Effect of Compaction Pressure and Sawdust Size on Briquette Made from Ulin Wood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) and Gelam Wood (Melaleuca Cajuputi) to Combustion Characteristics

<p class="02abstracttext">In recent few years, many works have been dedicated to search for new source of renewable energy. In this study, new source of renewable energy is based in the briquette made from mixture of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) powder and gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron) wood powder. The mixture was carbonized at temperature of 500 <sup>o</sup>C ± 10 <sup>o</sup>C for 120 minutes. The size of the particles used was 50 mesh while the ratio between wood powder adhesives, i.e. starch powder, used in the study was 1:1. The composition variations between ironwood charcoal and gelam were 100% ironwood charcoal powder and 0% gelam, 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70%, 0% ironwood: 100% gelam. The compaction pressure during briquette production was varied at 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> and 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The highest combustion temperature at 205 <sup>o</sup>C occurred in the specimen with composition of 30% ironwood powder and 70% gelam wood powder with compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The longest burning duration 140 minutes (2 hours 20 minutes) occurred at composition of 50% ironwood powder and 50% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The fastest initial ignition time was 7 minutes and occurred for mixture with composition of 70% ironwood powder and 30% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 125 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>

Solid fuel from the briquetting of ulin wood and gelam wood residue was investigated in this work. The effect of compaction pressure (10, 12, and 15 MPa), and briquette formulation were investigated. The ulin wood and gelam wood were blended in the mixing ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100, respectively. The size of the particle was fixed of 50 µm. The ulin wood and gelam wood were carbonized under fixed temperature (500oC), and time (120 min). The gelatinized binder (cassava starch) was 20% of the total briquettes weight. The densification was carried out using the briquetting machine (piston-press type) laboratory scale. The compaction pressure briquette had a significant effect on some characteristics of briquette (ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, bulk density, and combustion rate). An increasing in compaction pressure briquettes resulted in low ash content, moisture content, and volatile matter but the reverse is the case for bulk density. However, the mixing ratio slightly affected. High combustion rate (3.18 g/min) achieved at low compaction pressure (10 MPa).

Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) is the dominant tree species grown in swamp forests, especially in tidal areas in Central Kalimantan. Gelam wood has been used for construction and biomass energy, which is due to high density of wood. Previously studies reported that the quality of charcoal from wood stems of Gelam was better than that from roots, fruits, flowers, branches and leaves. The study was to investigate the characteristics of activated charcoal from wood stem of gelam which taken from different site and growth stages of the tree, and its utilizations for water quality improvement. The parameters observed were yield, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, absorption of benzene, iodine and methylene blue. The Gelam wood from different growth site and stage of trees (saplings, poles, trees) can be used as raw material for activated charcoal production. The quality of activated charcoal fulfilled the quality requirements of technical activated charcoal (SNI 06-3730-1995), activated charcoal for the purification of edible oil (SNI 06-4262-1996) and drinking water (SNI 06-4253-1996), except for absorption of benzene. Generally, the quality of water treated by activated charcoal increased and fulfilled the requirements of clean water standards (Departemen Kesehatan 1990).

The antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is a major consideration in its use as a food preservative. Raw materials greatly determine the phenolic content in liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties (phenolic & acid content, pH level, and chemical composition) and the antioxidant activity of liquid smokw made from gelam wood (Melaleuca cajuputi), alaban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl), and coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L). The phenolic content was determined by the Follin-Ciocalteau method, whereas the acid content was determined using the titration method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using a spectrophotometric method with DPPH radical compounds. The average phenolic contents of LSGW, LSAW, and LSCS were 0.855, 0.885, and 1.957 (% g GAE/mL), respectively, and the average acid contents were 4.256; 2.776 and 11.873 (%g/mL), respectively. Compounds detected in LS consist of organic acids, phenolic compounds, carbonyls, alcohols, furans, and esters. All three types of LS had high antioxidant activity, as indicated by their IC50 values of 0.53% for LSGW, 0.70% for LSAW, and 0.75% for LSCS, respectively. The findings of this study implied that the antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is not always directly proportional to its total phenolic content.

The present article brought out the effect of compaction pressure and temperature on the swelling pressure of two Indian bentonites. The isochoric swelling pressure tests were carried out using a modified oedometer at ambient and elevated temperatures. The effect of compaction pressure on swelling pressure of compacted bentonite was studied by conducting constant volume swelling pressure tests on two bentonites for a range of dry densities between 1.3 and 1.8 Mg/m3. The effect of temperature on the swelling pressure of bentonites was evaluated by conducting tests on three different conditions, such as isothermal, incremental and decremental temperature conditions. The isothermal swelling pressure tests were performed at three different temperatures such as 25 °C, 55 °C and 95 °C at a dry density of 1.6 Mg/m3. In incremental and decremental temperature conditions swelling pressure tests were performed at various temperatures in a stepwise manner. The effect of temperature on swelling pressure of compacted bentonites was investigated theoretically using Diffused double layer theory. A correlation between the compaction pressure, dry density and swelling pressure of bentonites is presented based on the experimental results. Further the correlation equation was validated with literature-reported results of three bentonites. In isothermal condition, an increase in temperature resulted in increase and decrease in swelling pressure for divalent bentonite-A and monovalent bentonite-B, respectively. In the incremental temperature condition, swelling pressure was found to increase slightly for both the bentonites. During the decremental temperature condition, the swelling pressure was noted to decrease significantly for both the bentonites. The theoretically calculated swelling pressure was found to increase with an increase in temperature for both the bentonites.

Wood waste biomass has emerged as an abundant source of alternative energy. This alternative energy source holds significant potential in the industrial sector, particularly in the field of metal casting. The development of aluminum melting equipment aims to provide invaluable support to aluminum craftsmen by harnessing wood waste as an easily accessible fuel source. The approach employed in this research involves the design of a wood waste combustion chamber capable of reaching the aluminum melting point. Two types of wood, Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) and Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi), were utilized in the study. The research achieved a temperature of 863°C in 28 minutes with Ulin wood, whereas with Gelam, a temperature of 821°C was reached in 29 minutes. This study makes a significant contribution to the efficient utilization of wood waste biomass in the aluminum casting industry, offering remarkable environmental and economic benefits.

Effect of compaction pressure on cold compaction of AA2024 swarf generated during milling operation

Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) dominantly found on tidal swamp areas of Central Kalimantan. The study was conducted to investigate the quality of charcoal from stem section based on the grow place, the location of A (flooded of the big tidal, peat thickness is 51-100 cm), location B (unflooded of the big tidal, peat thickness is 101-200 cm), and the stages of tree growth (saplings, poles, and trees). The parameters observed were yield, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, carbon content in bound, and calorific value. Charcoal from gelam generally meets the requirement of SNI 01-1683-1989, SNI 06-4369-1996, and Malaysia standards. The average value of the charcoal yield is 28.090-28.545%, the charcoal water content is 4.605-5.413%, the volatile matter content of charcoal is 30.286-34.635%, the ash content of charcoal is 1.840-2.386%, the bonded carbon content of charcoal is 58.37-62.46%, and the charcoal calorific value is 6937.43-7530.09 cal g-1. Key words: biomass energy, calorific value, charcoal, Melaleuca cajuputi

Fe-based amorphous powder cores of Fe–Si–B–Cr–C magnetic powder and phenolic binder were fabricated, and the effects of annealing and compaction pressure on the soft magnetic properties and core loss were investigated. The formation of Fe–B and α-Fe (Si) phases was confirmed at the annealing temperature above 773 K. The density gradually increased from 5.3 to 5.5 g/cm3 as annealing temperature increased, resulting in the saturation magnetization 4πMs increased to 1.0 T at 773 K. The effect of compaction pressure was studied by using samples annealed at 723 K. Both the density and 4πMs enhanced with compaction pressure from 980 to 1960 MPa. The real part of permeability µ’ remained constant for the frequency up to 2 MHz. The initial value of µ’ increased from 25 to 38 with compaction pressure. Consequently, at Bm of 50 mT and frequency of 100 kHz, the considerably low core loss of 67 kW/m3 was obtained. The low core loss and moderately high permeability of Fe–Si–B–Cr–C amorphous powder core across a wide frequency range indicate its potential for application in high frequency electronic components.

The electrochemical performance of NiO–SDC/SDC anode was studied. The anode was compacted by pressing, after which sintering was conducted in a conventional furnace at 1200 °C. A high-energy ball mill was used to mix the Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC) nanopowder and NiO. A pressing technique was applied to fabricate the NiO–SDC/SDC anode cells. The effect of different compaction pressures (200, 300, and 400 MPa) on the performance of the anodes was investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at an intermediate temperature range (600–800 °C). The nanoindentation technique and Archimedes method, which were used to measure stiffness and bulk density, respectively, revealed that increases in porosity were correlated with decreases in compaction pressure. High electrochemical performance can be achieved if the compaction pressure is decreased and the operating temperature is increased because of hydrogen spillover during the operation.

Lithium-rich oxide cathode material focuses the attention of many researchers due to its excellent electrochemical performance for lithium–ion batteries. Further improvement on the performance with a strong operability approach can be beneficial to its industrialization and commercialization. In this work, the effect of powder compaction pressure in sintering process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Formula: see text]Mn[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]O2 cathode material is investigated. Four cathode materials under different powder compaction pressure are synthesized by sol–gel method. The XRD analysis results reveal their consistency on the crystal structure. But there is a slight difference on particle size and microstructure found by SEM analysis. Electrochemical tests show that a cathode material under medium compaction pressure exhibits the best performance with a discharge capacity of 170.3 mAh⋅g[Formula: see text] at the rate of 200 mA⋅g[Formula: see text] with 89.35% retention after 100 cycles. This work reveals that the powder compaction pressure does have influence on the cycle and rate performance and this relation is not proportional and linear.

The (U,Gd)O2 fuels are used in pressurized water reactors (PWR) to control the neutron population in the reactor during the early life with the purpose of extended fuel cycles and higher target burnups. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Gd2O3 in the UO2 fuel decreases the thermal conductivity, leading to premature fuel degradation. This is the reason for the addition of beryllium oxide (BeO), which has a high thermal conductivity and is chemically compatible with UO2. Pellets were obtained from powder mixtures of the UO2, Gd2O3 and BeO, being the oxide contents of the beryllium equal to 2 and 3wt%, and the gadolinium fixed at 6wt%. The pellets were compacted at 400, 500, 600, and 700 MPa and sintering under hydrogen reducing atmosphere. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BeO, Gd2O3 and compaction pressure on the thermal conductivity of the UO2 pellets. The thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the pellets were determined from 298 K to 773 K and the results obtained were compared to UO2 fuel pellets. The thermal diffusivity was determined by Laser Flash and Thermal Quadrupole methods and the thermal conductivity was calculated from the product of thermal diffusivity, the specific heat capacity and density. The sintered density of the pellets was determined by the xylol penetration and immersion method. The results showed an increase in the thermal conductivity of the pellets with additions of BeO and with the compaction pressure compared to the values obtained with UO2 pellets.

Gelam wood (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) which is widely used for substructure construction materials in South Kalimantan is classified into strong class II and durable wood class III. This study aims to provide more detailed information regarding what forms of use of gelam wood as substructure construction material and why gelam wood was chosen for it. This information will later be able to support the preparation of future utilization plans for the use of gelam wood considering that currently gelam wood is starting to decrease in availability. The method to identified the use of gelam wood as a substructure construction material is field survey method combine with other references. Gelam wood with a large diameter of 10-12 cm and a length of 4 m is generally used as a construction foundation for 1-storey building with an ultimate bearing capacity of 729,25 kg for single pile foundation. In terms of cost, the foundation with gelam wood material is cheaper than the mini-pile concrete foundation for the construction of the same building. The large size of gelam wood is also used as sheet pile or retaining wall with an average flexural strength of 100,13 MPa. The small size of gelam wood is generally used as wooden scaffolding where the cost of gelam wood scaffolding is 26.85% cheaper than iron scaffolding in the rental price, and 15 times the cost of the iron scaffold in the purchase price.

Steam oxidation has proven to be an effective process to improve the properties of sintered iron components. The oxide formed on the surface and in the interconnected porosity strongly influences both the tribological and mechanical properties of these materials, for example through the extent of pore closure and the nature and morphology of the oxide produced. In this paper, the influences of compaction pressure and powder size on the microstructure, oxide content, hardness, and surface topography of steam treated sintered iron are analysed. Specimens prepared from atomised iron powders of different sizes (<65, 65–90, 90–125, and >125 µm) were compacted at four different pressures (300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa), sintered for 30 min at 1120°C and then subjected to a continuous steam treatment at 540°C for 2 h. A clear influence of the processing parameters on porosity was highlighted. Low porosity was always associated with high compaction pressure and greater powder size. Pore size was affected in the same way by compaction pressure, even though the effect of powder size acted in the opposite sense. Changes in compaction pressure and powder size had no significant effect on pore shape. Decreasing powder size always led to high hardness. The effect of compaction pressure on hardness is clear evidence of a compromise between porosity and blockage of the pore network by oxide. Samples produced with smaller powder sizes showed a continuous decrease in hardness as the compaction pressure increased, although for the large powder size there was a slight increase to a constant value of ultimate hardness. For the intermediate powder size a maximum hardness was obtained as the compaction pressure increased. X-ray diffraction showed that the oxide layer is composed of magnetite and haematite.

Effects of compaction pressure on cohesive strength and chain mobility of low-temperature compacted nascent UHMWPE