with a “neutral midpoint” and SPSS version 25 was used in the analysis.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Although an equal proportion of male and female students reported voluntary involvement in research, 56.2% of male students and 28.8% of female students perceived research as exciting and enjoyable (p&lt;0.001) and 37.5% of male students vs 47.0 of female students perceived research as being complicated. &#x0D; Male students were more willing to spend more than 3 months on a research project (56.0% vs 42.5%, p&lt;0.001), devote as much time to research as to medical studies (40.1% vs 28%, p=0.002), and to pursue a research-oriented career in the future (49.3% vs 32%, p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Overall, male students reported a higher number of barriers than female students. However, lack of personal interest in research (19.2% vs 26.9%, male vs female students, p=0.011) and insufficient training in research methodology (70.1% vs 81.7%, male vs female students, p=0.009) were reported more by female students. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Although there are no gender differences in the composition of students who report prior voluntarily involvement in research, there are gender differences in the attitude and willingness as well as barriers encountered by clinical students to carry out research. Tailored measures should be developed around the peculiar barriers expressed by female medical students.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Mediator role of intergroup anxiety in relationship between the social contact, intercultural sensitivity and attitudes towards Syrians among Turkish local society

AbstractTurkey is the country with the highest Syrian refugee population hosted in the world. Social acceptance of immigrants by the local community is as important as the social cohesion of immigrants regarding the social integration process. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of social contact, intercultural sensitivity, intergroup anxiety, gender, age, education, abroad experience and city on attitudes of Turkish local society towards Syrians. In this regard, data were collected from 207 local community members living in Ankara and Adana provinces of Turkey. According to the analysis, qualitative social contact, intercultural sensitivity and intergroup anxiety predicted the attitudes of the local community towards Syrians. In addition, intergroup anxiety had a mediating role between qualitative social contact, intercultural sensitivity and attitudes towards Syrians. When close social contact and intercultural sensitivity of Turkish local society increase, intergroup anxiety decreases and it increases positive attitudes towards Syrians. Lastly, while there was no gender difference in attitude towards Syrians, females were higher in intercultural sensitivity than males.

A Study of Grade Level and Gender Differences in Attitude towards Nonlinear Pedagogy

It is important to remember that learning outcomes are not the only thing students accomplish, but attitude is also a major learning output.&#x0D; The study purpose was to investigate students’ attitudes, especially regarding the attitude toward nonlinear pedagogy (ATNP), according to gender and grade level in Yogyakarta.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study involved 1,160 kids who were in fifth grade in primary schools and in eighth grade in secondary schools. A total of 18 schools from around the province were included in the study. The Test of Science Related Attitudes (TOSRA) was used to gather data. This questionnaire is effective for gathering descriptions of students’ attitudes toward nonlinear pedagogy scores for a specific set of participants, since it uses the Likert scale.&#x0D; Results. The study findings show students have quite different levels of excitement for nonlinear science learning. The male students in primary school have a higher positive attitude than the female students do, (M = 36.75; p &lt; 0.001). The male students exhibit a more eager attitude than the female students do in junior high schools (M = 35.78; p &lt; 0.001). The data revealed that the male students in secondary schools have more positive attitudes than the female students do (8.23, M&gt;F). According to the grade level of the school, the male students’ ATNP at the elementary level is more positive than in junior high schools.&#x0D; Conclusions. The statistics show that students’ opinions toward nonlinear teaching are similar in elementary and secondary schools regardless of the grade level of the schools.&#x0D; Even still, most secondary school students find physical education less enjoyable than it was in elementary school. This fact provides instructors of physical education with user input. This finding is encouraging for students looking for strategies to bridge the gender gap in classroom settings. The effects of nonlinear pedagogy are also explored.

Do men and women really have different gender role attitudes? Experimental insight on gender-specific attitudes toward paid and unpaid work in Germany

This article uses a novel experimental approach to measure whether men and women actually differ in their gender role attitudes. Recent research has shown that operationalizing gender role attitudes on a unidimensional scale ranging from “egalitarian” to “traditional” is problematic. Instead, their multidimensionality must to be taken into account. Similarly, an ideal measurement tool should consider that gender norms are applied conditionally, i.e., extensive information on the situational context must be provided. In this article, both preconditions are met by using a multifactorial survey experiment. The vignettes used in the survey experiment contain extensive contextual information on fictional couples' division of paid and unpaid work. In addition, the experimental variation of this information (e.g., the vignette persons' gender, the presence and age of children, and the partners' shares of paid and unpaid work) allows to disentangle the different dimensions that may influence (different) gender role attitudes of men and women. Results show no gender difference in attitudes: On average, men and women have “classical” egalitarian gender role attitudes.