Atypical Gender Research Articles

Perception of gender norms and its association with bullying behavior among adolescent students

BackgroundInequitable gender norms are increasingly seen as a risk to health and well-being. Although adolescence represents a critical phase of development before adulthood, there is limited understanding about adolescents’ perception of gender norms in Egypt. Adolescents’ nonconformity with stereotypical gender norms is suspected to increase their exposure to bullying behavior. This study aimed to explore the adolescents’ perception of gender norms — especially towards romantic relations and stereotypical gender traits and roles — and its association with bullying behavior among school children.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a sample of 400 students 11–17 years from 10 public schools in Aswan city, Egypt was conducted. Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires using the Gender Norms Scales and School Life Survey tool for bullying.ResultsSchool adolescents of both sexes showed no significant difference with respect to their attitudes towards romantic relationships engagement, but boys were slightly more permissive about romantic relationships than girls (54.4%, 46.1%, respectively). On the other hand, girls were significantly more likely to indicate agreement with a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships than boys (75% vs. 46.4%, P < 0.001). Regarding gender stereotypical traits, girls’ and boys’ perception showed no significant difference, but boys had more endorsement, and 64.3% of boys perceived more agreement with gender stereotypical traits compared to 57.4% of girls. Also, boys were more likely to express more agreement with stereotypical gender roles than girls (74% vs. 52.9%, P < 0.001). However, 51% of students agreed that it was okay to tease a boy who acted like a girl, and 27.5% agreed that it was okay to tease a girl who acted like a boy. Students’ status of bullying and victimization was not significantly associated with any studied gender norms concept.ConclusionsPerception of unequal gender norms starts early in adolescence. Boys are more accepting of heteronormative relations among adolescents and more likely to endorse stereotypical gender roles than girls, while girls are more conservative and more likely to perceive a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships. Moreover, adolescents of both genders perceived more agreement with deserving sanctions for atypical gender behaviors in boys with higher perception in boys compared to girls. However, both boys’ and girls’ perception of gender is not related to their status of bullying and victimization. This has important implications for understanding the development of gender norms and their impact on adolescent behavior and social interactions.

Gay Men's Gender Experiences in Police Academy

&lt;p&gt;本研究探討警校男同志在學期間所經驗到校園中性別相關的文化，以及這些經驗對他們產生的影響和相對應之因應與調適。研究以女性主義觀點的敘事研究方法，招募四位正在就學或畢業三年內之警校男同志進行半結構式訪談，採「類別-內容」分析法處理資料。研究結果包含四大部分：（1）警校文化可歸類成三部分:官僚體系、傳統封閉、訓練因素；（2）警校男同志除了受其所身處警校文化影響外，也經驗到警校中的性別文化:反女權、異性戀霸權、陽剛文化；（3）在這些多元因素與壓迫相互交織下，警校男同志在校多數時間經歷來自不同對象（老師、隊部師長、同儕）的恐同與歧視；（4）前述經驗使警校男同志感受到身為校內性少數的孤單感及內化恐同所帶來的不舒適感，同時也發展出不同的因應與調適（直接回應、間接調適、尋求支持）。結論:置身於一個父權、官僚體系、結構性的文化脈絡與體制下，警校男同志確實經驗到歧視與恐同，雖然有發展出一些因應策略以利在此環境中生存下來，但還是感受到很深的孤單感。根據研究結果，本文在教育與輔導實務上，建議警校教師、隊部師長及諮商輔導中心進行性平友善校園活動之推展、相關法規與制度之修訂，並期待校方領導階層能有效帶領警校體制與系統進行相關倡議活動；此外，也建議未來研究可更聚焦多元及性少數學生在警校之處境，以促進多元性別相關議題在這些單位受到重視。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aimed to investigate gay men&amp;rsquo;s gender experiences, their ways of coping, and what strategies they arm themselves with to fight sexual prejudices at the Taiwan Police Academy. This qualitative study used narrative inquiry, based on feminist perspectives, for data analysis. Four gay men who were currently attending the Taiwan Police Academy or had graduated within three years participated in semi-structured interviews. The analysis of their stories revealed the following: (1) The cultural environment of the Taiwan Police Academy is (a) a bureaucracy that is not conducive to promoting the visibility of gender equality issues, (b) traditional closures that cannot keep up with the evolution of the times, and (c) de-gendered collective life management and training. (2) Gender-related cultures are (a) threatened men&amp;rsquo;s right and anti-feminism, (b) heterosexual hegemony of lecture arrangement, and (c) masculinity of femininity-rejection. (3) Participants reported experiencing homophobia and discrimination from faculty and peers, as well as the intersectionality of multiple oppression. Homophobia and discrimination can be divided into three categories based on the following three topics: (a) Non-heterosexual sexual orientation, (b) atypical gender expression, and (c) gender difference. The first topic of discrimination can be divided into three subcategories: implicit discrimination, personally experienced discrimination, and common ubiquitous discrimination in everyday life. Discrimination against atypical gender expression was targeted toward men who spoke more feminine. The third type of discrimination against gender differences occurs in gender stereotypes and the misogyny or objectification of women. (4) With respect to impact, there are two phenomena from the finding: (a) Feeling alone was the shared experience of the participants in the homophobic and oppressive environment. They all consistently mentioned that they had few gay friends in police academies. (b) The participants experienced different degrees of internalized homophobia; some said that an unfriendly environment made them less self-accepting because of their gay status, whereas others said they would never want to be gay again in life. Additionally, regarding coping strategies, the participants developed different strategies to deal with the discrimination, isolation, and microaggressions they encountered in schools. These strategies included three types: (1) direct responses (self-deprecating, counterattack, and education in an opportune time); (2) indirect self-regulation (pretending to be heterosexual, intentionally ignoring unfriendly comments, assuming that it can divert attention if viewed from a different respective, and choosing an identity with advantageous attributes); and (3) seeking support from friendly peers, professors, and faculty of student corps (especially Captain, Associate Captain, and Lieutenant); furthermore, some participants availed themselves for counseling and guidance resources. Surrounded by a patriarchal, bureaucratic, and heteronormative system with restrictive structures, gay men at the Taiwan Police Academy had indeed experienced real discrimination and homophobia. Although they had developed different coping strategies to survive in the environment, they still needed to protect their educational status and safety by hiding their sexual minority identity. Implications and recommendations for faculty and counselors to reduce oppression or discrimination against LGBTQIA and students studying at the Taiwan Police Academy were provided based on the findings of this study. In future studies, researchers can explore other sexual minorities in police academies, such as lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders. Suggestions for Police Academy teaching and team management can be summarized as follows: (1) School leaders take the lead in promoting gender equity education; (2) Implementing gender-related regulations and laws in traditional closures; (3) Create a gender-equal and friendly life management and training space; (4) Create a learning environment free from gender bias and discrimination. Additionally, practical advice to the Counseling Center in the police academy includes how to reduce the stigma associated with counseling and how to explicitly take a gender-friendly stance. This is the first study to investigate the educational experience of sexual minority students, especially gender experiences, at the Taiwan Police Academy. More research on sexual orientation and gender identity experiences at the Taiwan Police Academy is needed to promote an understanding of gender equity in masculine-dominant educational systems.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that a small percentage of people in the general population have atypical gender identity and/or sexual orientation. Aim This study aimed to explore variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students and determine genetic factors associated with these variations. Methods Deviations from complete gender congruence and exclusive heterosexual orientation in 736 Japanese university students were quantitatively assessed with self-assessment questionnaires. Next, we conducted genetic tests for 80 participants who showed relatively low gender identity scores and/or atypical sexual orientation. These genetic tests consisted of repeat number analysis of the androgen receptor gene (AR) and a SKAT-O: an optimal unified sequence kernel association test, which is an exome-based rare variant association study. The results of the genetic tests were compared with the Japanese reference data and the results of our 637 control samples. Outcomes We calculated the gender identity and sexual orientation scores of all participants and analyzed the molecular data of 80 selected participants. Results The gender identity scores of 736 participants were broadly distributed: only ~15% of natal males and ~5% of natal females had the maximum score that corresponds to complete gender congruence. The sexual orientation scores also varied: ~80% of natal males and ~60% of natal females showed exclusive heterosexual orientation. We found no association between gender characteristics and AR repeat numbers. The SKAT-O showed that rare damaging variants of TDRP and 3 other genes were more common in the 80 participants than in the control group. Clinical Implications Our data support the view that gender is a phenotypic continuum rather than a binary trait. Strength and Limitations This study quantitatively assessed the gender characteristics of a large cohort of university students. Moreover, we conducted systematic screening for genetic factors associated with gender variations. The weaknesses of the study were the limited analytic power of the questionnaires, the relatively small sample for molecular analyses, and incomplete clinical information and relatively advanced ages of the control group. Conclusion This study revealed significant variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students, which may be partly associated with variants in TDRP or other genes.

Masculinity, Femininity, and Reported Paranormal Beliefs

AbstractPrevious research has found that women are more likely than men to report belief in nonmaterial paranormal phenomena (e.g., psychics). There are inconsistent findings about whether men are more likely than women to report belief in material paranormal phenomena (e.g., bigfoot/sasquatch), and no prior survey research has examined gender expression (as masculine or feminine) as it relates to paranormal beliefs. This paper asks: How do gender identity and gender expression relate to reported paranormal beliefs? It answers this question using a large sample (n = 2504) of Canadians. Femininity helps explain differences between cisgender women and men on reported beliefs about foreseeing the future and telekinesis, but less so about reported belief in ghosts. Intriguingly, reported gender atypicality is associated with reported belief in all paranormal phenomena among cisgender women and among cisgender men. The results highlight the importance of measuring gender expression for beliefs that science cannot verify.

유아들의 놀이에서 나타나는 젠더구성에 관한 연구

This study is to investigate the gender construction in the children’s play. Data collection was completed through participant observation, journal writing, and informal conversation with children and their teacher in a kindergarten classroom of 4-year-olds for 5 months. The findings are as follows. First of all, the children constructed a typical gender, playing with gender-based play themes and toys. The children also constructed an atypical gender, escaping from gender-based play themes and toys by themselves although there was no teacher’s intervention in play. This study suggested that the teacher recognize children as active agents who are capable of constructing gender with their own free will and provide opportunities and rich environments for children to play in various contexts. The findings of this study will contribute to expanding our understanding of gender for children, building equal and safe classrooms where diverse femininity and masculinity coexist, and stopping the reproduction of stereotyped gender ideas.

When Fluency Matters: The Interplay between Categorization Fluency and Gender Atypicality on Gaydar Judgments

Perceiving a male speaker as gender atypical increases the chances of categorizing him as gay. The perception of how fluent the categorization process is can also play a role. Listeners categorized gay and straight speakers’ sexual orientation, reported their perceived categorization fluency, and rated speakers’ gender atypicality. When categorization fluency was high, gay speakers perceived as gender atypical were more likely categorized as gay. When categorization fluency was low, gender atypicality increased the likelihood of categorizing straight speakers as gay.

Early Adolescents’ Gender Typicality and Depressive Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Parental Acceptance

In a school sample of early adolescents, we expanded the view of gender typicality to include adolescents who varied in the extent of felt similarity to own- and other-gender peers, and examined how their felt own- and other-gender similarity, are related to depression. Further, we examined the moderating role of parental acceptance of gender atypicality. Participants were 504 ethnically/racially diverse sixth graders ( Mage = 11 years, SD = 0.56, 51.6% boys) and their parents. Path analyses showed that adolescents’ felt own-gender similarity, but not felt other-gender similarity, was negatively related to depression. Further, when parental acceptance was high, adolescent depression was low, even for adolescents who had cross-gender tendencies or low own-gender tendencies. Tendencies of atypicality were only related to risk for depression when parental acceptance was low. These findings support previous research that many variations of gender typicality exist, and highlighted the importance of parental acceptance of gender atypicality.

Shapes of gender identity: three stories with impact

The paper describes three stories of children and adolescents with atypical gender identity development followed in psychotherapy. These cases have already been published, but are revisited here to show how these experiences contributed to the creation of the therapeutic intervention model of the Gender Identity Development Service originally established in 1989 at St George’s Hospital, London. The service transferred to the Tavistock Centre in 1996. The first case shows the gradual recognition of dealing with the development of an atypical gender identity rather than a psychiatric condition. Reflection on this case led to the definition of possible therapeutic goals. The second case illustrates the difference between solid and fluid identities, an important distinction in the decision to consider the possibility of physical intervention. The third case shows the network management model and addresses issues concerning autonomy.

Top, Bottom, and Versatile Orientations among Adolescent Sexual Minority Men

ABSTRACT Sexual role preference or self-label (i.e., top, versatile, or bottom) has been well studied in samples of sexual minority men (SMM) but lacks research among adolescent sexual minority men (ASMM). In response, data were collected from 302 ASMM (15–18 years old), measuring sexual self-label, relationship and sexual experience, sexually explicit media use, use of geosocial networking applications, penis size satisfaction, and gender atypicality. Results showed there was no significant difference in the distribution of sexual position self-identity in ASMM when compared with data from published, adult samples. A model that associated sexual socialization factors with adopting any self-label was significant, with greater number of partners, previous geosocial networking app use, and more relationship experience being positive predictors of having a label. Additionally, a model that tested the convergent validity between self-label and enacted sexual behaviors was significant. Both receptive and insertive sex enactments were highly correlated with corresponding labels. Lastly, gender atypicality and penis size satisfaction were significant predictors of sexual position self-identity. Data from our study supports sexual self-labeling occurring before adulthood, during adolescence for SMM. Furthermore, it shows that socialization factors (e.g., partner frequency, using apps) are important in the development of sexual position self-identity in this population.

Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in United States' Space Weather and Space Physics Communities

AbstractFollowing a panel discussion at the 2019 AGU Fall Meeting with an atypical gender ratio, we discuss the diversity and inclusion (D&amp;I) initiatives at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center with Deputy Director for the Heliophysics Science Division, Dr. Antti Pulkkinen. We focus on gender diversity and efforts by AGU to promote D&amp;I and how it applies specifically to the Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section of AGU.

EXTRAPULMONARY PRESENTATION OF ASYMPTOMATIC MALE IN LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Diffuse Lung Disease SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare multisystem disease that affects almost exclusively women in the reproductive age that can occur sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis (TB). LAM is characterized by invasion of the lungs and axial lymphatics by smooth muscle like cells termed LAM cells which have mutations in TSC1 or more commonly TSC2 resulting in activation of mTOR, abnormal cellular growth and migration. LAM commonly presents with dyspnea, recurrent pneumothorax and in some cases respiratory failure. Diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical features and the finding of thin walled cysts on CT scanning. In case of doubt, lung biopsy can be made for diagnosis with smooth muscle actin and HMB45 positive cells. Forty percent of patients have renal angiomyolipoma. Treatment is predominantly supportive with oxygen, bronchodilators and sometimes lung transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION: 41 y/o male patient with PMHx of epilepsy presents with abdominal pain that started 4 days ago. Pain was localized on left lower quadrant and left flank, non-radiating, pulsatile with 10/10 intensity and was associated with diarrhea and fever. Physical examination was remarkable for nasal angiofibromas, palpable mass on left lower quadrant and ash leaf spots on lower limbs. Abdominal-Pelvic CT Angiogram was remarkable for multiple bilateral renal angiomyolipomas, largest in the left kidney measuring 20 cm in size with an area of 15 cm of acute hemorrhage. Patient underwent endovascular embolization of renal arteries with no further complications. Due to findings on Abdominal-Pelvic CT Scan consistent with Tuberous Sclerosis, Chest CT Scan was ordered and remarkable for cystic changes in lungs and sclerotic bone lesions. These findings were pathognomonic of LAM and tissue biopsy was not necessary for diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Our patient represents a rare presentation of LAM in male patients; LAM is historically considered uncommon and fatal disease of women of childbearing age. The prevalence of LAM is thought to be 1 to 2.6 patients in 1,000,000 in the general female population. Our case presents a male with a rare disease diagnosed incidentally due to abdominal pain. Patient never presented with respiratory symptoms. Renal angiomyiolipoma could be an incidental finding on most patients. Our case demonstrates an atypical gender presentation with extra pulmonary symptoms that are unusual in LAM. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that this rare and uncommon disease presents in women is not exclusive to this gender. When exploring LAM as a differential diagnosis, males should be included. Reference #1: Johnson, S. R. (2006). Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. European Respiratory Journal. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00113303 Reference #2: Rhee, J. A., Adial, A., Gumpeni, R., & Iftikhar, A. (2019). Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus, 11(1), e3938. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3938 Reference #3: Kristof AS, Moss J. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:395-6. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Sandra Galarza-Vargas, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Claudia Quiles, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Jose Torres, source=Web Response

Consumer preferences for gender typicality in front-line services staff in the United States vis-à-vis South Korea: an experimental approach

PurposeThis study aims to examine how variations in the perceived gender (a)typicality of front-line staff impact on consumer spending. Gender typicality is defined here as traditionally masculine-looking men and feminine-looking women, whereas gender atypicality, in contrast, refers to feminine-looking men and masculine-looking women.Design/methodology/approachUsing an experimental design, the authors use simulated consumption scenarios across two separate studies, one in the USA and the other in South Korea. In each study, the authors investigate main and interaction effects in relation to front-line employees’ race (white vis-à-vis Asian) and baseline gender (originally male vis-à-vis originally female).FindingsAcross the two studies, consumers spent more money with gender-typical female front-line staff or, alternatively stated, less money with more masculine-looking female front-line staff. The effect of the male service staff was more complicated. In both countries, the authors found a significant consumer preference for gender-atypical (i.e. more feminine-looking), Asian male employees, compared to more masculine-looking Asian men.Research limitations/implicationsThe experimental design strengthens claims of not only good internal validity but also weakens the generalizability of the findings. Field research is needed to explore these effects in various workplaces and sectors. The authors also acknowledge the limitations of operationalizing the gender (a)typicality of front-line staff by manipulating facial structures. Future research should manipulate gender (a)typicality using sociological and performative indicators.Practical implicationsThe authors contribute to ongoing debates surrounding the legality and ethics of regulating employee appearance in the workplace. Employers must consider whether this type of “lookism” is legally and morally defensible.Originality/valueThis is, to the knowledge, the first-ever study to examine the effect of front-line employee gender non-conformity on consumer behavior and decision-making. The authors show how variations in perceived gender (a)typicality can, variously, promote or retard consumer spending. The study is original in that it shifts the debate from traditional studies of between-gender differences to a focus on within-gender differences. The key value of the research is that it shines a much-needed light on the changing role of gender in the workplace.

Women with Nonclassic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Have Gender, Sexuality, and Quality-Of-Life Features Similar to those of Nonaffected Women

Objective: Females with the severe classic forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia reportedly have a higher frequency of atypical gender identity, nonheterosexual sexual relationships, and cross-gender role behavior. Comparable data and quality-of-life measures among those with the milder, more prevalent form, nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, are scarce. We aimed to assess health-related quality of life, gender identity, role, and sexual orientation in women with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia via a prospective, questionnaire-based, case-control study. Methods: Thirty-eight women with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (median age 34 years; range, 18 to 44 years) and 62 age-matched female controls were recruited. Outcome measures included the Multi-Gender Identity, Sexuality, and World Health Organization (WHO) quality-of-life questionnaires. Results: Sociodemographic parameters (marital status, number of children, and educational level) were similar for both groups, as were most measures of the Multi-Gender Identity, Sexuality, and WHO quality-of-life questionnaires. However, "sometimes-feeling-as-a-man and sometimes-feeling-as-a-woman" were more frequently reported in the study group compared to the controls (7/38 [18.4%] vs. 3/62 [4.8%], respectively; P = .02). Furthermore, more nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia women reported first falling in love with a woman (4/37 [10.8%] vs. 0/58 [0%]; P = .02). Conclusion: Our findings suggest possible subtle differences in gender identity and sexual orientation between adult nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia females and controls. Quality of life was not impaired in individuals within the study group. The impact of exposure to mildly elevated androgen levels during childhood and adolescence on the female brain warrants more in-depth assessment in further studies. Abbreviations: CAH = congenital adrenal hyperplasia; Multi-GIQ = Multi-Gender Identity Questionnaire; NCCAH = nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia; QoL = quality of life.

ГЕНДЕРНІ ВИМІРИ СУЧАСНОСТІ: ГЕНДЕРНА РІЗНОМАНІТНІСТЬ

The article presents the results of theoretical analysis in the context of gender issues. In particular, the concept of gender identity of a person and his/her peculiarities is defined. The link between the biological components of identity (referred to as «sex») and the socio-psychological (referred to as «gender») is also disclosed.The theoretical analysis made it possible to give examples in the history of mankind, which describe the inconsistency between the biological sex and the person’s own feelings. Such examples are found in the research of modern anthropologists and those of the past. In particular, the phenomenon of belonging to the so-called “third sex” is described: Hijra-men in Indian culture, which combine women’s and men’s social roles and are considered sacred.It is noted that the social sciences describe examples (which, in fact, have a significant “historical” age and wide geographical spread) of the existence of different gender identities.The phenomenon of human attribution to a certain biological sex is characterized and its main parameters are defined: chromosomal (genetic) sex (XX – female; XY – male); gonad (sex glands: eggs in women; testes (testes) in men); hormonal sex (related to the action of sex hormones (gonadosteroids): for men – androgens; for women – estrogen and progesterone); internal genitalia; external genitals. The phenomena of difficulties in determining the biological sex of a person are described. In particular, the phenomena of hermaphroditism and intersexuality are highlighted. The limitations of the binary gender system and attempts to go beyond it at the scientific and everyday levels of society are analyzed. The types of gender identity that a person can be identified with are described among the most notable are such as transgender, genderqueer, bigender, androgyny and others. Thus, the mismatch between the biological sex and the way a person feels (gender identity) is referred to as the generic term transgender. Some transgender people refer to the opposite sex or go beyond binary. It is emphasized that for some people the transgender is their identity. However, this term can be used as a generic term that includes other components.Thus, transgenders can include “genderqueere”, “bigender”, “agender” and others. It is determined that if a person’s gender identity coincides with his or her biological sex, then such people are referred to as cisgender.Genderqueere is a gender identity that goes beyond the female-male binary system. Generalizes various variants of gender identity, including: bigender, androgynous, intergender. This term refers to all cases of atypical gender identity.Genderqueeres may be asked to use gender-neutral pronouns; for example, use the word “zie” (“they”) instead of “he”, “she”; or “hir” instead of “his”, “her”. Thus, we see the impact of gender movement on language and speech, which is manifested in the formation of new words and concepts.It is noted that in modern society there is a tendency towards variability of definitions of gender identity and extension of terminology, depending on how representatives of gender pluralism perceive / do not accept the proposed terminological system.It is determined that the main problem of the binary system that operates with the concepts of “masculinity-femininity” is the limitation of man in his manifestations, the creation of social frameworks that force a person to be a “real man” / “real woman”. Such a framework, of course, limits freedom of expression. That is why the mechanism of counteracting the existing boundaries, manifested in the formation of gender diversity, is launched.Moreover, there are a lot of examples that show individuals’ desire to move to a different level of identity and self-recognition. That is why gender diversity is a phenomenon that will be actively explored in the coming decades. However, it should be remembered that attempts to move beyond the attributed gender stereotypes have already taken place. Thus, we see the need for future scientific research that should take into account the discoveries that have been made (and will be) made in other humanities.

Interest, Personality, and Sexual Traits That Distinguish Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual Individuals: Are There Two Dimensions That Underlie Variations in Sexual Orientation?

A diverse U.S. sample comprising 1437 men and 1474 women was assessed on sexual orientation, masculinity-femininity of occupational preferences (MF-Occ), self-ascribed masculinity-femininity (Self-MF), Big Five personality traits, sex drive, and sociosexuality (positive attitudes toward uncommitted sex). Discriminant analyses explored which traits best distinguished self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual individuals within each sex. These analyses correctly classified the sexual orientation of 55% of men and 60% of women, which was substantially better than a chance rate (33%) of assigning participants to one of three groups. For men, MF-Occ and Self-MF distinguished heterosexual, bisexual, and gay men, with heterosexual men most gender typical, gay men most gender atypical, and bisexual men intermediate. Independently, higher sex drive, sociosexuality, and neuroticism and lower conscientiousness distinguished bisexual men from other groups. For women, gender-related interests and Self-MF distinguished lesbians from other groups, with lesbians most gender atypical. Independently, higher sociosexuality, sex drive, and Self-MF distinguished non-heterosexual from heterosexual women. These findings suggest that variations in self-reported sexual orientation may be conceptualized in terms of two broad underlying individual difference dimensions, which differ somewhat for men and women: one linked to gender typicality versus gender atypicality and the other linked to sex drive, sociosexuality, and various personality traits.

Occupational Sex Composition and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender‐Atypical Jobs

The author considers the mechanisms by which occupational sex composition (the proportion of women and men in an occupation) might be associated with romantic transitions in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to 2014, the author estimates the odds of marriage during a period of 35 years as a function of occupational and personal characteristics. Men's odds of marriage are decreased by working in predominately female occupations (75%–100% female) when compared with working in predominately male occupations (0%–25% female) or integrated (26%–74% female) occupations. Also, working in a predominately female occupation increases the odds that men have never married by ages 30 and 40. Women's odds of marriage are unrelated to occupational sex composition. Although the author focuses on marriage, the results are robust to including cohabitation as a competing risk. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health 1994 to 2008 to replicate these findings in a more recent cohort with additional control variables. The romantic penalty for men's occupational gender atypicality demonstrates the continued devaluation of female activities and attributes and the resulting rigidity of expectations for men's gendered behavior, which may reinforce occupational segregation.

Introduction to the Special Section on Clinical Approaches to Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria.

Transgender development in adolescents often occurs in the context of diverse psychiatric symptoms or diagnoses preceding, co-occurring with, or following the onset of the atypical gender identity variations. In addition, it tends to upset the prevailing binary gender ideology and, thereby, strain intra-family relationships as well as elicit stigma in other social contexts. The purpose of this Special Section is to describe clinical approaches to assessment and treatment of patients presenting with such challenging combinations of problems, before the background of societal changes that are affecting the traditional binary gender ideology.

Adolescents and Body Modification for Gender Identity Expression.

As a matter of ethics and law, adults enjoy wide berth in securing hormonal and surgical interventions to align their bodies with their desired gender appearance. In contrast, the exercise of choice by minors is more constrained, because they can be less well situated to grasp the nature and consequences of interventions having life-long effects. Even so, some minors hope for body modifications prior to adulthood. Starting very young, some minors may assert atypical gender identity: those with female-typical bodies assert a male identity and those with male-typical bodies assert a female identity. This assertion of identity is atypical only in a descriptive sense, because it is uncharacteristic, not because it is normatively unacceptable. Not all minors persist in their atypical gender identities, but some do. For those who do, it is desirable to minimize unwanted secondary sex characteristics and to maximize desired secondary sex characteristics. I outline here a theory of respect for decisions by minors in regard to hormonal and surgical interventions that help align their bodies with their gender identity. Of particular ethical interest here are body modifications for fertility preservation since certain interventions in the body can leave people unable to have genetically related children. In general, I will show that the degree of respect owed to minors in regard to body modifications for gender identity expression should be scaled according to their decision-making capacities, in the context of robust practices of informed consent.

A Parent-Report Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children: Psychometric Properties of an Italian Version

This article presents an Italian version of the Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC) (Cohen-Kettenis et al., 2006; Johnson et al., 2004), a parent-report questionnaire covering a range of gender characteristics of children. We developed the GIQC-Italian version with the translation/back translation method and administered it, with a sociodemographic data sheet, to the parents of 1148 children aged 3–12 years (non-clinical sample). After obtaining descriptive data for each item, in line with Johnson et al. (2004), we examined dimensionality through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Considering the results and that our sample was entirely non-clinical, we developed a new scoring procedure. The EFA on the new scores generated three scales: (1) a Female-Typical Behavior Scale, (2) a Male-Typical Behavior Scale, and (3) a Cross-Gender Scale. Additional EFA and confirmatory factor analyses (WLSMV estimator by using a 80/20 random-split-sample analytical approach) confirmed the three-factor solution as the best fitting dimensional structure for the revised GIQC. The Cronbach’s α of the scales showed a satisfactory internal consistency. The frequency distribution of the scales scores showed it is possible to find atypical gender behavior and preferences in non-clinical samples. Independent samples t test confirmed a significant difference between boys’ and girls’ scores. Older children reported scores indicating less gender non-conforming characteristics than younger, except for the Female-Typical Behavior Scale in the girls’ subsample. Results are discussed in the light of the existing literature about gender development. Our findings suggest that the GIQC-Italian version could be a useful tool for studying gender development in the Italian context.

Lytiškumo ugdymas kaip galimybė dekonstruoti heteronormą: mokytojų turimo žinojimo ir nuostatų analizė

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]&#x0D; Neheteroseksualios realybės galimybė Lietuvos istorijoje ir tradicijoje ilgą laiką buvo ignoruojama ir slopinama įstatymais, o pati tema yra virtusi tabu. Sisteminis vienos tiesos kultivavimas kuria normatyvią visuomenę ir nustumia alternatyvias buvimo žmogumi formas. Postmodernizmas problemina epistemologines struktūras ir hierarchijas, kviečiama mąstyti apie švietimą asmens ir struktūros lygmenimis. Šiame straipsnyje, pasitelkiant interviu su mokytojais analizę, siekiama ištirti mokytojų turimą žinojimą ir lytiškumo ugdymo nuostatas ir jomis perteikiamą žinojimą mokiniams lytiškumo temomis bei aptarti galimybę dekonstrukcijos metodą naudoti heteronormatyviai visuomenei .