Amount Of Gelatin Research Articles

PH-shifting treatment improved the emulsifying ability of gelatin under low-energy emulsification

The effects of pH-shifting treatments (pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) on the stability of gelatin emulsions made by low-energy stirring were investigated. pH-shifting treatments significantly enhanced the ESI and EAI of the emulsion (P < 0.05) and reduced its particle size (P < 0.05) under low-energy emulsifying conditions. The pH11–7 shifting treatment significantly increased the degree of depolymerization and the level of ordered structure of gelatin (P < 0.05). These transformations resulted in a significant increase in the exposure of hydrophobic and negatively charged residues (P < 0.05) on the surface of gelatin, facilitating a faster adsorption rate of gelatin onto the oil-water interface as well as an increase in the amount of gelatin adsorbed at the interface. Moreover, the alkali-shifting treatment promoted the formation of a thin viscoelastic interfacial film, which contributed to the enhanced stability of the emulsion.

Development of Biodegradable Bioplastics with Sericin and Gelatin from Silk Cocoons and Fish Waste.

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this issue involves the integration of sericin and gelatin, obtained from cocoon and fish waste, respectively, with nano-reinforced cellulose crystals, to develop a biodegradable and compostable plastic material. The use of cocoon and fish wastes for the extraction of sericin and gelatin presents an environmentally beneficial approach since it contributes to waste reduction. The sericin level found in silk cocoon waste was determined to be 28.08%, and the gelatin amount in fish waste was measured to be 58.25%. The inclusion of sericin and gelatin in bioplastics was accompanied by the incorporation of glycerol, vinegar, starch, sodium hydroxide, and other coloring agents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) examination of bioplastics revealed the presence of functional groups that corresponded to the sericin and gelatin components. The tensile strength of the bioplastic material was measured to be 27.64 MPa/psi, while its thickness varied between 0.072 and 0.316 mm. The results of burial experiments indicated that the bioplastic material had a degradation rate of 85% after 14 days. The invention exhibits potential as a viable alternative for packaging, containment, and disposable plastic materials. The use of this sustainable approach is recommended for the extraction of sericin and gelatin from silk cocoons and fish waste, with the intention of using them as raw materials for bioplastic production.

Noninvasive Temperature Measurements in Tissue-Simulating Phantoms Using a Solid-State Near-Infrared Sensor.

The monitoring of body temperature is a recent addition to the plethora of parameters provided by wellness and fitness wearable devices. Current wearable temperature measurements are made at the skin surface, a measurement that is impacted by the ambient environment of the individual. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy provides the potential for a measurement below the epidermal layer of skin, thereby having the potential advantage of being more reflective of physiological conditions. The feasibility of noninvasive temperature measurements is demonstrated by using an in vitro model designed to mimic the near-infrared spectra of skin. A miniaturizable solid-state laser-diode-based near-infrared spectrometer was used to collect diffuse reflectance spectra for a set of seven tissue phantoms composed of different amounts of water, gelatin, and Intralipid. Temperatures were varied between 20-24 °C while collecting these spectra. Two types of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were developed to evaluate the analytical utility of this approach. In both cases, the collected spectra were used without pre-processing and the number of latent variables was the only optimized parameter. The first approach involved splitting the whole dataset into separate calibration and prediction subsets for which a single optimized PLS model was developed. For this first case, the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.95 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) is 0.22 °C for temperature predictions. The second strategy used a leave-one-phantom-out methodology that resulted in seven PLS models, each predicting the temperatures for all spectra in the held-out phantom. For this set of phantom-specific predicted temperatures, R2 and SEP values range from 0.67-0.99 and 0.19-0.65 °C, respectively. The stability and reproducibility of the sample-to-spectrometer interface are identified as major sources of spectral variance within and between phantoms. Overall, results from this in vitro study justify the development of future in vivo measurement technologies for applications as wearables for continuous, real-time monitoring of body temperature for both healthy and ill individuals.

Synthesis of cellulose nano fiber from palmyrah fruit fiber and its applicability as a reinforcement agent on starch based biodegradable film

The global trend in packaging is shifting towards environmentally friendly, natural materials that decompose easily. Among the bio-based packaging materials, starch is a renewable, biodegradable, bio-compatible, and easily accessible source. However, starch-based biodegradable films depict weak mechanical properties compared with synthetic polymers. This problem can be solved by incorporating reinforcement fillers into the starch matrix. Palmyrah fruit (Borassus flabellifer L.) waste can be a good source to obtain fillers due to its high cellulose content. The aim of the study was to investigate the reinforcement of starch-based biodegradable films with the incorporation of pure cellulose nanofiber (CNF) obtained from palmyrah fruit fiber (PFF). Chemical treatments such as alkaline treatment (4% NaOH), bleaching [1% Ca(OCl)2], and acid hydrolysis (10 moldm-3 H2SO4) were done successively to obtain pure CNF from PFF. CNF was characterized using FTIR and particle size distribution (PSD) was analyzed by granulometry. The yield of CNF from PFF was 37.890±0.008 %. The results of FTIR depicted CNF was synthesized successfully. Five different biodegradable films were prepared by varying the amount of palmyrah tuber starch (4.5-2.5 w/w %) and CNF (0.0-2.0 w/w %) while the amount of glycerin (1.5 w/w %) and gelatin (1 w/w %) were kept constant. PSD results revealed that nano-sized CNF (10-100 nm) was synthesized successfully. The optimized film was selected based on the tensile strength and low water vapor transmission rate. Optimized film formulation, with palmyra tuber starch (3 w/w %) and CNF (1.5 w/w %) showed desirable physical, mechanical and optical properties, including the thickness, moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, water uptake, transparency at 600 nm, water activity, water solubility and tensile strength of 0.192±0.004 mm, 11.07±0.04 %, 3.870±0.005 g/m2.day, 22.34±0.05 %, 3.97±0.01 %, 0.440±0.001, 51.68±0.140 % and 9.55 MPa respectively. All films showed excellent soil biodegradability within two weeks. In conclusion, palmyra fruit CNF can be effectively used to reinforce starch-based biodegradable packaging films.

Preparing gelatin-containing polycaprolactone / polylactic acid nanofibrous membranes for periodontal tissue regeneration using side-by-side electrospinning technology.

Electrospinning technology has recently attracted increased attention in the biomedical field, and preparing various cellulose nanofibril membranes for periodontal tissue regeneration has unique advantages. However, the characteristics of using a single material tend to make it challenging to satisfy the requirements for a periodontal barrier film, and the production of composite fibrous membranes frequently impacts the quality of the final fiber membrane due to the influence of miscibility between different materials. In this study, nanofibrous membranes composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were fabricated using side-by-side electrospinning. Different concentrations of gelatin were added to the fiber membranes to improve their hydrophilic properties. The morphological structure of the different films as well as their composition, wettability and mechanical characteristics were examined. The results show that PCL/PLA dual-fibrous composite membranes with an appropriate amount of gelatin ensures sufficient mechanical strength while obtaining improved hydrophilic properties. The viability of L929 fibroblasts was evaluated using CCK-8 assays, and cell adhesion on the scaffolds was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence assays. The results demonstrated that none of the fibrous membranes were toxic to cells and the addition of gelatin improved cell adhesion to those membranes. Based on our findings, adding 30% gelatin to the membrane may be the most appropriate content for periodontal tissue regeneration, considering the scaffold's mechanical qualities, hydrophilic properties and biocompatibility. In addition, the PCL-gelatin/PLA-gelatin dual-fibrous membranes prepared using side-by-side electrospinning technology have potential applications for tissue engineering.

Enhancing physicochemical and leaching properties of grass jelly formulation by incorporation of gelatine

Grass jelly is a popular black jelly used in preparing various drinks and desserts. Nonetheless, preservatives and additional colourants are often used by food industries to maintain the properties of grass jelly and minimize discolouration as well as its leaching occurrence. These additives are linked with deleterious health effects and loss of vitamins in foods. The use of gelling agents such as gelatine in making grass jelly could improve its physiochemical and leaching properties. This study was designed to enhance the physicochemical (pH, colours, Brix) and textural properties of grass jelly using bovine gelatine. A texture profile analysis was conducted to analyse the hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness of the grass jelly. This study was also conducted to study the effect of gelatine addition on the leaching and floating properties of the grass jelly. The absorbance value of the grass jelly drink was measured in 10-minute intervals to determine its leaching occurrence while the floating analysis was done by recording the floating time. Various grass jelly formulations (GJF) were designed using a D-optimal mixture design in Design Expert® software. Data from commercial grass jelly were used as a reference during the optimization process. The amount of gelatine added to the formulations was in the range of up to 50 g (~17%). The results showed that the addition of gelatine at approximately 12.5 g (~4%) was effective in maintaining most of the physiochemical properties (L, a, b, Brix) with an overall desirability function of 0.63. This formulation was selected as the optimum grass jelly formulation (OGJF). The leaching properties and floating duration were measured on the OGJF and commercial grass jelly for 90 mins and 60 mins, respectively. The results indicated that OGJF showed a significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower leaching rate and floating time (p&lt;0.05). Hence, further optimization is needed to increase the floating duration of gelatine-based grass jelly.

Hydrogels based on crosslinked polyethylene glycol diacrylate and fish skin gelatin

The aim of this work was to develop hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) and fish gelatin for potential biomedical applications such as wound healing, drug delivery and biosensors. The hydrogels were prepared via in situ Michael addition of ammonia crosslinker to PEGDA in the presence of cold-water fish skin gelatin that was used as an additive. The fabrication conditions and properties of the hydrogels were examined using various amounts of fish gelatin to evaluate the influence of its concentration on gelation time, crosslinking density and swelling behavior of the hydrogels. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of the crosslinked hydrogels and the degree of conversion (DC) of the double bonds for the hydrogels containing 5, 7.5 and 10 % w/v of gelatin was between 72 and 80 %. Fish skin gelatin had a strong effect on the dimentional stability and water absorbing properties of the hydrogels and the system containing 7.5 % w/v gelatin exhibited the longest swelling time of 18 h. The hydrophobicity of the hydrogels was achieved by covalent grafting of the residual double bonds with thiol-containing small hydrocarbon molecules using thiol-ene click chemistry reaction conditions, leading to the increase of the water contact angle from 0° to 60-73°.

Porcine detection in commercial edible bird nest beverages using real time PCR targeting chromosomally encoded multiple porcine repetitive elements

Popular consumption of edible bird nest beverage (EBNB) is driven by its claimed anti-aging properties. Incorporation of other anti-aging and protein-rich compounds such as collagen and gelatin increase the adulteration potential of EBNB especially those from economical feasible porcine sources. In this study, fifteen commercial EBNB products were examined for the presence of porcine DNA using real time PCR targeting multiple porcine repetitive element (MPRE42). DNA extracted using DNeasy Mericon Food Kit (Qiagen) obtained 0.08–17 ng/µl DNA that is ample for downstream qPCR. Universal qPCR assay successfully amplified conserved 18 S rRNA genes in all samples except for B7 which might dictate presence of PCR inhibitors such as phenolic compounds. Porcine-specific MPRE42 assay detected the presence of porcine DNA in 40% of the EBNB products (B5, B10, B11, B16, B17, B20) with Cq value ranging from 33.85±0.33–38.55±1.23. Analysis of EBNB product (B3) being spiked with different amounts of porcine gelatin shows that porcine-specific MPRE42 assay can detect up to 0.5% (w/w) porcine gelatin in B3. A linear correlation between Cq values of the DNA extracted from spiked samples and serial diluted porcine gelatin were obtained which demonstrates potential quantitative application of this assay. In overall, upon strict validation according to ISO/IEC 17025, the method described in this study has a huge potential to be applied by enforcement and authorities for porcine gelatin detection in EBNB products.

Improving the adhesion strength and moisture resistance of poly(vinyl acetate) latex as wood adhesive via blending with gelatin

Gelatin can act as wood adhesive for fabrication of numerous structures. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) is also used as wood adhesive because it provides excellent adhesion. Unfortunately, its bonds are sensitive to humid atmospheres especially at elevated temperatures. The current work explores hybridization of PVAc emulsion with finite amounts of gelatin and the resulting latex was fully characterized using different techniques, where it was found that gelatin insertion caused densification of the latex structure without affecting its stability while the viscosity increased without visual phase separation, indicating strong interactions emerged between both. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed a mean size of the latex particles increasing from 265 nm to 290 nm in presence of elevated doses of gelatin, with the surface charge decreasing from −42 mV to −33 mV. Turbidity measurements revealed the latex particles became more likely to coagulate in presence of increasing amounts of gelatin and formation of a more compact film that provides higher resistance to water permeation and stronger adhesion as supported by shear strength evaluations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved strong interactions between PVAc with gelatin, causing higher thermal stability and possibility of use at relatively higher temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed broadening of the peak at 2θ = 21° indicating partial destruction of the triple helical structure of gelatin, which can be correlated with the spectra of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) that showed obvious shifts of the main peaks of PVAc due to effective insertion of gelatin.

Gelatin‐based air‐entraining agents for ordinary portland cement: Chelate Ca2+ and reduce surface tension

AbstractIntroducing uniform, stable, and small pores by adding air‐entraining agents (AEAs) is an effective strategy for improving the freeze–thaw resistance and workability of cement concrete materials. In this study, the gelatin with hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups was used as an AEA for cement concrete materials and systematically studied its effect on the performance of cement mortar specimens. The results showed that gelatin has a surfactant‐like function and can effectively reduce the surface tension of the gas–liquid interface. In an alkaline environment, Ca2+ ions in cement pore solution chelate with carboxylate ions formed by carboxyl ionization, further enhancing the performance of gelatin‐based AEAs. Thanks to the reduction in surface activity and carboxyl ionization, introducing gelatin increased the porosity of cement mortar specimens from 0.53% to 2.69%. Furthermore, introducing an appropriate amount (&gt;0.1 wt%) of gelatin does not significantly impact the workability or mechanical properties of cement mortar. Based on these characteristics, gelatin has potential as an AEA for cement concrete materials.

Study of the Mechanical Properties of Gelatin Films with Natural Compounds of Tamarix hispida

In this work, an extract of the Tamarix hispida (TH-10) was prepared in 10 vol.% water-ethanol solution. Based on the properties of antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, various gelatin films containing (10–15 wt.%) gelatin were obtained. The fabricated gelatin films containing TH-10 extract were used as wound dressings for burns. Their deformation properties, physical and mechanical properties, and SEM micrographs were defined. An additional film structure was determined by using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The strength of polymer films containing TH-10 depends on gelatin content. This indicates that the gelatin film binds the TH-10 with the help of hydrophobic interactions. It was found that the higher amount of gelatin leads to lower tear resistance of films. This is due to the formation of micro-cracks on the surface of films leading to their easy rupture. During the study of tensile strength, it was proven that the optimal amount of glycerin in the film is 5 vol.%. The polymer film containing 12 wt.% gelatin and 1 wt.% TH-10 was recognized as the most effective composition in terms of strength and elasticity properties for application as wound dressing materials.

Antimicrobial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of smart daclatasvir-chitosan/gelatin nanoparticles-in-PLLA nanofibrous medical textiles; in vitro, and in vivo study

This study aims at the development of electrospun polylactic acid nanofibers (PLLA NFs) incorporating smart daclatasvir-loaded chitosan gelatin nanoparticles to be used as medical textiles. First, smart nanoparticles were prepared through ionic gelation and optimized using Design Expert® software where daclatasvir (DAC), chitosan (CS), and gelatin (GL) amounts were selected to be the independent variables. DAC was used owing to its reported Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, CS was chosen due to its antimicrobial activity and GL was used owing to its sensitivity to be hydrolyzed upon exposure to Papain-like protease enzyme (PLpro). The optimum DAC-CS/TAN NPs possessed 109 nm size and 94.44 % entrapment efficiency in addition to sustained drug release for 14 days. Furthermore, upon exposure to PLpro, smart DAC-CS/GL NPs released the whole DAC amount within 3 h. Then, DAC-CS/GL NPs were incorporated within PLLA NFs through electrospinning. Swellability was found to increase gradually reflecting the controlled release of DAC from nanofibers within 3 weeks. Cell viability assessments using human fibroblasts showed that the developed nanofibers possess high biocompatibility. An in-vivo animal model for skin irritation was carried out for two weeks where visual inspection and histopathological investigations showed that neither edema nor erythema were observed.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE GRAFT COPOLYMER LLDPE-G-MA/GEL COMPOSITES

In this work, a biodegradable graft copolymer based on linear low density polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride and gelatin (LLDPE-g-MA/Gel) was formed by reactive mixing of functionalized polyethylene with gelatin to achieve finely dispersed blend morphology. Using a selection of components of the mixture, we’d studied its morphology and thermal properties. It was found that thermal stability (initial temperature) of the composition decreases as the amount of gelatin increases due to degradation of gelatin. In the temperature range of 400-500 ºC, the maximum rate of destruction of the graft copolymer increases significantly with higher gelatin content. Samples having identical composition were selected using a Brabender plastograph and a mechanical mixer; and when taken at different rates, the morphological structure of the samples was determined to depend on their mixing rate. The morphological structure was found to show that increased speed leads to effective reaction of two components and crushing of particles into smaller ones.

Efficacy of co-loading Ag nanoparticles and metronidazole in PEG–gelatin-based sponges for the treatment of chronic wounds

Polymer-based sponges loaded with antibacterial agents are potential wound dressings ideal for treating bacteria-infected wounds. Gelatin/poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) sponge-based wound dressings loaded with metronidazole and Ag nanoparticles with different degrees of cross-linking were prepared, and their capability to treat infected wounds in vitro was evaluated. The degree of cross-linking of the sponges varied, and the porosity of the sponges was in the range of 15.64–91.10%. The amount of gelatin used to prepare the sponges influenced the porosity of the sponges. The sponges displayed an initial burst drug release of metronidazole followed by a sustained release profile. The sponges exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The % cell viability of the sponges was in the range of 71.17–86.10%, indicating distinguished biocompatibility. The in vitro experiment showed that the sponge loaded with metronidazole, SAM2%, displayed a significant reduction of 66.68% in the scratch area compared to the sponge loaded with a combination of silver nanoparticles and metronidazole with a closure rate of 46.61% at 96 h. The promising features of the sponges indicate that they are potential wound dressings for treating infected wounds.

Feasibility of using a protein gel for masticatory assessment of older people

Masticatory function plays a crucial role in the breakdown of food for bolus formation and safe swallowing. Chewable silicone gel particles (Optosil) were used for assessing masticatory performance by dentists but such particles were found not suitable for older people due to its hard and dry texture and unfavored flavor. Therefore, with fast growing number of older people who have eating and swallowing difficulties, seeking a suitable model food for masticatory performance assessment becomes an important issue. This study was to develop a glucose-containing model food system for reliable evaluation of the masticatory performance. Three formulas with different amount of gelatin were used to prepare the gels and their textural properties were analyzed. A glucometer was used to measure glucose concentration in saliva. Both young adults (23.5 ± 1.1 years) and older subjects (72.9 ± 5.4 years) were asked to perform mastication tests to verify the reliability of the method. Results showed that the Gel-15% sample gave the best performance and was selected as the test food. Reliability of the current method was proved by the classical standard of Optosil method. Moreover, our findings indicated that masticatory performance was significantly positively correlated with bite force in both young and older adults (young subjects: r = 0.874, p < 0.01; older subjects: r = 0.638, p < 0.01). In conclusions, this study suggested that the newly method could accurately and efficiently measure the masticatory performance of older people.

Study on Bioresponsive Gelatin-Hyaluronic Acid-Genipin Hydrogel for High Cell-Density 3D Bioprinting.

The Development of bioresponsive extrudable hydrogels for 3D bioprinting is imperative to address the growing demand for scaffold design as well as efficient and reliable methods of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This study proposed genipin (5 mg) cross-linked gelatin (1 to 1.5 g)-hyaluronic acid (0.3 g) hydrogel bioink (20 mL) tailored for 3D bioprinting. The focus is on high cell loading and a less artificial extra-cellular matrix (ECM) effect, as well as exploring their potential applications in tissue engineering. The bioresponsiveness of these hydrogel scaffolds was successfully evaluated at 37 °C and room temperature (at pH 2.5, 7.4, and 9). The rheological and mechanical properties (more than three times) increased with the increase in gelatin content in the hydrogel; however, the hydrogel with the least amount of gelatin showed the best extrusion capability. This optimized hydrogel's high extrusion ability and post-printing shape fidelity were evident from 3D and four-axis printing of complex structures such as hollow tubes, stars, pyramids, and zigzag porous tubular (four-axis) scaffolds (printed at 90 kPa pressure, 70 mm/s speed, 22G needle, fourth axis rotation of 4 rpm). 3 million/mL MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cells were used in preparing 3D bioprinted samples. The in vitro cell culture studies have been carried out in a CO2 incubator (at 37 °C, 5% CO2). In the cytocompatibility study, almost three times more cell viability was observed in 3 days compared to day 1 control, proving the non-toxicity and cell-supportiveness of these hydrogels. High cell viability and cell-to-cell interactions observed at the end of day 3 using this moderately stable hydrogel in 3D bioprinting exhibit high potential for precise cell delivery modes in tissue engineering as well as regenerative medicine.

The synthesis of Tween80/calcium phosphate nanocomposite bioactive gelatine-based gels as a proof of concept for tooth sensitivity home-treatment.

Dentine hypersensitivity interferes with the lifestyle owing to pain arising from exposed dentine surfaces in response to stimuli. One common way to treat this problem is to occlude the exposed tubules. In this work, we have proposed a home-based treatment gel for tooth sensitivity. The gel was prepared using the emulsion method and contained Tween80/calcium phosphate nanocomposite that could occlude the tubules after 10 h of application. In preparation, Tween80 was used as a surfactant, and oleic acid was used as an oil phase to form a water-in-oil nanoreactor for calcium phosphate synthesis. Finally, different concentrations of gelatine were used to transform the emulsion into a stable gel. The nanoparticles had a uniform spherical shape and a diameter of approximately 300 nm. The nanocomposite gel containing the lowest amount of gelatine (Gel-T80-5%GE) exhibited the best liquid-like property and the highest occlusion rate of 95%.

Biodegradable Electrohydraulic Soft Actuators

Biodegradable materials decompose and return to nature. This functionality can be applied to derive robotic systems that are environmentally friendly. This study presents a fully biodegradable soft actuator, which is one of the key elements in “green” soft robotics. The working of the actuator is based on an electrohydraulic principle, which is similar to that of hydraulically amplified self‐healing electrostatic actuators. The actuator developed in this study consists of a dielectric film made of polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate (PBAT), with soybean oil as the dielectric liquid and electrodes made from a mixture of gelatin, glycerol, and sodium chloride (NaCl). The synthesized biodegradable electrode material exhibits a Young's modulus of 0.06 MPa and resistivity of 258 Ω·m when the mass fraction of NaCl relative to the amount of gelatin and glycerol is 10 wt%. The softness and resistivity of the electrode material results in actuation strain values of 3.2% (at 1 kV, corresponding to 1.2 kV mm−1) and 18.6% (at 10 kV, corresponding to 9.6 kV mm−1) for the linear‐type and circular‐type actuators, respectively. These values obtained for the biodegradable electrohydraulic soft actuators are comparable to those of nonbiodegradable actuators of the same type, representing the successful implementation of the concept.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Shampoo from Spinacia Oleracea Leaves, Ipomoea Batatas Extracts

Abstract: The current aimed to formulate herbal shampoo and to evaluate the various property of herbal shampoos. The herbal shampoo was formulated by adding the extracts of Spinacia Oleracea leaves, Ipomoea batatas roots, Acacia concinna, Sapindus Indica, Cymbopogon citrus in different proportions to a 100 ml. Small amount of gelatin and citric acid were also added for viscosity and pH respectively. Several tests such as visual inspection, pH, dirt dispersion, rheological evaluation and skin irritation test etc, were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of prepared shampoos. The formulated herbal shampoo was clear and appealing. It showed good cleansing and detergency and good foam stability. The results indicated the formulated shampoo is having excellent conditioning performance, similar to commercially available shampoo. However, further research and development is required to improve its quality and safety.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Techno-functional Properties of Gelatin Extracted from Fish Processing Waste

The current research was completed at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Cochin, Kerala, India from August 2021 to August 2022 as a modified thermal extraction protocol for deriving gelatin from processing waste of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) skin. The study evaluated the effect of chemical composition and molecular weight contributing to the techno-functional attributes of the resulting gelatin. In the present study, we followed warm water-coupled NaCl pre-treatment to reduce the lipid content of the extracted gelatin. The extracted gelatin was characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amount of gelatin extracted from the fish skin was 9.30±0.22%. The protein pattern of extracted gelatin on SDS-PAGE was identical to commercial grade gelatin, which implies the purity of extracted gelatin is comparable to that of commercial one. The physicochemical and functional properties were evaluated and pose remarkable techno-functional properties. Therefore, fish processing skin waste of skipjack tuna could be effectively exploited for the preparation of commercial gelatin. The extraction protocol remains environment friendly and this approach remains optimal for food technological applications. The effective exploration contributed to nutritional benefits, technological, functional, and biological functionalities for a large fraction of applications in the area of food technology, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutics, and numerous others as a future line of research.