Gender Determination Research Articles

Analysis of Mental Foramen Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Gender Determination in a Sample of Yemeni Population

Aim: To analyze the mental foramen dimensions and location for gender determination in a sample of Yemeni population. Methods: This is a retrospective study performed on 420 maxillofacial CBCT scans, 210 males and 210 females with age ranged from 20 to 60- years old. Osteometric analysis of the dimensions, shape and position of the mental foramen was performed. Results: In comparison between males and females, all mental foramen (MF) measurements were statistically significant except at the distance from the superior mental foramen to the alveolar crest. The all measurements of males were higher than females. MF with round shape was the most common between both males and females. The most common location of the MF was presented below the apices of the 2nd premolars. Conclusions: We can be concluded that the vertical and horizontal dimensions the MF and the distance from the lower border of the MF to the lower border of the mandible exhibits gender dimorphism in the Yemeni population. The shape and horizontal position of the MF do not show any difference denoting that they cannot be used for identification of gender.

Gender Classification With Hand-Wrist Radiographs Using the Deep Learning Method

Objective: Before dental procedures, hand-wrist radiographs are used to plan treatment time and determine skeletal maturity. This study aims to determine gender from hand-wrist radiographs using different deep-learning methods. Material and methods: The left hand-wrist radiographs of 1044 individuals (534 males and 510 females) were pre-processed to clarify the image and adjust the contrast. In the gender classification problem, AlexNet, VGG16 and VGG19 transfer learning methods were both used as separate classifiers, and the features taken from these methods were combined and given to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: The results revealed that image analysis and deep learning techniques provided 91.1% accuracy in gender determination. Conclusion: Hand-wrist radiographs exhibited sexual dimorphism and could be used in gender prediction. Keywords: deep learning, image analysis,; hand-wrist radiographs, gender determination

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Individuals Gender Detection Using Orthopantomograms.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into dental imaging has led to significant advancements, particularly in the analysis of panoramic radiographs, also known as orthopantomograms (OPGs). One emerging application of AI is in determining gender from these radiographs, a task traditionally performed by forensic experts using manual methods. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the accuracy of AI algorithms in gender determination using OPGs, focusing on the reliability and potential clinical and forensic applications of these technologies. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The study included research articles that utilised AI algorithms for gender detection based on OPG images. Five major databases were searched, and studies were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis focused on studies that reported accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of AI models. Statistical analyses were performed using R software, including forest plots and funnel plots, to evaluate the diagnostic performance and potential publication bias. The meta-analysis included 13 studies, yielding a pooled accuracy estimate of 88.66%. The results demonstrated high specificity among the AI models, with some studies achieving accuracy rates as high as 99.20%. However, there was variability in sensitivity across different studies, indicating that some models are more reliable than others depending on the dataset and features used. The funnel plot analysis suggested slight asymmetry, indicating potential publication bias or heterogeneity. AI models show significant potential in accurately determining gender from OPG images, with some models achieving near-perfect accuracy. Continued research is needed to enhance model consistency and expand the applicability of these tools across different demographic groups.

Grounded in the Present and Anticipating the Future.

A new year is dawning and along with it, the first issue of the Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership (CJNL) for the year 2025. We begin the year with significant and persistent health and healthcare challenges. Recently released data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information indicate that 5.4 million Canadians aged 18 years and older (17%) report not having access to a regular healthcare provider (CIHI 2024a). Mental health concerns are on the rise and made worse by intersections with gender and other social determinants of health, with many people experiencing delays in care or not receiving it at all (CIHI 2024b). Emergency departments are overburdened as more and more Canadians seek care there for conditions that could have been managed in primary care (CIHI 2024a). The social determinants of health have worsened as the cost of living has skyrocketed (Park 2024) along with gender-based violence and structurally embedded and pervasive racism (Government of Canada 2024a, 2024b).

Gender perspective and determinants associated with the linkage women-informal or primary care

The primary caregiver is a fundamental part of the health-disease process of the patient with a disabling, chronic or transitory illness. The participation of women in care is greater compared to men, this happens in various studies of informal caregivers of various diseases or disabling conditions. Feminist economics, from the perspective of care economics, points out the importance of considering the determining role of gender relations to explain the concentration of women in care activities and the minimal or less favorable participation in the work market. The objective of this narrative review is to recognize some sociodemographic characteristics that allow the problem to be analyzed from a gender perspective, especially to make visible the determinants associated with the link between women and primary or informal care. The recent approval of the national care system is a small advance in the challenge that care for primary caregivers entails, however, it is necessary to generate public policies that contribute to the well-being of caregivers, starting from the recognition of their needs in the different areas. It is important to consider social changes, population aging, the increase in the number of dependent people, whether due to age or disability, demographic changes, and new family, work and cultural models.

Comparative analysis for sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine in two ethnic diverse population with clinical and experimental method

Background: Sex determination is challenging with minimal skeletal remains. It is overcome by odontometric measurement of mandibular canines as it exhibits higher sexual dimorphism in the human dentition. Hence, the study aimed to assess and validate mandibular canine in gender determination using odontometric measurements in two ethnically diverse populations. Methods: A total of 205 subjects, belonging to two ethnically diverse population, i.e., Indian (Himachali) and Nepali, aged 17–25 years was included. Intraoral measurement outcome comprised both-sided lower mandibular canine distance including intercanine distance using Vernier caliper, followed by similar measurements on study models (casts). Garns and Lens formula was utilized to assess the sexual dimorphism. Results: The canine distance of both sides in Nepali males was higher than Indian males, both intraoral and casts. The intercanine distance in Indian males was higher than Nepali males, both intraoral and casts. The canine and intercanine distance of both sides was greater in Indian females than Nepali females, both intraoral and casts. Indian population in the left-sided lower canine had higher sexual dimorphism than the right-sided lower canine both intraorally and casts in contrast to Nepali population that exhibited higher in the right-sided canine. Conclusion: Therefore, mandibular canine measurements were an adjunct and reliable method for gender identification in human.

Gender-based Morphometric Analysis of the Human Orbital Aperture Profile using 3D Reconstruction Computed Tomography: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study

Introduction: Sex estimation is a crucial aspect of forensic medicine and requires primary consideration when examining skeletal remains. Among the various anatomical features, the orbital region holds significant importance due to its distinct morphological variations. These variations provide valuable insights for sex determination, making orbital anatomy an indispensable tool in forensic investigations and analysis. Aim: To measure and compare orbital apertures between males and females using 3D Computed Tomography (CT) in a sample from the Saudi population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted from January to June 2024 in the Radiology Department of Tower Hospital, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, following the acquisition of ethical approval from the Local Bioethics Committee at Northern Border University. A total of 100 CT scans were randomly selected from the available dataset. The study encompassed CT scans of subjects from both genders, aged 18 years and above. However, CT scans of patients who had sustained head trauma or orbital injuries were excluded from the study. The data retrieved were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. All continuous data were tested for normality and expressed as Mean±Standard deviation (SD). The significant differences in orbital measurements between males and females were assessed using the Independent t-test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 100 participants were included in the study, with the majority being females (52%). The mean age of male and female subjects was 40.5±13.19 years and 39.13±13.10 years, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in right orbital width (p-value=0.011), left orbital area (p-value=0.04), and Interzygomatic Distance (IZD), with these measurements being higher in males compared to females (p-value=0.009). Conclusion: The study revealed that males have greater orbital width, orbital area and IZD compared to females. These genderspecific variations in orbital and facial dimensions may play a crucial role in gender determination within forensic medicine.

Assessment of Gonial Angle as A Determinant of Age, Gender and Nationality

Background:-The mandible is the most significant, strongest, and most resilient bone in the facial skeleton, exhibiting sexual dimorphism. It experiences morphological changes as a result of losing teeth, which are manifested as an enlargement of the mandibular angle, frequently referred to as the gonial angle. The gonial angle is formed by the junction of the lower and posterior margins of the individual's lower jaw. Another name for it is the mandibular angle. This observational cross-sectional study aims to determine if the gonial angle is a reliable determinant for patient’s age, gender and nationality. Methods:-The panoramic radiographs were collected from the database of the dental teaching hospital at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in Makkah. Inclusion criteria were patients with permanent dentition stage, panoramic radiographs with high quality and clarity, and all panoramic radio-graphs needed to be taken with the same machine setting. All panoramic radiographs with documented history of facial trauma, prior facial or mandibular surgery, congenital diseases affecting the face or jaw, and facial asymmetry were excluded. Results:-Out of 1503 panoramic radiographs, 426 (28%) are included in the study's analysis. The mean age of the included population was 32.27. The majority of the sample was male (n=216, 50.7%). Most of the panoramic radiograph was related to Saudi population (n=273, 55.6%) and the non-Saudi population (n=153, 44.4%). The mean of the right GA measure was 122.77, compared to 123.68 on the left side. Statistical analyses showed that there was significant association between GA readings and age, but not with the gender and nationality. Conclusion:-Based on results of the present study, there is an association between the GA measures and age, while no association is found between GA measures and gender and nationality.

Gender Determination from Toe Print among Tagalog Population in Philippines for Crime Scene Application

Gender Determination from Toe Print among Tagalog Population in Philippines for Crime Scene Application

‘I am a father but not pregnant’: a qualitative analysis of the perspectives of pregnant couples on male partner role during pregnancy care in Bamenda, Cameroon

Abstract Background The reduction of maternal mortality has stagnated globally. Estimates project a rise to 140.9 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030, which is double the Sustainable Development Goal target. Male involvement in pregnancy care has been proposed as an intervention to improve maternal and child health outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of how communities view the role of men beyond the instrumentalist approach that only targets men as accompanying partners without altering the underlying gender and socio-cultural determinants that shape their involvement in pregnancy care. This study broadens existing research by exploring and and contextualising the role of male partners during pregnancy in Bamenda, Cameroon. Methods This study employed a qualitative design underpinned by symbolic interactionism. We conducted 68 semi-structured interviews (SSIs) and three focus group discussions (FGDs) with purposively selected pregnant women (n = 38 SSIs; n = 2, FGD) and male partners (n = 30 SSIs; n = 1, FGD) in an urban hospital in the North West Regional capital—Bamenda. Nvivo was used for data management and subsequently, we performed thematic analysis using a critical discourse lens to generate manifest and latent interpretations of study findings. Results The role of male partners reflected hegemonic masculinity and was broadly conceptualised in three categories: breadwinner, protector/comforter, and ‘sender’ for antenatal care. Perceptions of men’s role differed between male and female participants. While women sought male involvement for pragmatic reasons like joint attendance of antenatal care, psychosocial support (affirmation) and assistance with domestic chores, men limited their involvement to roles that matched gendered preconceptions of masculinity like financial support for antenatal fees, maternal nutrition and birth supplies. Nonetheless, the perceived benefits for antenatal attendance was expressed by some men in terms of the direct access it gives them to pregnancy-related education from experts, paternal bonding and the appeal of fast-track services for couples. Conclusion Male involvement in maternal and child health in Bamenda Health District is an extension and reflection of how patriarchal norms on masculinity are constructed and adapted in this setting. To address gaps in male involvement, intervention designers and implementers will need to take into account prevailing culture-specific norms while deconstructing and leveraging masculine ideals to situate male involvement in the prenatal context.

Gender Difference in Risky Sexual Behavior and Its Determinants Among Ethiopian Youth: Evidence from the 2016 Edhs

Risky sexual behavior is defined as multiple sexual partners in a lifetime plus sex without a condom. Gender and risky sexual behavior have an intriguing relationship. This study conducted aims to identify the gender difference and determinants of risky sexual behavior among youth. With a sample of 7490, males and females aged 15-29 drawn from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). The study was conducted based on socio-demography characteristics, youth individual characteristics, and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS data obtained from the Ethiopian demographic health survey (EDHS) 2016 by extracting male and female data. Univariate was used to display the data using tables compared between males and females. The binary logistic regression model was developed to identify the predictors of risky sexual behavior. Study shows 964 (37%) of males and 739 (15%) of females were engaged in risky sexual behavior. About 22.7% (1703) of the youth were risky at the national level. Bivariate analysis shows that males are 3.38 times more likely to engage in risky sexual practices compared to females (p<=0.001) respectively. In comparison to rural, the likelihood of risky sexual practices among males and females were significantly increase by 48.1% and 41.5% living in urban areas correspondingly (p < 0.01). Females aged 20-24 and 25-29 are more likely to be risky compared to those aged 15-19 (p<0.001). Significant gender differences in risky sexual behavior were observed with a higher risk in male respondents compared to females. The explanatory variables marital status, residence, region, and alcohol intake were a significant variation of males and females' risky sexual behaviors. Specific Strategies and approaches should develop to reduce risky sexual practices and improve reproductive health outcomes.

Age and gender estimation by radiographic evaluation of mandible

The aim of the study was to measure various morphometric parameters of mental foramen, height of ramus, mandibular canal, gonial angle and maxillary sinus in digital panoramic radiographs and to correlate these findings in the determination of Gender and Age. A total of 300 radiographs were reviewed for assessment of age and gender by evaluating mental foramen, mandibular canal, height of ramus, gonial angle and width of maxillary sinus in Digital Panoramic Radiograph. Among all the parameters changes in height of ramus, gonial angle and maxillary sinus was found to be highly significant (p value < 0.05) as age advances. These parameters can be used to predict the age of the individual as there were significant changes in height of ramus, gonial angle and maxillary sinus. For further studies large sample size, and recent modalities in radiology like cone beam computed tomography or Computed tomography scan are required.

Distal Femoral Dimensions in Turkish Population and Their Implications in Knee Prosthesis.

Total knee prosthesis is a frequently used material in surgery. Distal femur measurements must be taken into account to use the correct prosthesis. The aim of this study is to guide the development of a knee prosthesis suitable for distal femur dimensions in theTurkish population. Thus, it was planned to guide the Turkish population in choosing the most suitable knee prostheses imported from abroad. Using 138 dry bones in the study, at first, the sides of the femurs were determined and eight parameters from femur distal and proximal parts were measured by a measuring tape and a digital caliper. Five parameters were measured at the distal part to evaluate whether these parameters differ according to the femur side. According to the results, distal femur measurements do not differ by side. Distal femur measurements in the Turkish population are wider than distal measurements of the Far East and Asian populations. These measurements are more similar to the measurements of the North American population. Also, the femur can be safely used in cases where there is no possibility of making a gender determination with the pelvis or the skull. The femur's distinct morphological differences between genders offer invaluable insights for anthropometric gender determination. Our study underscores the importance of considering morphological and metric measurements and sets the stage for further research in this domain.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROBING AND CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY FOR GENDER DETERMINATION IN RETICULATED PYTHONS (Malayopython reticulatus)

Article Highlights- Accurate gender identification supports effective breeding programs and ensures snakes' welfare.- This study emphasizes that probing is more reliable and efficient than contrast radiography for gender determination in reticulated pythons.- The probing method proved to have 100% accuracy in determining the gender of reticulated pythons, outperforming contrast radiography, which only achieved 75% accuracy. AbstractReticulated pythons, like most snakes, do not exhibit noticeable sexual differences, which makes gender determination necessary. Probing and contrast radiography were chosen as methods to determine sex and to compare their accuracy. Six reticulated pythons with body lengths of 128-167 cm, tail lengths of 5.4-9.6 cm, and body diameters of 1.4-3.4 cm were examined twice by probing and contrast radiography. The results showed that probing had 100% accuracy, with probe lengths ranging from 1.37-3.60 cm for male snakes and 0.3-0.76 cm for female snakes. Contrast radiography had 75% accuracy, with the hemipenis appearing as a white silhouette and female snakes appearing colorless. The accuracy rates highlight the effectiveness of probing over contrast radiography for reliable gender determination in reticulated pythons

Climate Litigation & Climate Justice

Human rights arguments have been successful before several domestic courts across Europe in imposing more ambitious action in cutting greenhouse gas emissions upon governments. Yet, the integration of climate justice concerns in those judicial decisions have been insufficiently studied. This paper seeks to contribute to such endeavor by analyzing the cases of Urgenda v. The Netherlands, Klimaatzaak v. Belgium and Neuebauer v. Germany against the climate justice framework. In Part One we set out our analytical framework. A climate justice approach acknowledges that climate mitigation, like the effects of climate change itself, is distributional in nature. In particular, climate justice highlights the unequal distribution of burdens and benefits across three dimensions: international (justice between states); intergenerational (justice between generations); and intragenerational (justice between social groups along socio-economic, racial and gender determinants). In Part Two, we offer a close reading of three key rights-based mitigation decisions to evaluate how judges have accounted for the various dimensions of climate justice. Detailing the contrasted approaches of climate justice in those decisions, we also point to a common reluctance to engage in intragenerational justice reflected in the failure to fashion rights-based obligations which take into account the inequalities across communities and social groups.

Applicability of Maxillary Incisor Width (Bite Mark) and Bizygomatic Width for Gender Determination.

Applicability of Maxillary Incisor Width (Bite Mark) and Bizygomatic Width for Gender Determination.

Disparities in Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes of Pediatric Knee Injuries.

Similar to other fields, there is growing evidence of disparities in pediatric sports medicine. For children and adolescents with knee injuries, disparities persist along the lines of sex, gender, race, ethnicity, insurance, socioeconomic status, and other determinants. These factors influence the evaluation, treatment, and outcomes for a variety of knee pathologies, including anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, meniscus tears, osteochondritis dissecans, cartilage injuries, and tibial spine fractures. Inequities in care may have long-term functional and psychosocial implications. Additional research is necessary to further elucidate the etiology of these disparities, raise patient and community voices, and design interventions so that equitable care is delivered to every patient.

Intersectionality of Gender and Social Determinants of Health in Asymptomatic Alzheimer’s Neuropathology

Intersectionality of Gender and Social Determinants of Health in Asymptomatic Alzheimer’s Neuropathology

Gender Disparity in Surgical Research: An Analysis of Authorship in Randomized Controlled Trials

Despite increasing female representation in medical fields, women remain underrepresented in high-impact authorship positions. This study examines gender disparities in authorship of randomized controlled trials in general surgery journals over the past 20y. Utilizing PubMed and the Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023), we identified 8810 randomized controlled trials from 117 surgery journals, filtering down to 5694 studies for final analysis. Gender identification was performed using Genderize.io. Results indicate that women accounted for 26.4% of first authorships and 18.7% of last authorships. Logistic regression revealed that a male last author significantly increases the likelihood of a male first author (odds ratio 2.68; 95% confidence interval 2.18-3.32). Over time, there is a positive trend in female authorship, with high correlation coefficients for both first (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.916, P<0.005) and last (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.878, P<0.005) authors. Interestingly, journal quartiles did not significantly influence the gender of first authors. These findings suggest persistent gender inequity in surgical research authorship, influenced by mentorship dynamics. The study underscores the need for strategies to enhance female representation in academic leadership to foster a more equitable scholarly environment. Limitations include reliance on Genderize.io for gender determination and the focus on general surgery journals, which may omit relevant studies from other domains. Overall, this research highlights incremental progress toward gender equality in surgical academia, advocating for continued efforts to close the gender gap.

Transient receptor potential a1b regulates primordial germ cell numbers and sex differentiation in developing zebrafish.

Temperature is a leading environmental factor determining the sex ratio of some animal populations, such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles. However, the underlying mechanism by which temperature affects gender is still poorly understood. Transient receptor potential a1b (Trpa1b) belongs to the ion channel family of transient receptor potentials and exhibits dual thermosensitivity to heat and cold. In this study, we have unveiled a novel function of the trpa1b gene. Zebrafish generated through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 with Trpa1b-null manifest a male-biased sex ratio. The quantity of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in zebrafish is closely linked to gender determination and gonadal development. Yet the role of the trpa1b gene in zebrafish reproductive development remains unexplored in the literature. Our investigation revealed a significant reduction in PGCs in Trpa1b mutant zebrafish compared to their wild-type counterparts 24-h postfertilization (hpf). Transcriptome sequencing of tissues near the reproductive crest of embryos at 1.25 days postfertilization (dpf) revealed differential changes in PGC-related marker genes and genes related to sperm cell development and differentiation. The relative expression of ddx4 and sycp3 genes was significantly downregulated, whereas amh was significantly upregulated at 20 dpf in trpa1b-/- zebrafish. The results of this study provide valuable insights and references for studying the molecular mechanism of sex determination in zebrafish. Undoubtedly, these results will further enhance our understanding of gender differentiation and gonadal development in fish and other vertebrates.