Gel Preparation Research Articles

Preparation of Nutmeg Gel and Evaluation of its Efficacy as Local Drug Delivery in Stage II Grade A Periodontitis Patients: A Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: Periodontitis is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease caused by specific microbes, which triggers the production of inflammatory mediators. This process leads to the loss of tissue structure and function. Nutmeg has been found to consist of a number of chemical components that have been linked to antioxidant, health promoting, and disease-prevention activity. Aim: To prepare nutmeg gel and to assess its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, and its effectiveness as a locally delivered drug in the management of stage II grade A periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A 30 mg nutmeg gel was prepared and subjected to antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assays. Followed by in-vitro analysis, 40 patients with stage II grade A periodontitis patients who reported between June 2023 and September 2023 to the Department of Periodontology were enrolled. A total of 20 patients were subjected to Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) alone (Group A - Control), and the remaining 20 patients were subjected to SRP + placement of 0.3% nutmeg gel (Group B - Test). Probing Depth (PD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and after three months. The data were analysed for statistical significance using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 23.0. Intergroup and intragroup comparison was done using independent t-test and paired t-test, respectively, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: In vitro analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of nutmeg gel was comparable to the control. Also, the survival rate of nauplii fell within acceptable ranges. Followed by in-vivo analysis, in-vivo analysis was done. A total of 13 females and seven males with a mean age of 29.45±3.98 years were treated with SRP (Group A), and eight females and 12 males with a mean age of 28±3.22 years were treated with SRP along with 0.3% nutmeg gel (Group B). PD and CAL showed significant reduction from baseline to three months in test and control groups and was statistically significant (p<0.05). On intergroup comparison in terms of PD and CAL statistically significant difference was present (p<0.05) at the end of three months, favouring Group B. Conclusion: The developed nutmeg gel was found to be effective when used in addition to SRP as a Local Drug (LD) among patients with stage II grade A periodontitis.

Formulation and evaluation of sunscreen spray gel with lime peel extract (Citrus aurantifolia)

Background: Prolonged exposure to sunlight poses detrimental effects on the skin. Lime peel extract, containing over 60% flavonoids, demonstrates significant potential as a sunscreen agent due to the presence of conjugated aromatic benzene rings capable of absorbing UV-A and UV-B radiation. To mitigate sun-induced skin damage, lime peel extract has been formulated into a spray gel, offering rapid drying properties that enhance user convenience and comfort during application. Objective: To evaluate the impact of varying concentrations of lime peel extract in sunscreen spray gel formulations on their physical properties and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) values. Methods: Lime peel crude extract was obtained using 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent. The extract was incorporated into sunscreen spray gel formulations at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). These formulations were assessed for their physical properties, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and adhesion, alongside their in vitro SPF values. Results: The concentration of lime peel extract significantly influenced both the physical properties and SPF values of the spray gel formulations. All formulations (F1, F2, and F3) exhibited satisfactory physical stability and met the quality criteria for spray gel preparations. The SPF values for F1, F2, and F3 were determined to be 15, 20, and 30, respectively, indicating a progressive increase in photoprotective efficacy with higher extract concentrations. Conclusion: The sunscreen spray gel formulations containing lime peel extract at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) demonstrated physical stability and provided moderate to high SPF protection. Among the formulations, F3 (15%) exhibited the highest SPF value of 30, suggesting its superior efficacy as a sunscreen agent.

Preparation, Properties and Application of Ionic Liquid Gels

Ionic liquid (IL) gels, have garnered significant attention in recent years on account of their distinctive amalgamation of properties, encompassing ionic conductivity, environmental stability, and flexibility. In this paper, the function of ILs in regulating gel structural was reviewed, with an emphasis placed on the preparation and properties of IL gels. Additionally, we probed into the superiority of IL gels over conventional hydrogels, such as enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and a broader range of stable operating temperatures. The potential applications of IL gels in the domains of energy storage, separation and catalysis, environmental protection, and biomedicine were deliberated. Finally, we undertake a series of summaries and prospects for IL gels, with the aim of opening up novel perspectives and attracting more attention for the practical application of IL gels.

Preparation of Ethosome Gel with Total Flavonoids from Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. for the Treatment of Vitiligo.

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. is a traditional medicinal herb in Chinese medicine, extensively used by various ethnic groups due to the numerous advantages derived from its total flavonoids. These benefits encompass anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and the promotion of melanin production, showcasing its significant efficacy in addressing vitiligo. To improve transdermal absorption and enhance the antioxidant effectiveness of the treatment, ethosome containing total flavonoids were prepared utilizing the ultrasound injection technique. The resulting ethosome was then carefully mixed with 0.7% Carbomer 934 gel in equal parts, yielding a gel concentration of 0.302 mg/g. This formulation produced small, consistent ethosome that exhibited high encapsulation efficiency and notable stability. In vitro analyses demonstrated sustained release characteristics of the gel and considerable therapeutic effectiveness against vitiligo resulting from hydroquinone exposure. Histological examinations performed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of mouse skin revealed increased melanin production and increased activities of tyrosinase (TYR), cholinesterase (CHE), and mouse monoamine oxidase (MAO), while levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced. These findings underscore the promising effectiveness of this treatment strategy and validate the efficacy of the dosage form.

Preparation and Evaluation of Wound Healing Gel Using Extract of Psidium guajuva Leaves and Tridax Daisy Leaves

Wounds are physical injuries that results in an opening or breaking of the skin. Proper healing of wounds is very essential for the restoration of disrupted anatomical continuity and disturbed functional status of the skin. Wound healing is a complex but generally orderly process. Sequential waves of specialized cell types first clear the inciting injury and then progressively build the scaffolding to fill in any resulting defect. The antibacterial potential of the crude leaves extracts of Psidium guajava Linn. against some bacteria associated with surgical wound, burns, skin and soft tissue infections were investigated under different conditions. Tridax procumbens (L.) is a spreading annual herb found throughout India. The plant is a native of tropical America and naturalized in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Local people known it as “Ghamara,” in English popularly called “coat buttons” and is dispensed for “Bhringraj” by some of the practitioners of Ayurveda. The plant has many pharmacological applications such as hepatoprotective activity, anti-infl ammatory, wound healing, anti-diabetic activity, hypotensive effect, immunomodulating property, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, and diarrhea and to prevent falling of hair promotes the growth of hair, and antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leaf juice possesses antiseptic, insecticidal and parasiticidal properties, as a remedy against conjunctivitis and is used also to check hemorrhage from cuts, bruises and wounds insect repellent. Keywords: Preparation, Evaluation, pharmacological effect, Wound Healing Gel, Antiseptic.

Nano-fibrous biopolymers as building blocks for gel networks: Interactions, characterization, and applications.

Biopolymers derived from natural resources are highly abundant, biodegradable, and biocompatible, making them promising candidates to replace non-renewable fossil fuels and mitigate environmental and health impacts. Nano-fibrous biopolymers possessing advantages of biopolymers entangle with each other through inter-/intra-molecular interactions, serving as ideal building blocks for gel construction. These biopolymer nanofibers often synergize with other nano-building blocks to enhance gels with desirable functions and eco-friendliness across various applications in biomedical, environmental, and energy sectors. The inter-/intra-molecular interactions directly affect the assembly of nano-building blocks, which determines the structure of gels, and the integrity of connected nano-building blocks, influencing the mechanical properties and the performance of gels in specific applications. This review focuses on four biopolymer nanofibers (cellulose, chitin, silk, collagen), commonly used in gel preparations, as representatives for polysaccharides and polypeptides. The covalent and non-covalent interactions between biopolymers and other materials have been categorized and discussed in relation to the resulting gel network structures and properties. Nanomechanical characterization techniques, such as surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been employed to precisely quantify the intermolecular interactions between biopolymers and other building blocks. The applications of these gels are classified and correlated to the functions of their building blocks. The inter-/intra-molecular interactions act as "sewing threads", connecting all nano-building blocks to establish suitable network structures and functions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions involved in gel preparation and the design principles needed to achieve targeted functional gels.

Preparation, interaction, and digestion of peanut oil body-based emulsion gels with xanthan gum and gallic acid

Preparation, interaction, and digestion of peanut oil body-based emulsion gels with xanthan gum and gallic acid

Advances in the preparation, applications, challenges, and future trends of polysaccharide-based gels as food-grade delivery systems for probiotics: A review.

Probiotics are highly regarded for their multiple functions, such as regulating gut health, enhancing the immune system, and preventing chronic diseases. However, their stability in harsh environments and targeted release remain significant challenges. Therefore, exploring effective protection and delivery strategies to ensure targeted release of probiotics is critically important. Polysaccharides, known for their non-toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and superior biodegradability, show broad prospects in probiotic delivery by forming physical barriers to protect the probiotics. Particularly, polysaccharide-based gels (PBGs), with their unique "spider-web" like structure, capture and ensure the targeted release of probiotics, significantly enhancing their efficacy. This review discusses common polysaccharides used in PBG preparation, their classification and synthesis in food applications, and the advantages of PBGs as probiotic delivery systems. Despite their potential, challenges such as inconsistent gel properties and the need for improved stability remain. Future research should focus on developing novel PBG materials with higher biodegradability and mechanical strength, optimizing the physicochemical properties and cross-linking methods, as well as designing multilayered structures for more precise release control. Additionally, exploring the co-delivery of probiotics with prebiotics, active ingredients, or multi-strain systems could further enhance the efficacy of probiotic delivery.

Anti Inflammation Effectivity Gel Formulated From Ethanol Extract of Ketepeng Cina Leaves (Cassia alata L.) Leaves

ABSTRACT Metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenolics, glucose, and phytosterols are present in the Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) plant. When physical stress causes tissue injury, inflammation is the body's natural defensive reaction. This research aim to formulate gel preparation from ethanol extract of ketepeng cina leaves and determine its antiinflammatory activity on carrageenan induced mice (Mus musculus). This is experimental research, including collection of materials and prociessing of materials, making simplisia, making ethanol extract with a concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%, making ethanol extract gel of Ketepeng Cina leaves and testing the anti-inflammatory effect on mice. The results showed that the ethanol extract can be formulated in the form of gel dosage form with concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% and has a qualified quality preparation evaluation. The observation results showed that the percentage of Inflammation Inhibition at the 5th hour on the gel with a concentration of 15% was 100%. Statistical Analysis of One Way Anova the percentage of inflammation at the 5th hour to the 6th hour showed a significant difference. So it can be stated that the preparation of ethanol extract gel of Ketepeng Cina leaves has the best anti-inflammatory effect at a concentration of 15%.

Molecular Complex Gel Formulation of Glycolic Acid-Chitosan Combination with Variations Of Xanthan Gum Base Concentration And Irritation Test

External causes such as UV exposure cause more severe skin damage than internal factors, hence it is essential to utilize cosmeceutical treatments containing AHAs such as glycolic acid. Because using glycolic acid without modification or monitoring might cause skin irritation, a molecular compound of glycolic acid-chitosan is created in a gel preparation with a xanthan gum foundation to improve consumer comfort and effectiveness. The goal of this study was to create a molecular complex gel of glycolic acid and chitosan (AG-CS) with varying xanthan gum concentrations and conduct irritation testing. Xanthan gum, as a base, influences viscosity and pH, both of which are connected to customer acceptance. Gel formulations with varying concentrations of xanthan gum F1 (0.75%), F2 (1.0%), and F3 (1.5%) were examined for preparation properties. Organoleptic data, homogeneity, pH, and irritation were all examined descriptively. Viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion were all studied using linear regression. The irritation test was performed by examining erythema and edema in rabbits for 24, 48, and 72 hours. AG-KS molecular complex gel has a rose scent, is white to thick white, and is uniform. The gel's pH is F1 (5.28), F2 (5.92), and F3 (6.18). Increasing the concentration of xanthan gum increases gel viscosity and adhesive power while decreasing spread power. The irritation test on rabbit skin yields a score of 0, indicating that AG-KS molecular complex gel does.

Preparation, Optical, and Heat Resistance Properties of Phenyl-Modified Silicone Gel.

A series of Si-H- or Si-Vi-terminated, branched and linear oligomers containing Me2SiO segments were prepared by equilibrium polymerization or non-equilibrium polymerization initiated by living anions, respectively. These oligomers were used to improve the defects of concentrated crosslinking points and the high hardness of crosslinked products when using phenyltris(dimethylsiloxy)silane or 1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-3,3-diphenyl trisiloxane as crosslinking agents in the preparation of silicone gel. NMR, FT-IR, and GPC characterized the structure and molecular weight information of the prepared oligomers. The effects of equilibrium polymerization and the anionic non-equilibrium ring-opening polymerization methods on the structure of oligomers were investigated in detail, together with the structure, the molar ratio of SiH to SiVi, and the phenyl content on the thermal properties and the transmittance retention yield of the silicone gel. The introduction of phenyl groups increases the glass transition temperature of silicone gel from -121.29 °C to -117.71 °C when the phenyl content increased from 0.88 wt% to 3.17 wt%. Meanwhile, the thermal decomposition temperature of silicone gel at 10% weight loss in the N2 atmosphere increased from 440.5 °C to 480.0 °C. When the SiH/SiVi molar ratio is close to 1.0, the transmittance retention yield of the prepared silicone gel using Si-Vi-terminated phenyl T-shaped polysiloxane as the matrix and α, ω-dimethylsiloxyl-terminated PDMS as the crosslinking agent could reach 88.9% after 25 min of UV irradiation.

Preparation and Characterization of Injectable Augmentation Gels Containing Polycaprolactone and Hyaluronic Acid.

Injectable augmentation gels are widely used in the treatment of soft tissue. The composition of these gels has to be continuously improved due to the limitations of the currently available formulations. This study focuses on the development of an innovative injectable gel designed to address current trends and specific needs within the field. The current study utilized a safer hyaluronic acid (HA) gel carrier, created with a less toxic cross-linker, in combination with polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres at various concentrations. PCL microspheres were prepared using an emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. Six different gel formulations were developed using PCL microspheres and biphasic HA gel structures. The produced microspheres had non-agglomerated, smooth surfaces with an average particle size of approximately 45 ± 0.14 μm. The rheological results of the PCL-HA6 such as storage modulus (G', Pa), loss modulus (G", Pa), complex viscosity (η*), and phase angle (°) at 1 Hz frequency were measured as 553.97 ± 32.48, 368.4 ± 12.24, 105.9 ± 5.27, and 33.65 ± 0.92, respectively, and the injection force was measured as 9.64 ± 1.46. Invitro tests revealed that the PCL-HA6 group showed the highest cell viability compared to the other groups and provided a relative increase in collagen production over time, as demonstrated by the relevant gene expression. The developed PCL/HA gel exhibited biocompatibility and non-toxicity, making it a safe option for soft tissue augmentation. It demonstrated potential for medical applications and exhibited favorable rheological characteristics and injectability.

Preparation and Performance Evaluation of CO2 Foam Gel Fracturing Fluid.

The utilization of CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid offers several significant advantages, including minimal reservoir damage, reduced water consumption during application, enhanced cleaning efficiency, and additional beneficial properties. However, several current CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid systems face challenges, such as complex preparation processes and insufficient viscosity, which limit their proppant transport capacity. To address these issues, this work develops a novel CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid system characterized by simple preparation and robust foam stability. This system was optimized by incorporating a thickening agent CZJ-1 in conjunction with a foaming agent YFP-1. The results of static sand-carrying experiments indicate that under varying temperatures and sand-fluid ratio conditions, the proppant settling velocity is significantly low. Furthermore, the static sand-carrying capacity of the CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid exceeds that of the base fluid. The stable and dense foam gel effectively encapsulates the proppant, thereby improving sand-carrying capacity. In high-temperature shear tests, conducted at a shear rate of 170 s-1 and a temperature of 110 °C for 90 min, the apparent viscosity of the CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid remained above 20 mPa·s after shear, demonstrating excellent high-temperature shear resistance. This work introduces a novel CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid system that is specifically tailored for low-permeability reservoir fracturing and extraction. The system shows significant promise for the efficient development of low-pressure, low-permeability, and water-sensitive reservoirs, as well as for the effective utilization and sequestration of CO2.

Preparation of Patchouli Oil Microemulsion Gel and Its Topical Application to Ameliorate Atopic Dermatitis in Mice.

Patchouli oil (PO) is a natural substance famous for its immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by epidermal gene mutations, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation, making patchouli volatile oil a potential candidate for AD treatment. Initially, PO was mixed with ethyl oleate (EO), castor oil ethoxylated ether-40 (EL-40), anhydrous ethanol, and water to form a patchouli oil microemulsion (PO-ME) system. The formulation ratios were optimized using the Box-Behnken design-effect surface method, and their products were characterized for type, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and appearance. Additionally, patchouli oil microemulsion gel (PO-MEG) was developed with a specified concentration of 1.5% carbomer-940 as the matrix, and its pH, stability, viscosity, and permeability were evaluated. We assessed the irritation tests of PO-MEG using a rat self-control model and the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The results demonstrated that should be attributed to non-irritating. This study also assessed the efficacy of optimized PO-MEG on AD-like symptoms using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mouse model. Compared with the model group, the in vivo efficacy studies have shown the PO-MEG group significantly reduces dermatitis scores, mast cell counts, epidermal thickness, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune factors in skin homogenates. This suggests that PO-MEG would become a safer topical formulation for treating atopic dermatitis.

Adsorpsi Congo Red dan Remazol Red oleh Silika Pasir Pantai Panjang dengan Metode Spektroskopi

This study intended to 1) explain the process of synthesis silica from Bengkulu beach sand; 2) describe pH, weight, contact time, optimum temperature, thermodynamics, isotherms, kinetics of the Congo Red and Remazol Red adsorption process of silica from Bengkulu beach sand using spectroscopic UV-Vis analysis methods. Based on the experiments, the results were 1) The synthesis of silica from Bengkulu beach sand was carried out through the purification of the sample, the potassium silicate preparation (K2SiO3) by the alkali fussion method, gel making, and the silica gel preparation (SiO2). The optimum adsorption condition of Congo Red substance by silica occurs at pH 2 and the contact time is 40 minutes, while the Remazol Red substance occurs at pH 3 and the contact time is 60 minutes, each adsorbent weight 75 mg and 50 mg, and the optimum temperature 30°C. The thermodynamic parameters acquired are ∆G° and ∆H° are negative, while the ∆S° is positive, which means that the process of adsorption occurs exothermic and spontaneously irregularities towards the increased system. Isotherm adsorption is determined through the Freundlich isotherm model and follows pseudo-order kinetic model 2.

Formulation and Development of Clove and Coriander Combination Herbal Dental Anticaries Gel and Evaluation of its Antimicrobial Activity

Background:: Dental caries is one of the Periodontal diseases that has been recognized as a major public health problem for decades throughout the world. It occurs in all groups, ethnicities, races, and genders at all socioeconomic levels. Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than synthetic ones. Clove and coriander oil are established herbal drugs for periodontal diseases. Objective:: This research work was intended to formulate a dental gel containing clove and Coriander as the major constituents and evaluate it for dental caries treatment. Both of the herbal oils have a vast range of antimicrobial activity against a great number of periodontal pathogens; therefore, they are used for periodontitis treatment. Methods:: The combination gel was prepared using carbopol 934 as a gelling agent, clove oil and coriander oil as therapeutic constituents, polyethylene glycol as a co-solvent, methyl paraben and propyl paraben as a preservative and a required quantity of distilled water as vehicle. Results:: The gel was analyzed for various properties like antimicrobial activity, pH, spreadability, extrudability, drug content etc., and it was shown that the combination gel is a satisfactory dosage form that is used in periodontitis treatment. The combination gel revealed the ZI (zone of inhibition) of about 22.05±0.04 mm. Conclusion:: The present study concluded that the combination gel preparations of clove oil and coriander oil reported satisfactory physicochemical properties along with good drug content compared to the single gel preparation.

Formulasi Sediaan Lip Gel Dari Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Sebagai Pelembab Bibir

Lips are a facial area that is vulnerable to adverse environmental influences, which can lead to discomfort such as dry, chapped lips, and a dull appearance. Lip gels are commonly used in lip care. Pineapple peel waste (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) contains compounds that can be utilized for lip care. The objective of this study was to determine the formulation of a lip gel preparation by testing its physical properties, irritation, and effectiveness as a lip moisturizer. This study is an experimental study. Base optimization was carried out, followed by formulation of preparations with pineapple peel extract concentrations of F1=3%, F2=5%, and F3=7%, physical evaluation of the preparation, namely organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, adhesiveness tests, viscosity, pH, irritation tests, and moisturizing effectiveness tests. The results showed that pineapple peel extract can be used as an active ingredient in lip gel preparations. The physical properties of the preparations were semi-solid, yellow to brownish in color with a characteristic pineapple aroma, and did not cause irritation or erythema. All formulas were still within the requirements of good characteristics. The lip gel formulation F2 was more effective based on the results of the percentage increase in moisture content, which was 73.18%.

Continuous preparation of hydro-alcoholic gel with antimicrobial complex nanoparticles via cascaded reactive confined impinging jets micromixing

Hand hygiene was crucial for suppressing a spread of infectious diseases. A gel hand sanitizer (GHS) can be used in circumstances of a water shortage and suitable for outdoor usages. A hydro-alcoholic gel formation required mixing a viscous aqueous solution of a thickener with an alcohol solution of a gelling reagent. The homogeneity of the mixing and the gelling reaction dominantly affected the product quality and the expiration period. Moreover, a GHS was typically only able to kill the pathogens rather than also to inhibit a successive pathogen growth. To overcome this mixing issue as well as prolong antimicrobial persistence, this study employed a confined impinging jets (CIJ) microreactor to generate a GHS with suspending antimicrobial nanoparticles of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/Zn(II)/proanthocyanidins (PAC) via the reactive flash nanoprecipitation (RFNP), intensifying shear thinning in turbulent mixing. The pressure drops and the energy consumption of the CIJ micromixing were theoretically analyzed. The developed process was continuous, effective and energy-saving and the device was compact but capable of massively producing the GHS, enabling a distributed production and beneficial to infection controls in undeveloped areas.

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Test of Gel from Fermented Red Pomegranate Peel Juice (Punica Granatum L)

Red pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel has secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins which are known to have antioxidant potential. The purpose of this study was to see the comparison of antioxidant activity of juice before and after fermentation and then formulated into a gel preparation that is physically and chemically stable. Red pomegranate peel juice was dried by freeze drying method and then fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 bacteria and measured OD600, pH, and antioxidant activity using DPPH reagent. The results showed that pomegranate peel juice before fermentation had strong antioxidant activity with a value (of IC50 35.64 ± 0.68 ppm) and after fermentation, it was in the very strong category (IC50 8.00 ± 0.01 to 8.11 ± 0.06 ppm); pH before and after (3.96 ± 0.02 and 3.33 ± 0.01). Formula II with juice concentration of 300 x IC50 has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values ​​(64.37 ± 1.13 ppm); pH (6.33); spreadability (6.20 ± 0.07); and viscosity (31333.3 ± 577.35 dPas). There was an increase in antioxidant activity of red pomegranate peel juice after fermentation, the resulting gel is physically and chemically stable based on the results of accelerated stability tests for 4 weeks .

Serum Gel Formulation of Mundu Fruit Extract (Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) as Antioxidant and Anti-elastase

UV radiation can generate ROS, thereby damaging neutrophils, leading to the uncontrolled release of elastase, and causing aging. This study intends to examine the antioxidants and anti-elastase activity of the skin of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz fruit in serum gel extract preparation. The methods used in this research are microwave-assisted extraction and antioxidants using the ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Three formulas were made with 100 x IC50, 200 x IC50, and 300 x IC50. The test results for the three formulas showed the best antioxidant and anti-elastase activity values in formula 3, with IC50 values ​​of 66.26 ppm and 111.48 ppm. This indicates that the higher the extract concentration in the formulation provides better activity in the serum gel preparation. In the third formulation, evaluation observations were made on the preparation, and a pH value close to the skin’s pH was produced, namely in formula 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Mundu fruit peel extract has antioxidant and anti-elastase activity. The extract is applied to cosmetic preparations and still provides good antioxidant and anti-elastase activity results.