Gelatin Films Research Articles

Effects of Relative Molecular Weight Distribution and Isoelectric Point on the Swelling Behavior of Gelatin Films.

The swelling behavior of gelatin films with different extraction processes are investigated. The results showed that the swelling ratio of the gelatin film extracted by alkaline hydrolysis of collagen (type-B) in a range of pH environments was higher than the one extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis collagen (type-E). In the drug releasing simulation, type-B gelatin capsules also showed a faster collapse rate than type-E gelatin capsules. Based on analyzing relative molecular weight distribution of type-B and type-E gelatins, the more widely distributed relative molecular weight is the key attribution for enabling easier diffusion of water molecules inside the porous channels of peptide chains. Furthermore, with the pH of solution environment far from the isoelectric point (pI) of gelatin films, the swelling ratios were found to increase remarkably, which is due to electrostatic repulsion expanding the pore size of peptide chains. Finally, the addition of SO4 2− in gelatin film was performed to confirm the dominant effect of component compared to pI on swelling behavior of gelatin films.

Effect of electrochemical oxidation and drug loading on the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibility of titanium substrates

A combination of {text{ TiO}}_{2} nanotube array (TON) and controlled drug release system is employed to provide enhanced surface properties of titanium implants. Electrochemical anodization process is used to generate TON for introducing, vancomycin, an effective antibacterial drug against Staphylococcusaureus. TON loaded vancomycin is then coated with a number of layers of 10% gelatin using spin coating technique. The gelatin film is reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to improve the surface bioactivity. The surface of the samples is characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and contact angle measurement. The results illustrate that the TON was constructed and vancomycin molecules are successfully loaded. The drug release study shows that the amount of released vancomycin is controlled by the thickness of gelatin layers. With an increase in gelatin film layers from 3 to 7, the release of vancomycin in the burst release phase decreased from 58 to 31%, and sustained release extended from 10 to 17 days. The addition of GO nanoparticles seems to reduce drug release in from 31 to 22% (burst release phase) and prolonged drug release (from 17 to 19 days). MTT assay indicates that samples show no cytotoxicity, and combination of GO nanoparticles with gelatin coating could highly promote MG63 cell proliferation. Soaking the samples in SBF solution after 3 and 7 days demonstrates that hydroxy apatite crystals were deposited on the TON surface with GO-gelatin coating more than surface of TON with gelatin. Moreover, based on the results of disc diffusion assay, both samples (loaded with Vancomycin and coated with gelatin and gelatin-GO) with the inhibition zones equaled to 20 mm show effective antibacterial properties against S. aureus. The evidence demonstrates that titania nanotube loaded with vancomycin and coated with gelatin-GO has a great potential for general applicability to the orthopedic implant field.

Production and characterization of a coconut oil incorporated gelatin-based film and its potential biomedical application

The influence of coconut oil (CO) on a gelatin-based film was investigated when used as a potential wound dressing material. There is limited study on CO in protein-based wound dressing materials. Therefore, in this study a self-supporting, continuous and homogenous CO incorporated gelatin-based film was formulated and obtained by solution casting method. The influence of CO on physicochemical and thermal properties of gelatin-based film was also determined. Moreover, the effect CO in gelatin films on cell viability and cell migration was analysed with a preliminary cell culture study. Homogenous dispersion of 10% (w/w) CO was obtained in films when 3% (v/w) Tween 80, a surfactant, was incorporated to 20% (w/w) plasticized gelatin film forming solution. Effect of CO on gelatin-based film was observed via phase separation by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Water uptake of gelatin film with no CO, GE film; and 10% (w/w) CO incorporated GE film, GE-CO, were 320% and 210%, respectively, after 3 h in water. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed triglyceride component of CO and increased hydrogen bonding between NH groups of gelatin in GE-CO films. Differential scanning calorimetry results suggested a more ordered structure of GE-CO film due to an increase in melt-like transition temperature and melting enthalpy of GE-CO film. CO content also increased cell viability, assessed by XTT assay since cell viability was approximately 100% when L929 cell culture was incubated with GE-CO of 5–100 μg ml−1. Moreover, GE-CO samples within 5–25 μg ml−1 concentration range, increased proliferation of L929 cells since cell viability was significantly higher than the 100% viable cell culture control (P < 0.05) which is also an indication of efficient healing. However, GE decreased viability of L929 cells significantly at 100–10 μg ml−1 concentration range (P < 0.05) and were toxic at concentrations of 100, 75 and 50 μg ml−1 which decreased ∼50% of the viability of the cells. Scratch Assay to assess in vitro wound healing showed cell migration towards scratch after 24 h as an indication of wound healing only in GE-CO samples. This study showed that, CO could efficiently be added to gelatin-based films for preparation of a primary wound dressing biomaterial which is also demonstrated to have a promising wound healing effect for minor wounds.

Gelatin/Persian gum/bacterial nanocellulose composite films containing Frankincense essential oil and Teucrium polium extract as a novel and bactericidal wound dressing

This study aimed to create a new combination for wound dressing with favorable attributes using natural materials. Gelatin films containing Persian gum (Pg), Bacterial nanocellulose (BNc), Frankincense essential oil (FEO), and Teucrium polium extract (TpE) were prepared. The films were studied by Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform (FTIR-ATR) and SEM. Moreover, mechanical properties, swelling, water desorption, and stability of the films were investigated. In-vitro studies of blood compatibility and also antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory tests were performed for the fabricated films. SEM images proved a uniform dispersion of BNc in the matrix. The incorporation of FEO into the films was shown to make the cavities in the film's micrographs. Moreover, the swelling was found enhanced by Pg and BNc addition to the gelatin film while this index was decreased by FEO addition. Compare to the pure gelatin film, the blended films had more stability with steady degradation under the PBS medium. The biocomposite films showed improved anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity with Pg, FEO and TpE combination. Blood compatibility studies of the biocomposite films exhibited a non-hemolytic nature. These valuable biological properties of the biocomposite films make them a promising and suitable candidate for wound dressing application.

The Effects of Sub Gingival Application of Ozonated Olive Oil Gelatin Film in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

This study evaluates the effects of sub gingival application of ozonated olive oil gelatin film as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials &amp; methods: Thirty patients were randomly selected and equally divided into Group I received SRP only, group II received SRP and ozonated olive oil gelatin film. Subgingival application of ozone gel was performed following initial SRP and after 7 and 14 days. Clinical measurements included Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and after 21 days. Results: The results showed improvement in all clinical parameters in (group II) which was maintained up to 21 days (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that Ozonated olive oil gelatin film could be a promising adjunct to SRP in the treatment of Chronic periodontitis. Keywords: Ozone, Chronic periodontitis, SRP.

Gelatin from leather waste to tough biodegradable packaging film: One valuable recycling solution for waste gelatin from leather industry

Large amount of gelatin can be extracted from the solid waste in leather industry. The advanced application of such gelatin is always desired by the leather industry, but remains challenging. Considering the urgent requirement of biodegradable plastic film, in this study, the gelatin extracted from waste skin scrap in the leather industry was used to fabricate a waste gelatin-based film with a high gelatin content, excellent mechanical performance, and autonomous biodegradability in natural soil. The film was prepared by introducing covalent bonds and metal–ligand bonds to the gelatin matrix. These covalent bonds, metal–ligand bonds, and inherent hydrogen bonds in the gelatin matrix serve as multiple sacrificial bonds for effective energy dissipation giving the waste gelatin-based film excellent mechanical parameters with the highest fracture stress of ≈ 32 MPa, maximum fracture strain of ≈1.25 mm/mm, and a high Young’s modulus of ≈ 471 MPa, which are significantly higher than those of the original gelatin film (fracture stress ≈ 4 MPa, fracture strain ≈ 0.70 mm/mm, and Young’s modulus ≈ 22 MPa). Owing to the water resistance of covalent bonds and metal–ligand bonds existed in gelatin matrix, the gelatin film possesses good water resistance. Additionally, after use, the fabricated film can completely biodegrade in natural soil in approximately 7 weeks. This strategy not only provides a valuable recycling solution for the gelatin from the unwelcome solid waste of the leather industry, but it also broadens the range of ecofriendly and cost effective biodegradable films available.

Antioxidant coatings from elastomeric vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymers with reduced bacterial adhesion

A vinyl laurate-based elastomeric copolymer, developed as chewing gum base, was used to produce functional coatings with the antioxidant curcumin. Both the polymer and curcumin were dissolved in MIBK, methyl isobutyl ketone. Coatings were applied on glass but also on natural alginate and gelatin film surfaces by dip-coating. Microscopy analysis indicated that coatings had very homogenous surface and curcumin was effectively encapsulated within the polymeric matrix. In addition, curcumin-laden coatings (10 wt%) remained transparent with excellent UV filtering properties. The flexibility of alginate and gelatin films was maintained after coating, whereas their hydrophobicity and water vapor barrier properties improved. Furthermore, coating biocompatibility and low bacterial adhesion properties were confirmed by cell proliferation and bacterial surface contamination experiments, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the coating was assessed with both DPPH and ABTS assay, revealing effective antioxidant properties. In addition, in weak acetic acid solutions, curcumin could be released in a sustained manner from the coatings. This coating can be used as a suitable option for improving the antioxidant and bacterial resistance properties of natural polymer films including food packaging or other relevant applications.

Colorimetric food spoilage monitoring with carbon dot and UV light reinforced fish gelatin films using a smartphone application

The objective of this study was to develop novel colorimetric films for food freshness monitoring. UV light irradiation (365 nm) and carbon dots (CDs) were tested as the potential crosslinkers in the fabrication of anthocyanins doped fish gelatin (FG) films. The effect of crosslinkers on the optical, surface, structural, barrier and mechanical properties of FG films was investigated. The incorporation of CDs under UV irradiation improved the tested properties of FG films. The kinetic colorimetric responses of FG films against ammonia vapor were studied to simulate the food spoilage and determine the ammonia sensitivity of the films. Among the tested films, UV-treated FG films containing 100 mg/l (FG-UV-CD100) indicated the best properties. Later, the color difference of FG-UV-CD100 films was observed to correlate well with microbial growth and TVB-N release in skinless chicken breast samples. At the same time, a custom-designed smartphone application (SmartFood) was developed to be used with the FG-UV-CD100 film for quantitative estimation of food freshness in real-time. The proposed food freshness monitoring platform reveals a great potential to minimize global food waste and the outbreak of foodborne illness.

Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Gelatin-Based Films as a Potential Food Packaging Material: A Review.

This review discusses the potential application of gelatin-based film as biodegradable food packaging material from various types of gelatin sources. The exploitation of gelatin as one of the biopolymer packaging in the food industry has rising interest among researchers as the world becomes more concerned about environmental problems caused by petroleum-based packaging and increasing consumer demands on food safety. Single gelatin-based film properties have been characterized in comparison with active and intelligent gelatin-based composite films. The physical properties of gelatin-based film such as thickness, color, and biodegradability were much influenced by total solid contents in each film. While, for mechanical and light barrier properties, poultry-based gelatin films have shown better properties compared to mammalian and marine gelatin films. This paper detailed the information on gelatin-based film characterization in comparison with active and intelligent gelatin-based composite films. The physical properties of gelatin-based film such as color, UV-Vis absorption spectra, water vapor permeability, thermal, and moisture properties are discussed along with their mechanical properties, including tensile strength and elongation at break.

Synthesis of curcumin‐loaded shellac nanoparticles via co‐precipitation in a rotating packed bed for food engineering

AbstractPractical application of versatile nanomaterials to food engineering is desirable. In this study, highly encapsulated curcumin‐loaded shellac (Cur@Lac) nanoparticles are efficiently prepared via a rotating packed bed (RPB). In this modified co‐precipitation process, the morphology of Cur@Lac nanoparticles is systematically investigated under experimental parameters involving the high‐gravity level, the volume of antisolvent and the concentration of shellac. By virtue of the highly structured polymeric ester matrices of shellac and adequate supersaturation brought from RPB on a microscale, the obtained Cur@Lac nanoparticles with uniform size exhibit high encapsulation efficiency of over 96%. After 2 months of storage at room temperature, the aqueous Cur@Lac nanodispersions exhibit long‐term stability with no agglomeration or sedimentation, and the final retention rate of curcumin was over 85%. Colored drinks of fruit syrup (pH = 4.0), fruit soda (pH = 6.0), and soda water (pH = 8.3) are prepared by using the Cur@Lac as the colorant, which possessed orange‐yellow color. The nanocomposites of alkali‐sensitive indicators based on cellulose paper and gelatin film demonstrated in the work show promising application value for sensing of alkaline solution and gas of perishable food.

Application of bi-layers active gelatin films for sliced dried-cured Coppa conservation

Processed meat products have been increasingly consumed, a highlight being dried-cured coppa, commonly purchased sliced, making it more susceptible to bacterial deterioration and lipid oxidation. The aim of this work was to produce and apply bi-layers films based on gelatin (in both layers) with addition of nisin and/or Pitanga leaf hydroethanolic extract (PLHE) only in the food contact thinner layer, in order to evaluate their effect on the refrigerated storage of sliced dried-cured coppa. Dried-cured coppa slices covered with active films were vacuum-packaged and stored under refrigeration for 120 days. Every 30 days, samples were tested for moisture content, water activity, pH, color parameters, lipid oxidation by TBARS and peroxide index methods, and microbiological analysis. The different film formulations presented no influence on the water activity, pH and color parameters of sliced dried-cured coppa. However, they significantly affected moisture content, bacterial count and lipid oxidation. The addition of both active compounds – nisin and PLHE – in the food contact thinner layer was observed to have the most favorable effect.

Spectroscopy analysis of the alignment of nanoassemblies of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes in stretched gelatin film

We present the polarized Raman studies and light absorption study of nanoassemblies of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) incorporated into the gelatin film. Nanoassemblies are formed in aqueous suspension with SWNTs:DNA by positively charged 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (TMPyP4). The gelatin film with embedded nanoassemblies was exposed to a mechanical stretching to about 300% tensile strain for making an alignment along a chosen direction. The analysis of the absorption spectra taken along and normal to the stretching direction revealed the strong polarized dependence. The polarized Raman spectra of the stretched gelatin film showed the angular dependence of the integrated intensity of tangential mode of SWNTs that allowed to estimate the alignment degree. It showed that about 60% of the SWNT nanoassemblies are aligned in the range of ± 15° to the direction of the stretching. The addition of the porphyrin derivative does not impede the orientation of the SWNTs:DNA nanohybrids along the stretching direction. The performed studies of embedded SWNTs:DNA:TMPyP4 nanoassemblies in the flexible gelatin film are intended to show the simple method for obtaining the controlled ordered biocompatible nanotube networks functionalized by the porphyrin derivatives inside a polymer matrix.

Development of gelatin film deposited with carvacrol‐loaded fibers and its application to sea bass fillet preservation

Developing new methods to encapsulate fragile active compounds into packaging films is important for extending the shelf life of foods. In this study, the gelatin/fiber bilayer packaging film was fabricated by depositing carvacrol-loaded core–shell zein/polyvinyl pyrrolidone fibers on gelatin film. The tensile strength, elongation, oxygen transmission rate, and water vapor permeability of the gelatin/fiber film were 5.95 MPa, 56.63%, 63.27 ml/m2 d, 0.1 MPa, and 7.416 g·mm/m2 h kPa, respectively. The gelatin/fiber film was applied to sea bass fillet preservation. At day 8, the total viable count and thiobarbituric acid of the sea bass fillets treated with gelatin/fiber film were 8.12 log CFU/g and 0.73 mg MDA/kg, which were lower than that of the control group. Moreover, the gelatin/fiber film treatment showed the effect of delaying fish color change and pH increase, and prolonged the shelf life of sea bass fillets by 2–4 days. Novelty impact statement Gelatin film deposited with carvacrol-loaded core–shell fibers was prepared. Shelf life of Japanese sea bass fillets was extended by the gelatin/fiber film. The active bilayer film showed high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Correction to: Characterization of Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Gelatin and Inulin Nanobiocomposite Films Containing Crystalline Nanocellulose and Malva sylvestris Extract

Correction to: Characterization of Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Gelatin and Inulin Nanobiocomposite Films Containing Crystalline Nanocellulose and Malva sylvestris Extract

Solution blow spinning of multilayer polycaprolactone/curcumin-loaded gelatin/polycaprolactone nanofilm for slow release and bacterial inhibition

In this work, the multilayer film with polycaprolactone as the outer layers and the curcumin-loaded gelatin film as the inner layer were fabricated by sequential solution blow spinning (SBS). The hydrophobic outer layers improved the water contact resistance and protected the inner layer from being dissolved by water. The interactions of hydrogen bonds between the outer and inner layers enhanced the thermal stability. The hydrophobicity and mechanical properties of the gelatin film were also improved by the sandwich structure. The multilayer film exhibited good slow-release ability, releasing curcumin continuously for 312 h. Meanwhile, the multilayer film was as effective as the single-layer gelatin loaded with curcumin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study indicate that multilayer nanofilm fabricated by SBS have promising applications for the encapsulation and controlled release of antibacterial substances.

Effect of corn stigma extract on physical and antioxidant properties of biodegradable and edible gelatin and corn starch films

The development of bio-based food packaging with antioxidant properties is an important research topic and has gained prominence these days. In this study, bioactive films were developed based gelatin-corn starch (GCS) incorporated with corn stigma extract (CSE) at different concentrations (15% and 25%; w/v). In preliminary tests, the extract maintained cell viability above 90% indicating that it is safe for application as an active ingredient. Insertion of the extract did not influence the thickness of the films but caused a slight change in optical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed interactions between the extract's bioactive compounds with gelatin and corn starch compounds, which may have improved the mechanical properties (elongation at break, Young's modulus). The addition of 25% corn stigma extract increased the contact angle, giving the film a hydrophobic character. Furthermore, at this concentration, a 15% reduction in water vapor permeability was observed. The elaborated films showed complete biodegradability before the tenth day of the study. It can be inferred that the films with corn stigma extract have good antioxidant properties, indicating that they can be used as an ingredient for food packaging.

Biocompatible Coating on Micro‐structured Titanium Implants with Enhanced Osteogenesis to Facilitate Bone‐implant Integration

AbstractTitanium (Ti) implants are bioinert materials. The surface modification of a Ti implant can endow it with biological activity and promote its osteosynthesis. In this study, the improvement of the biocompatibility of Ti substrates mainly originates from polydopamine (PDA) coating technology, which combines the BMP‐2 polypeptide (P24) and a gelatin film on the substrate surface. The results showed that the P24 polypeptide and gelatin film coating endowed the Ti substrate with enhanced hydrophilicity. The modified surface favored cell adhesion and spreading compared with the pure Ti substrate, and significantly improved cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. Furthermore, the modification significantly accelerated osseointegration and osteogenesis in vivo when the Ti rod was inserted into rat femurs. Thus, the P24 polypeptide and gelatin film modification on titanium implant surface has potential applications to achieve rapid bone‐implant integration.

Gelatin-based packaging material incorporated with potato skins carbon dots as functional filler

Carbon dots (CD) were developed via hydrothermal synthesis using potato peel as functional fillers for food packaging films. The CD showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity with low cytotoxicity as more than 80% of mouse fibroblast L929 cells survived even when exposed to 500 μg/mL for 72 h. The CD was used as a functional filler for preparing a gelatin-based functional film, and it was uniformly dispersed in biopolymer, indicating a compatible packaging film. The FTIR result showed no change in the chemical structure, but an H-bond was apparent between the CD and gelatin. The addition of CD produced a highly transparent film with significant improvement in the water vapor permeability (by 28%) and hydrophobicity (by 9% and 13%) properties of the gelatin film without much changing of the mechanical properties. The CD-added gelatin films indicated UV-barrier property and strong antioxidant activity. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy increased significantly. Therefore, the CD-added gelatin films have great potential as a value-added, low-cost, safe, and functional nanofiller for the preparation of packaging applications.

Preparation of bioactive gelatin film using semi-refined pectin reclaimed from blueberry juice pomace: Creating an oxidation and light barrier for food packaging

Semi-refined blueberry pectin (SBP) was extracted from the waste following blueberry juice processing. SBP and gelatin (Gel) were used as the base formulation for the preparation of a composite packaging film (SBP/Gel film), while Gel film, SBP film, apple pectin (AP) film, and an AP and Gel composite film (AP/Gel film) were prepared for comparison. The physicochemical properties, microscopic morphology and antioxidant activity of the prepared films were analyzed. The tensile strength and thermal stability of the SBP/Gel film were improved in comparison with the control films, and the moisture content, hygroscopicity and water vapor permeability were reduced when SBP was incorporated into the gelatin film formulation. Scanning electron microscopy verified the compatibility between SBP and Gel in the SBP/Gel film. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that SBP changed the secondary structure of the Gel through non-covalent bonds in the SBP/Gel film. Compared with the AP/Gel and Gel films, the light barrier properties and antioxidant activities of the SBP/Gel film were enhanced significantly. When the SBP/Gel composite film was used to package olive oil or lutein, the SBP/Gel film could retard the oxidation of olive oil and delay the photodegradation of lutein, respectively.

Bio-inspired synthesis of flavonoids incorporated CaCO3: Influence on the phase, morphology and mechanical strength of the composites

Biominerals are composite materials that exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and properties and the organic molecules associated with the inorganic crystalline phase stand out as one of the most important reasons for this phenomenon. In this work, with the help of in vitro synthesized biominerals based on the flavonoids quercetin and hesperidin, we tried to elucidate the influence of these organic molecules on the resulting CaCO3 composites in terms of the phase and morphology. Also, for the very first time, the mechanical properties of CaCO3 composites based on flavonoids are studied. We demonstrated how by tuning the concentration of the incorporated organic phase, constituted by the flavonoid molecules, the toughness of the composite could be varied. The interaction between the organic and inorganic phases and their influence on the mechanical properties of the composite for both calcite and metastable vaterite was described. The mechanical strength of the composites was evaluated post their doping into gelatin films. The maximum tensile stress attained by the CaCO3 incorporated with quercetin and hesperidin was 2728 kPa and 3152 kPa, respectively, in contrast to the low value of 1140 kPa, which was observed for bare CaCO3.