Gender Conflict Research Articles

Geoffrey Chaucer's Approach to Gender: Religious Ideology and Gender Equality

According to an order of Joan, Countess of Kent, for preaching Christianity in England of the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his poems “House of Fame” and “The Legend of Good Women”. In these poems, Chaucer showed himself a maker of an ideology of gender equality. He revised the ancient philosophy of love and gender conflict in new Christian sense, drawing parallels with Ovid’s “Heroides” and female social statuses in England of the 14th century. He offered a new ideological story on the basis of the Christian reinvention of Ovid. He also reconsidered several ancient Greek myths about the female sufferers, in his ideological Christian stories.

Gender standards and expectations on sexual deviations in the gender culture of Ukraine

This article is devoted to the definition of the value structures of gender culture in aspects of gender stereotypes regarding the application of moral-pedagogical and legal sanctions in the manifestations of deviant behavior on the basis of the ideology of matriarchal racism (mysandry) and typical problems arising from its availability.The writings of the authors form the theoretical basis for the author’s theory, which consists essentially of the following key provisions set forth in the article:1) latent gender racism in Ukrainian gender culture is an ideology of double standards, which involves parallel promotion and prohibition in the area of sexual norms and deviations for men and women;2) Gender stereotypes refer to the assessment of male sexual behavior as subject to enhanced moral, legal and pedagogical control over women’s sexual behavior;3) the cultivation of homophobia is an instrument of gender power that allows women to manipulate men by imposing a number of prohibitions on public male homoeopathy in encouraging women’s similar behavior;4) stigmatization of homeroticism allows it to be used as a tool of social control, including the system of political security, in which the family acts as a grass root. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the study of the ideology and morality of latent gender racism in the gender culture of Ukraine has allowed to dismiss most of the assumptions about egalitarian peculiarities of gender positioning for male and female respondents. At the same time, the regime of privilege, available to the Ukrainian gender culture, makes it possible to define gender scenarios as matriarchal-racist and those that are agreed upon by both men and women. The consensual nature of such a situation proves not only the tacit consent of most with the guidelines of gender racism, but also the lack of understanding of the policy of gender equality of the western type. Such misunderstanding minimizes the chances of establishing an egalitarian gender culture and contributes to further deepening both gender inequality and the resulting gender conflict of Ukrainian society with all its implications.

최근의 양성갈등 상황과 양성평등 관점에서 본 디지털 성범죄

최근 온라인 또는 오프라인에서 여성과 남성 사이에 혐오표현을 예사로 사용하거나 다른 성을 비난하는 시위가 이루어지는 등 심한 갈등이 특히 젊은 세대를 중심으로 표출되고 있다. 메갈리아와 워마드 라는 온라인 커뮤니티의 출현으로 극렬한 페미니즘 운동이 나타나면서 남성과 여성 간의 혐오와 갈등이 대립 구조를 보이는 것 같지만, 실제로는 미러링 방식 등에서 보듯이 남혐은 여혐에 대한 대항적, 방어적인 성격을 띠고 있을 뿐이고 여혐은 양성갈등이 표출되기 이전부터 이미 넓게 존재하여 왔다. 최근 첨예해진 양성갈등의 원인은 여러 곳에서 찾을 수 있겠지만, 필자는 여성의 사회적 지위와 함께 양성평등을 요구하는 목소리가 높아지고 어느 정도 실현되면서 이와 함께 상대적으로 성 기득권을 잃어가는 남성, 특히 사회적으로 성 기득권을 보기만 했을 뿐 자신은 누려보지 못한 젊은 남성이 왜곡된 방식으로 그 상실감을 표출하거나 성 권력을 확인하고자 하는 이유 등으로 안티페미니즘이 발현된 것과 기존의 차별에 대항할 지적 수준과 사회적 지위를 획득한 여성이 여성 혐오와 차별에 강하게 반발하기 시작한 것이 맞부딪쳐 발생한 현상이라고 분석한다. 특히 전자기기의 발달과 함께 등장한 디지털 성범죄의 빠른 확산 이면에서 이와 같은 여혐 이데올로기와 남성의 성권력에 대한 확인 의지가 깔려 있다고 본다. 이성혐오와 양성갈등은 사회ㆍ정치ㆍ문화ㆍ교육 등의 다른 영역에서 주로 다루는 숙제이지만 디지털 성범죄와 같은 범죄에 대한 형사처벌은 사법 제도 안에서 다루어지는 문제이므로 법학의 영역에서도 이러한 사회현상에서 자유로울 수 없고, 특히 그 원인을 고려해 볼 때 디지털 성범죄는 앞서 본 양성갈등과 같은 사회적인 문제에 대한 진단이나 분석을 토대로 기존의 성범죄와는 다른 방식으로 접근하여야 한다. 즉, 디지털 성범죄는 양성갈등의 현황과 원인에 대한 분석을 기반으로, 단순한 개인의 일탈행위에 대한 처벌을 고려하는 시각에서 더 나아가 이성에 대한 혐오가 바탕이 된 혐오범죄로서의 성격에 대한 고려가 이루어져야 하고, 행위에 대한 처벌 뿐 만이 아니라 피해가능성의 차단도 중점이 되어야 하며, 개인의 일탈 행위에 대한 비난에 그치지 않고 촬영유포 환경 제공자에 대한 엄벌과 그 가능성의 박탈이 중점이 되어야 한다. 구체적인 방법으로는 디지털 성범죄의 여러 행위 유형을 분석하여 구성요건행위 태양을 분리 규정하는 것이나 법정형의 조정, 몰수 규정의 추가 등과 함께 행정기관에 의한 삭제명령 등의 행정조치가 고려될 수 있을 것이다.

Ideology and Morality of Gender Culture in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the research of the ideology and morality of latent gender racism in the gender culture of Ukraine.The author summarizes the first part of the results of empirical research on gender culture of Ukraine, which deals with such units as: a) gender positioning of men and women (equality / inequality); b) gender hierarchies (dominant / submissiveness / egalitarianism); c) gender standards for norms for assessing informal behavior and informal nonverbal-communicative signals.The analysis allows the author to reject the majority of assumptions about egalitarian peculiarities of gender positioning for male and female respondents. It is stated that the regime of privilege available to the Ukrainian gender culture allows to define gender scenarios as matriarchal-racist and those that are agreed upon by both men and women.It is emphasized that the consensus of such a situation shows not only the tacit consent of the majority with the guideline of gender racism, but also the lack of understanding of the policy of gender equality of the western type. Such misunderstanding minimizes the chances of establishing an egalitarian gender culture and contributes to further deepening both gender inequality and the resulting gender conflict of Ukrainian society with all its implications.

Factors for Preventing Gender Conflicts in the Military

The article substantiates the factors preventing gender conflicts in military teams. It is proved that the main one of them is the destruction of old gender stereotypes. Linguistic explanations of their effect are given; types of possible gender conflicts in military units are modelled and ways to prevent them are proposed. Key words: gender conflict, gender stereotypes, types of conflicts, conflict prevention.

Swiss Maid: The Untold Story of Women's Contributions to Switzerland's Success by Margrit V. Zinggeler

Reviewed by: Swiss Maid: The Untold Story of Women's Contributions to Switzerland's Success by Margrit V. Zinggeler Carola Daffner Margrit V. Zinggeler. Swiss Maid: The Untold Story of Women's Contributions to Switzerland's Success. Peter Lang, 2017. 384 pp. Cloth, $64.95. In Swiss Maid: The Untold Story of Women's Contributions to Switzerland's Success, Margrit Zinggeler wonders why women's labor and contributions have not been adequately recognized or included in the success story of Switzerland. For Zinggeler, R. James Breiding's work Swiss Made: The Untold Story behind Switzerland's Success (2013) is a recent example of this phenomenon, and her own study, as implied in the title, is designed as a direct response. In Swiss Made, Breiding almost exclusively focused on stories of male achievers and entrepreneurs who had built Switzerland's enterprises into global empires. To prove her point fürther, Zinggeler also refers to a wide range of other examples, ranging from the German literary canon and popular introductory textbooks on Swiss economics to contemporary reality TV and docu-fictions, all of which helped create a myth of female Swiss identity. In Swiss Maid, however, Zinggeler presents a detailed study of the importance of "invisible, silent, and silenced women" (xxviii) in all sectors of Switzerland's private and public life. This includes the domestic realm, farms, workshops, and businesses as well as schools, hospitals, the manufacturing and service industries, and the military. Women, as Zinggeler convincingly argues, have always formed the backbone of Swiss society as a whole; their visible and invisible efforts in areas as diverse as homeopathic medicine and hospitality enabled economic growth which, in turn, resulted in high profits for the Swiss nation. In order to fill the void resulting from the fact that women's work was simply not recorded in chronicles and history books, Zinggeler uses an impressive number of unaccounted, forgotten, or hidden personal testimonies and various other data. In addition to historical documents and records, she also takes artifacts, illustrations, and literary descriptions into consideration. Swiss Maid fürther includes responses from question-naires and small studies (oral conversations and written interviews) in order to provide a better understanding of how the situation of women has changed in recent years while still being influenced by generational and gender conflicts. Reiterated in all chapters and within different contexts is the important fact that Swiss women only gained full suffrage in 1971, equal rights in 1981, and gender equality in the constitution in 1996. It is therefore fitting that the author includes an analysis of Switzerland's reaction to the recent political happenings in the United States and the [End Page 153] new wave of worldwide feminism. Zinggeler draws particular attention to the similarities between the current situation regarding women's politics in the United States and the atmosphere in Switzerland in the late 1950s, when an attempt to give Swiss women active and passive voting rights was rejected. Zinggeler's Swiss Maid is an easily accessible and fascinating study, written for a wide array of possible readers. Despite a few repetitions, the study is well organized and clear, taking into account both obvious and subtle differences between communities and cantons. Especially intriguing is Zinggeler's discussion of early Swiss industries. As she explains, Swiss industry as a whole started out in the textile cottage industry, and textiles remained the most important goods produced in and exported from Switzerland until the early twentieth century. Women, however, were the first and foremost producers of textiles and continued to help improve the production with their enormous specialized knowledge of techniques and skills. Zinggeler makes clear that this legacy still remains immensely strong in the twenty-first century: Michelle Obama's inauguration gown was made of embroidered fabric from St. Gallen. [End Page 154] Carola Daffner Southern Illinois University Carbondale Copyright © 2020 University of Nebraska Press

The motive of love melancholy and the variability of feminine images in the structure of the "melancholy of life" ("l'ennui de vivre") complex

The article deals with the connection of the motive of love melancholy with the motive complex of the "melancholy of life" ("l'ennui de vivre"), examines the specifics of its realization in the female images in the poetry of French and Russian symbolism. In addition to internal conflict, the decadent worldview is characterized by the opposition of "I – Other", including the conflict of male and female primes, which is the main factor in the origin of the motive of love melancholy. Female images of the Decadence era are ambivalent. On the one hand, the woman for the decadent lyric hero is a beast creature, the embodiment of an animal principle. The passion for woman is destructive, and the image of a woman is represented by the "femme fatale". On the other hand, at the same time, the romantic concept of "beautiful lady", a female angel, whose image is devoid of erotic context and embodies an unattainable ideal, striving for which emphasizes the horror of being and the subjective feeling of "l'ennui de vivre", is developing. In Russian poetry of symbolism, the connection of love motives with the "melancholy of life" is revealed mainly through the motives of separation, lost love. The motive of lost love is related to the intimate lyrics of I. Annensky and P. Verlaine. Instead, in B. Bryusov's poetry, the love appears as an irreconcilable gender conflict, a duel between a man and a woman, doomed to a fatal passion. Thus, the motive of love melancholy is a part of the structure of the motive complex "l'ennui de vivre" because of the specificity of the implementation of female images and their attitude to the lyrical hero.

The trend Analysis and Following Core Issue of Korean Gender Conflict Using Social Big Data

The trend Analysis and Following Core Issue of Korean Gender Conflict Using Social Big Data

Comparative Studies on Linguistic Identities of Gender Language between Romanians and Koreans

본 연구의 목적은 여성언어의 특징을 중심으로 성에 따른 언어적 차이를 이론적으로 고찰하고 이를 루마니아어와 한국어 현상에 대입하여 교차 비교해봄으로써 여성언어에 대한 이론적 기반을 넓히고 동시에 두 언어에서 나타나는 여성언어에 대한 이해를 높이는데 있다. 본 연구는 여성이 발화하는 언어와 여성을 대상으로 하는 언어로 구분하여 접근하였다. 일반적으로 여성언어의 특징이 유표적으로 인식되는 것은 남성언어가 기준으로 인식되기 때문이며 그 인식의 기반에는 성차별적인 오랜 관념이 자리 잡고 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한 그 언어는 다시 사회적으로 성차별적 관념에 영향을 미치는 확대 재생산의 연결고리가 형성되어 있는 것으로 보인다. 루마니아어와 한국어에서 나타나는 현상에서 앞서 언급한 언어와 사회의 관계를 재확인 할 수 있었다. 두 언어 모두 성차별적인 특징은 유사하지만 한국어에서 좀 더 심한 정도로 나타나는 것으로 보인다. 성별 언어는 과거에 비해 좀 더 평등한 방향으로 변해가는 것으로 보이며 이는 성차가 하나의 권력으로 공고히 유지되던 사회가 좀 더 경쟁적으로 변화하는 있다는 점을 시사하는 것으로 해석된다. 오늘날의 남녀갈등은 표면적으로는 성의 대립이지만 심층적으로는 권력 구조의 변화에서 오는 갈등으로 해석할 수 있기 때문이다.The purpose of this study was to examine theoretically linguistic differences according to gender, focusing on the characteristics of female language. Romanian and Korean linguistic phenomena are compared, eventually extending the theoretical basis and promoting an understanding of the female language. In the theoretical approaches, I divided female language into two groups: one being the language spoken by women and the other spoken to women. Particularly, I gave special attention to the mechanism by which linguistic characteristics according to gender differences interact in society. In general, recognition of the characteristics of the female language is mainly attributed to recognition of the male language as the standard, and it seems that the basis of such recognition is based on traditional ideas of gender discrimination. In addition, language seems to have formed a link that reproduces and extends gender discrimination. Regarding language characteristics of Romanians and Koreans, I reaffirmed the relationship between language and society mentioned above. Gender discrimination is similar for both languages, but it appears to be more severe in Korea. Linguistic changes in both countries indicate that the gender difference is maintained by power, and competitiveness is becoming more evident. Today’s gender conflicts can be interpreted on the surface as sexual conflicts; however, on a deeper level, they are conflicts arising from changes in the power structure.

African refugee spouses’ experience of resettlement in regional Australia: Disempowering and empowering narratives

This study examined the experiences of eight African refugees resettled in regional Australia. Informed by the notion/idea of intersectionality and others, this study utilised interviews to capture the role of gender, culture, contextual realities of Australia and the participants’ family relations to analyse experiences of gender conflict. The study found that among other things, financial pressures, self-development and differences in power relations contributed to conflict and sometimes separation of couples. The article argues that this gendered experience of the participants both empowers and disempowers, and that social workers need to be aware of these tensions and use advocacy to improve clients’ living realities.

Another Cubanidad, another Latinidad: Latinx African diaspora in Nilo Cruz’s Anna in the Tropics

This research proposes that, in taking 1929 Ybor City as its setting, Nilo Cruz’s drama Anna in the Tropics (Dramatists Play Service, New York, 2003) simultaneously enacts an alternative origin story for Cuban American community in the United States—one inclusive of Afro-Cubans—and creates a bridge between Latinx, African American, and Afro-Latin American experiences. Constitutive of that bridge is what this essay identifies as the drama’s subtle invocation of the African diaspora worldviews, practices, and aesthetics of Orisha worship common in the Americas. This spiritual component of the play is central to the resolution of gender, financial, and national conflicts that erupt in this drama, and suggestive of an Afro-Cubanidad that is gender-bending, decolonial, and cosmopolitan. This interdisciplinary analysis situates Anna in the Tropics in both Latinx and African American performance contexts, while also drawing from research in history, religion, gender, and feminist thought.

Wildness and colonialism in “The Story of Two Dogs” by Doris Lessing

Dogs play an important role in colonial society, especially in Africa. While the project of colonisation involves settling in a new country and confronting wild animals, the dog is one animal on which the settler can rely as an ally, protector and companion. Settler dogs whose breeds stem from Britain are in a sense the animal counterpart of the human settler. When these animals desert their owners either by cross-breeding with indigenous dogs or reverting to the wild, it can seem like a betrayal of their settler owners and of the colonial project. Doris Lessing explores this dilemma in “The Story of Two Dogs” which is a semi-autobiographical story of her family and their dogs. She grew up in the 1930s on a farm in colonial Rhodesia. Lessing creates an ironical narrative voice that undermines colonial discourse and exposes racial and class prejudice among the settler community. Through the lens of the dogs she also draws attention to gender conflict and the subjugation of women in matters of dog training and hunting. In addition, conflict between adults and children is brought out which points to possibilities of a more open approach to the question of dog breeding, training and ownership. She also raises questions about the ultimate nature of the dog and its status as a domesticated animal.

‘Wounded memory’, post-war gender conflict and narrative identity: reinterpreting Reggio Emilia Schools’ origin stories

In this article, memory is examined as it relates to origin stories of the Reggio Emilia approach – an internationally renowned Italian education programme – and to the articulation of women’s experiences of gender and their narrative identity in this very particular context. The article shows that a number of women who partook in the founding of the Reggio Emilia schools suffer from what Ricoeur terms ‘wounded memory’, which occurs when public recognition and legitimisation of one’s own narrative is actively marginalised, suppressed or erased in historical, official and institutional accounts. The author describes this experience and feeling shared by the Reggio Emilia women who were interviewed and argues that this ‘wounded memory’ can be linked to a wider concern with gender inequality. The article concludes by presenting some of the missing accounts of leadership, creativity and initiative that were gathered among these women whose memory has been wounded.

КОНЦЕПТ СТРАЖДАННЯ ЯК ХУДОЖНЬО-МОВНА ВЕРСІЯ ГЕНДЕРНОГО СУСПІЛЬНОГО ДИСБАЛАНСУ У РОМАНІ СИЛЬВІЇ ПЛАТ «THE BELL JAR»

Sylvia Plath was a very famous American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Plath became the fi rst poet to win a Pulitzer Prize. Her works are also valuable for their ability to reach contemporary reader, because of its concern with the real problems of contemporary dominant culture. In this age of gender confl icts, broken families, and economic inequities, Plath’s forthright language speaks loudly about the anger of being both betrayed and powerless. Plath’s life and works have been constructed in such a way as to perpetuate specifi c fi ctions about her marriage, mental illness, and “autobiographical” writing, and although this may in part be due to a mythologizing tendency among critics and biographers, it can be demonstrated how Plath fi ctionalizes herself in her writing style. Sylvia Plath was a uniquely troubled individual, whose originality of vision refl ected by her often dark, brooding works. Plath expressed her personal view on a variety of recurring themes, including the obstacles faced by a woman poet, infl uences that shape the self, the allure of death, and several others. The main theme of the writer’s work is the theme of the male suppression of the female identity, forced to obey the patriarchal laws and norms in order to avoid the expulsion from the “paradise” of the male tradition. Plath speaks very clearly a language we can understand. In the novel “The Bell Jar” Sylvia Plath described in detail all the physical and psychological suffering of the main character. The article is devoted to the study of the lexical fi lling of the concept of STRIDING in the individual author’s style.

KRITIK ADJIDARMA DALAM EMPAT CERPEN: TENTANG GENDER DAN KELIYANAN

Seno Gumira Ajidarma is well-known as a multitalented popular figure in Indonesia. He is an artist, a humanist, a writer, an academician, and others. His works are always in excellent quality. They need an incredible depth level of intrinsic aspect exploration. Previous studies have shown that criticism against government of the New Ordermassively appears on Ajidarma’s writting. However, the criticism is well-hidden behind his expertise in word processing and stories composing or other excellent quality works. This research is aimed into Ajidarma's social critique in the following four short stories: “Pelajaran Mengarang”, “Sepotong Senja untuk Pacarku”, “Telinga”, dan “Maria” which are focused on the concept of gender and Other's conflict. Based on the concepts of the Holmes gender and the Other of Callavaro, as well as several supporting references, it comes into the following outcomes: gender conflicts are connected to inferiority and superiority; the non-acceptancy of certain criteria and many causes make the inferior is victimizedwith the arbitrariness of the ruler in such forms: doctrine, alienation, discrimination, detention, torture, even murder; inferiority is resembling the present situation and conditions in this country

Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency by Meredith Conroy

Reviewed by: Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency by Meredith Conroy Andrea Braithwaite Conroy, Meredith. Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. xiii+195. $99.99 hardcover, $79.99 ebook. There is something oddly comforting about reading Meredith Conroy's Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency in the wake of the 2016 US presidential election. Conroy's work deftly identifies patterns in how the American news media frames its political candidates, and in doing so offers a useful and critical context for making sense of the United States' most recent election. With Conroy's insights at hand, it becomes easier to grasp, for instance, the American news media's apparent fascination with handshakes between world leaders, or how old WWE wrestling footage manages to find new political purchase. Conroy's Masculinity, Media, and [End Page 515] the American Presidency provides a thorough, precise, and polemical account of the relationship between popular perceptions of gender roles and political success or failure. Conroy explains that her core goal is to better understand how "the Office of the President has established itself, with no variation, as a man's domain" (1). This research question is anchored in the distinction between masculinity and maleness, and femininity and femaleness; in other words, between gender and sex. As her first chapter points out, American news media is less preoccupied with a political candidate's biological sex than with gendered traits most commonly associated with sex, such as masculinity and strength. This opens the door for Conroy to gender men in her analysis: to understand how masculinity and femininity, rather than the more commonly investigated maleness and femaleness, may impact men's fortunes in the political process in the United States. In doing so, Conroy is filling an important gap in the literature, as "there has not been an empirically [sic] assessment of the degree to which an association with gender has affected male candidates' campaigns" (12). A key part of Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency is what Conroy terms gender conflict framing: "The prominent dichotomy of gender as masculine versus feminine lends itself to the negative and combative nature of elections, and journalistic practices and routines of political reporting" (138), so that the dynamic of conflict that motivates media coverage of politics is pitched as a battle between masculinity and femininity. Moreover, Conroy demonstrates how traits associated with femininity are regularly used to discredit or undermine a candidate; the broader impact of this, Conroy suggests, lies in the message being sent to voters: "that one candidate is the more masculine choice, whereas the other candidate is the more feminine choice" (3). Voters are choosing not just a party or a platform, but also a particular evaluation, and valuation, of gender. By theorizing gender conflict framing, Conroy can now more effectively ask and answer: "To what degree is gendered language employed in political discussion, for what purpose, and to what effect?" (73). Through a content analysis of two prominent American newspapers (the New York Times and USA Today) from 2000 to 2012, she establishes that "it is acceptable for a president to lack positive feminine qualities, but it is unacceptable for a president to lack positive masculine qualities" (102). To fully illustrate her results, Conroy digs into a few specific political contests, such as the 2004 race between Republican George W. Bush and Democrat John Kerry, as the United States' more militaristic cultural environment after the attacks on New York City's World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 provided a fertile ground for the resonance of aggressively masculinized leadership. Such arguments and data may indeed be sorely needed in political science; as Conroy demonstrates, the field has, to this point, relied upon perspectives that do not explicitly differentiate between sex and gender as she does here. Speaking primarily to a presumed audience of political science scholars and enthusiasts, however, means that many significant insights about sex, gender, representation, media, and culture [End Page 516] generated beyond this field are absent from Conroy's discussions. Scholars familiar with this wider range of material may find themselves disappointed by the connections that could have been made and the robust...

GENDER CONFLICTS OF STUDENTS

Actuality of work. Student age has the most favourable conditions for psychological, biological and social development; however, there are reasons why such natural advantages over other social groups can be completely or partially levelled. One of them is the presence of conflicts in the life of a student, a special group, among which there are women. The causes of the emergence of gender conflicts in individual social groups and the strategies for their solution have not been sufficiently explored and require further study and, therefore, are relevant. Purpose of the article is to investigate the causes of gender conflicts among students as a separate social group and to develop measures to address them and prevent them. Methodology. The research conducted in the work is based on the analysis and generalization of the causes of the emergence of gender conflicts among students, the identification of the main sources of information that form the consciousness of children and adolescents, and also influence their attitude to gender equality. Originality. The nature of gender conflicts has been quite effectively studied for a long time. However, the scope of research is limited to the most numerous social groups, such as the family, labour collective, political and public organizations, etc. Being a dynamic and socio-demographic formation, the students perform an important function in society – it takes a direct part in the transformation of all spheres of the life activity of the society. Based on the study of the objective conditions of the social environment with certain models of socialization that form the consciousness of students from early childhood, a three-component system of influence was first proposed, which is aimed at overcoming gender inequality and preventing gender conflicts among students. At the same time, the interaction of the components of the system will allow to minimize the gender inequality index in our country. Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the authors came to the conclusion that any part of their life activity can become the sphere of occurrence of gender conflicts of students: from the choice of the direction of vocational training and the educational process to the arrangement of living conditions. The main cause of gender conflicts among students is gender inequality, which is formed in their minds. While in our society there are gender stereotypes that influence the formation of the consciousness of people from childhood and are promoted by all available sources of information, such a phenomenon as gender inequality cannot be considered overcome.

Mobilização Feminista, Violência de Gênero e Práticas Judiciais no Brasil: Reflexões à Luz da Teoria dos Sistemas Sociais

The critical feminist theory of law have characterized the Brazilian legal system as refractory with regards to women´s demands and as yet another mechanism that upholds traditional gender archetypes. Recently, the Law 11.340/06 (The Maria da Penha Act) encourages new reflections on legal decisions regarding so-called gender conflicts in Brazil. Influenced by standards laid out in international decrees regarding the women´s rights, this Law introduces innovative elements such as the definition of “gender-based violence”. This study reflects theoretically and empirically on the role of the judicial system in the application of the Law 11.340/06, and discusses how the category gender-based violence is being used by those pertaining to the legal system. The contributions of Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory are useful to illustrate the understanding of judicial practices and their impact on the realization of the outlooks surrounding efforts focused on the implementation of the Law 11.340/06.

Educational Attainment in the South Asian Diaspora: Representation of Gender Conflicts in Gurinder Chadha and Mira Nair’s Films

Abstract: This article studies the representations that Mira Nair and Gurinder Chadha, film directors from the South Asian diaspora, offer to portray and denounce the educational attainment inequality suffered by women from the diaspora in the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper analyses how Chadha and Nair’s depictions challenge the socioeconomic structures that limit these characters both in their homelands and in the welcoming countries and how they disrupt the limiting structures imposed on them for being women.Key words: Gurinder Chadha, Mira Nair, diaspora, South Asian Subcontinent. Logros educativos en la diáspora del Subcontinente Surasiático: La representación de los conflictos de género en las películas de Gurinder Chadha y Mira Nair Resumen: Este artículo estudia las representaciones que las directoras de cine de la diáspora del Subcontinente surasiático Gurinder Chadha y Mira Nair realizan para presentar y denunciar la desigualdad que sufren las mujeres de esta diáspora en Reino Unido y Estados Unidos a la hora de acceder y elegir qué estudios realizar. Analizando algunos de sus personajes se demuestra que Chadha y Nair desafían el orden socioeconómico que limita a sus personajes tanto en sus comunidades como en el país que las recibe presentando mujeres transgresoras que rompen con las estructuras limitantes impuestas sobre ellas por el hecho de ser mujer.Palabras clave: Gurinder Chadha, Mira Nair, diáspora, Subcontinente Surasiático

Intimate partner violence in Turkey among women with female infertility

ABSTRACTIn developing countries, failing to conceive is a life crisis with effects on an individual's social life, including stigmatization, loss of social status, marital instability and even conflicts of gender. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between female infertility and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Turkey. This was a cross-sectional study including women with primary infertility who were admitted to University of Health Sciences Ankara Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Health Practice Research Center Hospital between August 2014 and February 2015. IPV was assessed using an Abuse Assessment Screen. Of the 142 participants, 68 (47.9%) confirmed the presence of IPV in their lives. The most common type of violence was psychological, with a prevalence of 76.5% (n = 52), followed by physical, sexual and both physical and sexual abuse, with 17.6% (n = 12), 4.4% (n = 3) and 1.5% (n = 1) prevalence, respectively. Women of low educational and economic level and women living in a compound family were found to be at greater risk for IPV. This high prevalence indicates that Turkey requires new policy for IPV immediately.