Gelam Wood Research Articles

Material Planning Analysis with Material Requirement Planning Method in High-rise Building Projects

Planning material supplies well is very important in implementing construction projects to ensure smoothness and efficiency. Smoothness includes thorough planning, including ensuring materials are met as planned, while efficiency aims to reduce time and cost. In this study, material planning will be carried out using the Material Requirement planning (MRP) method, using three different lot measurement techniques, namely Lot for Lot (LFL), Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), and Period Order Quantity (POQ). The MRP method is carried out to accurately calculate the amount of material needed to avoid excessive material inventory levels. After the MRP method, the most optimal number of orders and the total cost required for each lot measurement technique are obtained. The results of this study show that the LFL technique produces the optimum number of orders for gelam wood, plywood, reinforcement, bendrat wire, and ready mix concrete. Meanwhile, for materials such as lubricating oil, meranti wood, randu wood, and nails, it is optimal to order using the POQ technique.

Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Liquid Smoke Produced from Gelam Wood (Melaleuca cajuputi), Alaban Wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl), and Coconut Shells (Cocos nucifera L.)

The antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is a major consideration in its use as a food preservative. Raw materials greatly determine the phenolic content in liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties (phenolic & acid content, pH level, and chemical composition) and the antioxidant activity of liquid smokw made from gelam wood (Melaleuca cajuputi), alaban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl), and coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L). The phenolic content was determined by the Follin-Ciocalteau method, whereas the acid content was determined using the titration method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using a spectrophotometric method with DPPH radical compounds. The average phenolic contents of LSGW, LSAW, and LSCS were 0.855, 0.885, and 1.957 (% g GAE/mL), respectively, and the average acid contents were 4.256; 2.776 and 11.873 (%g/mL), respectively. Compounds detected in LS consist of organic acids, phenolic compounds, carbonyls, alcohols, furans, and esters. All three types of LS had high antioxidant activity, as indicated by their IC50 values of 0.53% for LSGW, 0.70% for LSAW, and 0.75% for LSCS, respectively. The findings of this study implied that the antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is not always directly proportional to its total phenolic content.

Preparation and characterization of Cu-formate heterogeneous catalysts from ash of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron) for glycerol oxidation

ABSTRACT The conversion of glycerol into high-value-added chemicals has begun to take the attention of researchers in recent years. Approximately 10% (w/w) of glycerol is produced as a by-product in the manufacture of biodiesel. Through a catalytic oxidation reaction, glycerol can be converted to formic acid. In this study, glycerol was converted to formic acid as the main product by involving a heterogeneous catalyst of Cu-formate which was embedded in the ash of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron). The catalyst was made with variations in the ratio of Cu-formate to gelam wood ash (GWA) = 0.125; 0.25; 0.50; and 0.75 (w/w). The catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and SAA. The Cu-formate/GWA catalyst was then tested for its activity on glycerol oxidation with various catalyst ratios, amount of catalyst (0.5–3% (w/w)), reaction temperature (50°−90°C), and reaction time (1–11 hours). The results showed that the yield of the products increased with increase in catalyst ratio. The optimal amount of catalyst was used at a concentration of 2% (w/w), a reaction temperature of 70°C, and a reaction time of 3 hours.

Gelam Wood (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) as a Substructure Construction Material

Gelam wood (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) which is widely used for substructure construction materials in South Kalimantan is classified into strong class II and durable wood class III. This study aims to provide more detailed information regarding what forms of use of gelam wood as substructure construction material and why gelam wood was chosen for it. This information will later be able to support the preparation of future utilization plans for the use of gelam wood considering that currently gelam wood is starting to decrease in availability. The method to identified the use of gelam wood as a substructure construction material is field survey method combine with other references. Gelam wood with a large diameter of 10-12 cm and a length of 4 m is generally used as a construction foundation for 1-storey building with an ultimate bearing capacity of 729,25 kg for single pile foundation. In terms of cost, the foundation with gelam wood material is cheaper than the mini-pile concrete foundation for the construction of the same building. The large size of gelam wood is also used as sheet pile or retaining wall with an average flexural strength of 100,13 MPa. The small size of gelam wood is generally used as wooden scaffolding where the cost of gelam wood scaffolding is 26.85% cheaper than iron scaffolding in the rental price, and 15 times the cost of the iron scaffold in the purchase price.

Effect of Variation of Mixture (Wood Gelam+Rice Husk) on Bio-Pellet on the Value of Temperature, Rate and Pressure of Combustion

The increasing demand for energy causes the depletion of fuel fossil. To overcome this, it is necessary to utilize biomass and biomass waste. The purpose of this study was to simulate the effect of bio-pellet density on temperature, rate and pressure of combustion made from a mixture of gelam wood and rice husk. The method uses ANSYS simulation with literature review. The results showed that the increasing composition of rice husks had an effect on the decreasing combustion rate, this was due to the calorific value of the pellets making up the material. Where the lower calorific value of rice husk has an effect on the rate of combustion. Pellets that have a large density affect the rate of combustion so that it extends the burning time. The density of pellets is influenced by the pressure of pellet molding, the greater the pressure makes the fuel denser and has a large density. The highest combustion air pressure occurs at 100% gelam composition and the lowest at 100% husk composition. This shows that the addition of rice husk composition reduces the combustion pressure and vice versa applies to the addition of gelam composition

Effect of Compaction Pressure and Sawdust Size on Briquette Made from Ulin Wood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) and Gelam Wood (Melaleuca Cajuputi) to Combustion Characteristics

<p class="00textwithouttab">In Kalimantan, gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) grows naturally in the swamp forest reaching 40 m with a diameter around 35 cm. Gelam wood is very resistant to acid soil in the swamp forest. Despite of it’s small diameter, gelam wood is very strong. This wood is usually used as the main house, as mold or mall support in casting concrete. Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is a typical plant of Kalimantan. In this study, the ignition duration, burning speed, and ash weight from briquette made from mixture of ulin and gelam sawdust was investigated. Size of sawdust used for briquette was varied for 40, 50, and 60 mesh while compaction pressure during briquette production was varied for 100, 125 and 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The study shows that the highest combustion temperature at 178 <sup>o</sup>C occurred for briquette with compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. Meanwhile, the lowest combustion temperature was obtained in briquette witch compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>

Pengaruh variasi ukuran serbuk dan persentase perekat terigu terhadap sifat fisik pellet kayu gelam

South Kalimantan is one of the natural habitats of gelam wood. In South Kalimantan, gelam wood can grow well and fertile. This makes the availability of gelam wood abundant and can be used for various purposes, one of which can be used as raw material for wood pellets (biomass energy). Wood pellets made from gelam wood have not been widely studied, so it is necessary to know the effect of the size of gelam wood powder and the addition of the percentage of adhesive on the physical properties of gelam wood pellets. Wood pellets made from gelam were made using various sizes of powder (mesh) 40, 50, and 60 as well as using flour adhesive (percentage of adhesive 5%, 10%, and 15%). Gelam wood pellets were then tested for physical properties in order to determine their performance. From the research that has been carried out, it is found that the volatile matter content, ash content, and water content tend to increase with the smaller size of the gelam sawdust. Meanwhile, the calorific value and fixed carbon content have a tendency to decrease with the smaller size of the gelam sawdust. volatile matter content, ash content, and water content tend to increase as the percentage of adhesive is increased. Meanwhile, the calorific value and fixed carbon content tend to decrease with the increase in the percentage of the amount of adhesive.

PENGARUH VARIASI UKURAN SERBUK (MESH) DAN PERSENTASE PEREKAT TAPIOKA TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK PELLET KAYU GELAM

Utilization of the potential of biomass found in South Kalimantan with abundant raw materials, one of which is gelam wood which can be used as boiler fuel for steam power plants to reduce the use of coal fossil fuels. Gelam wood is processed into wood pellets using tapioca flour adhesive. The gelam wood pellet then carried out tests in the form of testing physical properties which included water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value. Wood pellets made from gelam were made using various sizes of powder (mesh) 40, 50, and 60 as well as using tapioca adhesive (percentage of adhesive 5%, 10%, and 15%. The gelam wood pellets were then tested for physical properties to determine their performance. The test results showed that wood pellets increased in moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter content along with the smaller size of gelam wood powder (mesh). While the carbon content and calorific value of wood pellets decreased along with the smaller size of the gelam wood powder (mesh). The addition of tapioca adhesive characteristics affect the physical properties of wood pellets, the higher the percentage of adhesive, the water content, volatile matter content, and ash content increase. Meanwhile, the addition of adhesive to wood pellets causes a decrease in carbon and calorific value.

Alternative natural capital-based livelihoods in facing peatland degradation in Rengas Merah hamlet, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, Indonesia: a financial analysis approach

Peat swamp forests in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency have been experiencing dramatic changes caused by timber extraction and fire. These changes are now increasing ecological vulnerability and threatening the livelihoods of communities living in rural areas around these forests. This study investigated the diversity of natural capital-based livelihood strategies for sustainable livelihood in Rengas Merah hamlet, OKI Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with a financial analysis approach. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used for data analysis. Data were collected using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. A benefit-cost analysis analyzed the choice of various livelihoods. The result showed that gelam wood harvesting and developing edible bird nests while cultivating rice paddy are feasible as a sustainable livelihood. Natural capital is still a significant asset for the community to achieve sustainable livelihood. The natural capital-based livelihood strategy by directly exploiting natural resources combined with agricultural cultivation is the primary strategy chosen by the community for livelihoods sustainability.

Preparation and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Gelam Wood (Melaleuca leucadendron) for Biodiesel Production

Recently, many researchers have explored the potential use of ash as a catalyst, due to the availability of various mineral elements in it. The ashes themselves can be obtained from various agricultural waste of biomass, including from the burning of woods. In this study, the ash that was used as a raw material for a heterogeneous catalyst was obtained from the burning of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron). After the burning, the ash was sieved to have particles of homogenous size. The ash was then activated with a solution of 1 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M KOH, consecutively. Potassium was then impregnated onto the activated ash using 30% and 60% (w/w) KOH solution, followed by calcination at 800°C for 3 hours. The impregnated catalysts were then characterized with FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The catalyst was tested for its ability in the transesterification reaction of palm oil by varying the methanol to oil mole ratio, the amount of catalyst used, and the reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production using this catalyst include a 12:1 methanol to oil mole ratio, 10.0% weight ratio of the catalyst (catalyst weight to the oil volume), 6 hours of reaction time at 65°C and stirring speed of 600 rpm. By using this catalyst, the biodiesel production reached up to 99.0% in conversion rate, with a product that satisfactorily meets the ASTM D-6751 standards in terms of its density, kinematic viscosity, and acid number.

Influence of Mixture Composition and Compaction Pressure of Briquette Made from Ironwood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) Charcoal and Gelam (Melaleuca Cajuputi ) on Combustion Characteristic

<p class="02abstracttext">In recent few years, many works have been dedicated to search for new source of renewable energy. In this study, new source of renewable energy is based in the briquette made from mixture of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) powder and gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron) wood powder. The mixture was carbonized at temperature of 500 <sup>o</sup>C ± 10 <sup>o</sup>C for 120 minutes. The size of the particles used was 50 mesh while the ratio between wood powder adhesives, i.e. starch powder, used in the study was 1:1. The composition variations between ironwood charcoal and gelam were 100% ironwood charcoal powder and 0% gelam, 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70%, 0% ironwood: 100% gelam. The compaction pressure during briquette production was varied at 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The highest combustion temperature at 205 <sup>o</sup>C occurred in the specimen with composition of 30% ironwood powder and 70% gelam wood powder with compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The longest burning duration 140 minutes (2 hours 20 minutes) occurred at composition of 50% ironwood powder and 50% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The fastest initial ignition time was 7 minutes and occurred for mixture with composition of 70% ironwood powder and 30% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>

Pengaruh Penanaman Kayu Ulin dan Kayu Gelam Dalam Mortar Sebagai Balok Struktur Rumah Kayu Sederhana Berdasarkan Sifat Fisik dan Sifat Mekanik

Timber demand is increasing, especially in the field of construction. In its use wood is not used just like that, but mixed or combined with other materials. Wood and mortar have different material properties which when they are combined, it will affect the strength, so the research is carried out by comparing the strength of wood before and after planting in the mortar based on physical and mechanical properties with the test standards referring to PKKI NI-5 1961, ASTM D2395-14, and ASTM D442-92. From the results of direct testing and previous studies which then carried out the numerical analysis, it is known that the strength of gelam wood and ironwood after being planted in mortar has increased, but not significantly.

Combustion Behavior of Fuel Briquettes Made from Ulin Wood and Gelam Wood Residues

Solid fuel from the briquetting of ulin wood and gelam wood residue was investigated in this work. The effect of compaction pressure (10, 12, and 15 MPa), and briquette formulation were investigated. The ulin wood and gelam wood were blended in the mixing ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100, respectively. The size of the particle was fixed of 50 µm. The ulin wood and gelam wood were carbonized under fixed temperature (500oC), and time (120 min). The gelatinized binder (cassava starch) was 20% of the total briquettes weight. The densification was carried out using the briquetting machine (piston-press type) laboratory scale. The compaction pressure briquette had a significant effect on some characteristics of briquette (ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, bulk density, and combustion rate). An increasing in compaction pressure briquettes resulted in low ash content, moisture content, and volatile matter but the reverse is the case for bulk density. However, the mixing ratio slightly affected. High combustion rate (3.18 g/min) achieved at low compaction pressure (10 MPa).

Pilot study on low-density binderless bark particleboards manufacture from gelam wood (Melaleuca sp.) bark

The production of low-density binderless bark particleboards (LDBBP) from gelam wood bark (GWB) using a hot pressing method at low temperature (128 °C) and pressure (30 kg × cm-2) was explored by examining their physical properties according to SNI 03-2105-2006 (2006). They were also examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) observation. The LDBBPs were manufactured using two types of GWB particles: (1) bark waste that was peeled off of small-diameter trees < 10 cm (A) and, (2) bark that was directly peeled off from a standing tree with an average diameter of 10 cm to 15 cm (B). Results showed that the average values of the physical properties of LDBBP(A) and LDBBP(B) met the SNI 03-2105-2006 (2006) requirements in terms of density, moisture content, and thickness swelling after being immersed for 24 h for particleboard type 24-10 and type 17.5-10.5 with maximum thickness swelling requirement 20%. However, they failed to meet the maximum thickness swelling criterion of 12% for other particleboard types. Subsequent internal morphology observation using SEM indicated the presence of cracks on LDBBP (A), so only LDBBP (B) could be manufactured without delamination. Gelam bark could potentially be used to produce non-adhesive particleboards.

Pengaruh persentase campuran kulit kayu gelam (Melaleuca Cajuputi) dan cangkang karet (Hevea Brasiliensi) terhadap karakteristik pembakaran briket

Development of alternative energy sources that can be one of the potential to produce energy in overcoming the fuel energy crisis. The availability of a lot of rubber trees and gelam bark waste in the area of South Kalimantan so it needs to be used to be processed as raw material for briquettes. In this research using a mixture of rubber shell briquettes and gelam bark waste by varying the weight percentage of the mixture. Tests carried out by burning the briquette on a heating element, to determine the characteristics of combustion in briquettes which include the time of initial ignition, the length of the combustion process, and the change in mass of the briquette to ashes. The results show the length of time of starting the ignition and the length of time the combustion process has decreased with an increasing percentage of gelam bark mixture that is during 13.7 s with a burning time of 5.54 minutes. This is due to fibrous and brittle gelam wood bark so it is flammable and contains volatile matter. High lignin content in the rubber shell leaves more ash than gelam bark which is equal to 5.75 gr Keywords : Rubber shell, gelam bark, briquettes, alternative energy, combustion characteristics.

Initiation of gelam (Melaleuca cajuputy subsp. cumingiana) genetic resources conservation in South Sumatra

Abstract. Hadiyan Y, Muslimin I, Sofyan A, Setiawan A, Rusdi, Bastoni, Haryjanto L. 2018. Initiation of gelam (Melaleuca cajuputy subsp. cumingiana) genetic resources conservation in South Sumatra. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 406-413. Peatland degradation caused by illegal logging, fires, and conversion of the land for various agricultural, infrastructure and industrial purposes has led to reduced biodiversity and loss of genetic resources of some native tree species. One of the potential species of peatlands that its population continues to decline is Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputy subsp. cumingiana). Its natural distribution is found in South Sumatra where this province is fragile of forest fires and other pressures, so that Gelam wood that needed by the community for construction and others purposes is no longer normally fulfilled, but on the other hand, in the ex-peatland fires area, Gelam is one of the prospective pioneering plants. For that reason, the activity of conserving genetic material and providing the seed sources of Gelam in the future is crucial. Gelam's genetic resources conservation initiation has been undertaking by mapping the distribution of mother trees, collecting genetic material, extracting the seeds and nursery. The results of the activities were: collection of 35 mother trees (population of South Sumatra) and 25 mother trees (population of Bangka Belitung), extraction of seeds and nursery have been carried out at Kemampo, Palembang (± 4.500seedling). These materials are provided for the establishment of the Gelam Genetic Resources Conservation plot in South Sumatra next year.

The Light Transmittance and Electrical Conductivity Properties of Gelam Wood Carbon Nanosheet and Its Derivatives

The research on the preparation and characterization of transparent electrode carbon nanosheet based gelam woods bark doped with SnO2-SbO2. XRD analysis showed peaks at 2θ = 26.87°; 26.38° for carbon crystal and at 2θ = 28.59°; 34.35° for SnO; at 2θ = 51.99°; 62.20° for SbO2. SEM analysis show that the carbons have self-curling sheets that indicated defection in their surface. The carbons have self-curling sheets, which indicated that their surfaces have many defects. It assumed when exfoliation process is undergone, the layers was significantly decreased as sonication process and formed rCNSO. Diffractogram XRD of CNS, CNSO and rCNSO showed diffraction peak at 2θ= 24.3°. Oxygen functional group in CNSO might cause an increasing of interlayers distance between hexagonal networks of carbon layer. It also affect electrical resistant or the conductivity. FTIR spectrum indicate that CNSO has several absorption peaks at for –OH stretch for free water and alcohol. At 2337 cm-1 was showed a carboxylic acid peaks and C=C stretch at 1627 cm-1. There is a skeletal vibration rCNSO structure occurred at each graphene layers. The ratio of the integrated intensities (IG/ID = 0.89 for CNS, 0.85 for CNS-O, and 0.93 for rCNSO of Raman spectroscopy is significantly high. Electrical conductivity of transparent electrode ranges from 1.26 x 10-7 Scm-1 – 5.03 x 10-7Scm -1. The highest conductivity value on transparent electrode contained rCNSO. This result inferred that the usage of rCNSO can increase electrical conductivity. Therefore, the higher value of electrical conductivity can be related to the value of La. The average maximum absorption wavelength is observed at 350-530 nm which means that the transition of the electronic transition π→π* occurs in the conjugated carbons system. Electrical conductivity of transparent electrode ranges from 1.26 x 10-7 Scm-1 – 5.03 x 10-7 Scm -1. The highest conductivity value on transparent electrode contained rCNSO. The band gap values in the transparent electrode range from 2 eV - 3 eV which means they have conductor – semiconductor characters. Keywords: Nanosheet, Carbon, Electrical, Conductivity, Derivate.

VARIASI BERAT JENIS GELAM BERDASARKAN LOKASI TUMBUH DAN TINGKAT PERTUMBUHAN (Specific Gravity Variation of Melaleuca sp. According Its Site Location and Growth Level)

ABSTRACTGelam (Melaleuca sp.) mostly grew at the degraded peat-swamp forest. This study investigated the specific gravity of gelam based on two factors, i.e. site location and growth level. Site location was divided into two sub factors of peat thickness namely 51 to 100 cm (l1) and 101 to 200 cm (l2). Growth level was divided into four stages namely seedling, sapling, poles, and tree. Research result show that specific gravity of gelam wood (dry-air and dry-kiln) at the l2 was bigger than l1. Specific gravity of gelam wood (dry-air and dry-kiln) based on the growth level at the location 1 and location 2 show the same pattern, namely the level of tree > pole > sapling > seedling. The interaction between location versus growth level are no significant different on the specific gravity of the gelam wood, and it is start from 0.55 to 0.77 or at the medium category.Keywords: Gelam, growth level, site location, specific gravity

The Behavior of Alternative Kacapuri Foundation on Alluvial Land of Central Borneo

One of the traditional substructure forms of Borneo is the kacapuri foundation. Previous research conducted a study on this kacapuri foundation by making an alternative kacapuri foundation model by combining a raft of gelam wood with reinforced concrete pillars. The study was originally applied to peat soil, but in reality, the kacapuri foundation was applied to alluvial soils around riverbanks rather than on peatlands. Therefore, this study looks at how the behavior of bearing capacity of the foundation when it is applied on alluvial soil. The location of the study where is located in the traditional Dayak Ngaju tribe in Mandomai village, Central Kalimantan. As a reference the application of the form of foundation using the model of Dayak house Huma Hai in the form of a house on stage with the main material of ironwood. The burden of each column of the house is 9,93 kN in the middle pole position. From the research, it is found that the ultimate bearing capacity is 298 kN /m2, with its own weight is 4,816 kN.

LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD

Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless conditions. This study was conducted by taking gelam trees that grew in Central Kalimantan. It was carried out for 18 months, and investigated the barked/barkless woods, media (swamp water, freshwater, peat swamp soil, and sandy soil) and 3 lengths of burying times. Wood properties analyzed were physical and mechanical properties. The standard of physical-mechanical property tests referred to British Standard 373. The results showed that the interaction between bark factor (A) and media (B) affected specific gravity. Barked wood produced the highest spesific gravity in swamp water medium. Water media (swamp and fresh water) improved the wood’s specific gravity more than soil media (swamp and sandy soil). The highest values of hardness, stress on Proportional Limit, and Modulus of Elasticity were in the medium of swamp soil. The improvement of the quality of gelam woods, which were either buried or used as stakes/piles, was allegedly resulted from the swamp water infiltrating into gelam woods that thereby increased the specific gravity.