Gel Nail Research Articles

Determination of the applicability of Zn­Al layered double hydroxide, intercalated by food dye Orange Yellow S, as a cosmetic pigment

Nail polish, in particular gel nail polish, is the most used cosmetic product. The components of the gel polish, which determine both toxicity and consumer color properties, are pigments. Zn-Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with anionic food dyes are promising pigments for use in gel polish. The parameters of the samples of Orange Yellow S-intercalated Zn-Al (Zn:Al=4:1 and Zn:Al=2:1) hydroxides synthesized at pH=8 and pH=11 were studied. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis and thermogravimetry, and the pigment properties – by the method of measuring and calculating color characteristics in the CIELab and XYZ systems. The color characteristics of gel nail polish samples prepared using synthesized pigments were studied in a similar way.X-ray phase analysis and thermogravimetry showed that Zn-Al-Orange Yellow S pigments synthesized at both Zn:Al ratios and pH were layered double hydroxides with the α-Zn(OH)2 structure. The phenomenon of the decomposition of Zn-Al LDH to ZnO during the synthesis was revealed. As a result, all Zn-Al-Orange Yellow S pigment samples contained both layered double hydroxide and zinc oxide. It was shown that all samples of the Zn-Al-Orange Yellow S pigment obtained at pH 8 and 11 and the ratios Zn:Al=4:1 and Zn:Al=2:1 had high pigment characteristics and are promising for use in gel polish. The samples of gel nail polish with synthesized pigments have a red-orange color (сolor tone 595–604 nm) with high monochromaticity (color purity 63–75 %) and color saturation (48.7–58.3)

Skin Exposure to Acrylates in Nail Salons.

The nail salon industry has seen significant growth in recent years. Nail technicians provide manicures, pedicures and apply artificial nails; tasks that expose them to chemicals, including acrylates that are known skin and respiratory sensitizers. This paper reports on potential skin exposure to acrylates among nail technicians in Toronto, Canada. Hand skin wipes were collected after (i) the application of artificial nails, (ii) the application of ultraviolet cured gel nail polish, and (iii) deliberate contact with nail polish. Surface wipes were collected from work areas and surfaces contaminated with known products. Wipe samples were analysed for eight acrylates: methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Thirty-five wipe samples were collected. No acrylates were detected in skin samples (n = 8) or work surfaces (n = 6). However, MMA, EMA, EA, HEMA, and HPMA were detected in the samples of surfaces contaminated with known products. MMA was detected in 28% of products tested. HEMA and HPMA were detected where deliberate contact with nail polish occurred. These results confirm that acrylates are present in nail products. However, no acrylates were detected in skin wipes. MMA, a chemical prohibited for use in cosmetics in Canada, was detected in nail polishes. Nail technicians should continue to employ safe work practices that reduce the probability of skin contact with acrylates and other chemicals.

Tartrazine-intercalated Zn–Al layered double hydroxide as a pigment for gel nail polish: synthesis and characterisation

In the modern world, nail polish, gel polish, in particular, is one of the most commonly used cosmetics. The pigment is a component of gel polish, which determines the toxicity and color of the composition. Zn-Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with food dyes are promising pigments to be used for gel nail polish. Characteristics of Trartazine- intercalated Zn–Al (Zn:Al=4:1 and Zn:Al=4:1) hydroxide prepared at рН=8 and рН=11 have been studied. The crystal structure of the prepared samples has been studied by means of X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetry, pigment properties – by measuring and calculating the color characteristics in CIELab and XYZ. The color characteristics of gel nail polish samples prepared with the synthesized pigments have been studied in the same way. The results of XRD analysis and thermogravimetry revealed that Zn-Al-Tartrazine hydroxide synthesized at Zn:Al=4:1 is a layered double hydroxide with the α-Zn(OH) 2 structure. At рН=8, LDH with low crystallinity is formed, and at рН=11 crystallinity increases. It was discovered that Zn-Al LDH breaks down to ZnO during synthesis at рН=11. As a result, Zn–Al– Tartrazine hydroxide (Zn:Al=4:1), synthesized at pH=11, contains both LDH and ZnO. For Zn–Al–Tartrazine hydroxide (Zn:Al=2:1), synthesized at pH=11, an almost complete breakdown of LDH was observed. It was found that the most promising for the preparation of gel nail polish are Zn-Al-Tartrazine hydroxide synthesized at рН=8. These pigments have an orange color (color tone 596–601 nm) with high monochromaticity (pigment color purity 60–65 %, color purity of gel nail polish 70–75 %). It is proposed that the breakdown of Zn-Al LDH to ZnO, discovered at higher pН can be exploited to prepare pigments with improved grindability

A Study of Space Nail Techniques for Nail Design

With the growth and development of the beauty industry in the 21st century, nail art has evolved into a means of social expression pursuing the beauty of the general public, maintaining artistic values. Today, nail art, a field of art maximizing beauty, is highlighted as one of the highest-value-added industries. As the number of women in the workforce rises, people’s interest in various nail design has increased. In fact, nail art has gradually evolved into an element used to improve the degree of perfection in styling. The scope of nail art has been expanded to the means of value expression, which represents the degree of self-management and confidence, and it has become more important. As Albrecht Durer (1471-1524) attempted to express his new awareness on pride and self-consciousness through hands in self-portraits, hands themselves can represent who we are as a person. Under the cultural phenomena of hallyu (popularity of Korean pop culture), there have been more opportunities to introduce Korean culture to the world. Accordingly, there has been a necessity to have traditional Korean nail art in the K-beauty industry as well. To reduce the closeness of the ‘full coat’ and maintain the retention of gel nail, this study proposed space nail art. In addition, this study tried to establish theoretical grounds through related books, literature records and various web sites to analyze space nail, which as yet has not been greatly studied. This study is also aimed to propose differentiated nail art in customers’ aesthetic needs and the unlimited possibility in the development of nail art materials.

Impact of the use of rings and nail polish on hand hygiene quality in healthcare workers

Health-care-associated infections are a frequent problem in hospital environments. Hand hygiene is the most effective measure to prevent outbreaks. The use of certain accessories could decrease its effectiveness, facilitating horizontal transmission of pathogens. Analyze the evidence that assess the impact of the use of rings and nail polish on hand hygiene quality in healthcare workers. Non-systematic search in PUBMED/MEDLINE database (1978-2018) of studies in which the quality of hand hygiene or surgical washing is measured, using quantitative cultures or fluorescent stains. Wearing rings: 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven were carried out in general wards. In all of them the use of rings was associated with lower quality of hand hygiene (the majority of low quality). Contrarily, in 3 of 4 primary studies carried out in the operating rooms (of low quality), their use did not affect the quality of surgical washing. Similarly, two systematic reviews obtained similar conclusions. Nail polish: 7 of 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. In four of them there were discordant results (the majority of low quality). One RCT showed a reduction in the quality of surgical washing only when the nail polish was damaged. Gel nail polish was associated with lower quality in two experimental studies. There is insufficient evidence to associate the use of these accessories with the reduction in the quality of hand hygiene. Its safety was not proven neither. Based on the available evidence (the majority of low quality), a negative impact of the use of rings in clinical units and also of damaged nail polish in operating rooms was observed. Better quality studies are required to address these relevant issues.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the dorsal hands and feet after repeated exposure to ultraviolet nail lamps

Gel nails are a common artificial nail option. Ultraviolet (UV) nail lamps are commonly used to cure gel nails. Ultraviolet A radiation is a known mutagen that penetrates into the nail bed. Although previously reported, the role of UV nail lamps in the carcinogenesis of both keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma remains controversial. Herein, we report a patient taking the photosensitizing agent hydrochlorothiazide who developed numerous squamous cell carcinomas on the dorsal hands and feet with a 10-year history of UV nail light exposure every 2-3 weeks.

Nail Care for Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Nail Care for Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Side-effects Associated with Gel Nail Polish: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,118 Respondents.

Gel nail polish is commonly used in manicures; however, research into the side-effects of gel nail polish is scarce and focusses mainly on allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and characteristics of side-effects associated with use of gel nail polish. A self-questionnaire survey was conducted on a representative sample of individuals (n = 2,118, all female). Of these, 48.3% reported side-effects while applying gel nail polish, approximately 20% during wearing it, and more than 75% after removing the polish. Frequency of changes in the nail plates was significantly higher after removing the gel nail polish than when applying or wearing it (p < 0.0001). Frequency of changes in the nail plates was associated with whether the procedure was performed by professionals or non-professionals. Education about the risk of side-effects and sensitization is crucial for people using gel nail polish.

Initial Approximation to the Design and Construction of a Photocatalysis Reactor for Phenol Degradation with TiO2 Nanoparticles.

A photoreactor was designed, built, and optimized to carry out the degradation of phenol. To achieve this, phenol concentration was used as the reference to compare the photocatalysis reaction efficiency obtained through this research with results from other studies. Additionally, during the building process, different types of glass were evaluated with the objective of finding a functional and economic material to build the photoreactor. It was found that Pyrex glass was the most suitable material to work with. As a UV light source to build the photoreactor, a dry gel nail lamp was used with 9 W, λ = 365 nm bulbs. On the other hand, the effects of different parameters (such as the catalyst mass (TiO2 Degussa P-25), stirring speed (RPM), UV lamps, and temperature) over the photocatalysis reaction rate were analyzed. Also, the reaction’s thermodynamic parameters were determined and found to be similar to those found in other investigations. Finally, the homogeneity in the distribution of TiO2 particles inside the reactor when stirred at 475 rpm was verified using a COMSOL Multiphysics computer fluid dynamics simulation, which showed the theoretical trajectory of particles inside the reactor depending on the stirring rate of the reactor.

Patch testing hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate

Contact allergy occurs when the skin comes into contact with allergens (chemicals that cause allergy), causing sensitisation. This means that if the skin comes into contact with the same allergen again, it can develop an eczema-like reaction known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), which affects 20% of people. Patch testing is used by dermatologists to find out what the substance causing the reaction might be. This is done by applying a range of known allergens to patches of the skin to see which trigger a reaction. The baseline (standard) series of patch test allergens is recommended in everyone undergoing patch testing and aims to include the most common allergens which cause ACD. (Meth)acrylate chemicals are the key ingredients in acrylic nails, gel nails and gel polish nails. There are different types of meth(acrylates). The authors of this study from 15 centres in the U.K. decided to add 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) 2% in petrolatum (pet.) to the baseline patch test series in 2016-7, aiming to detect ACD in patients using acrylic nails. Patients with a history of (meth)acrylate exposure, or who tested positive to 2-HEMA, were then selectively tested with a further short series of eight (meth)acrylate allergens. Of 5,920 patients, 1.7% (102) were allergic to 2-HEMA and 2.4% (140) to at least one (meth)acrylate. (Meth)acrylate allergy would have been missed in 0.6% of patients (36) without testing 2-HEMA in everyone. 94% of allergic patients were women. 37 of the 140 were sensitised by working in the nail industry and 97 were sensitised by wearing acrylic nails. Only six people developed the allergy due to exposure to other sources (surgical glue, adhesive medical appliances and printing ink). The authors recommend that 2-HEMA 2% pet. should be added to the British baseline patch test series and suggest a standardised short series of 15 (meth)acrylate chemicals, which is likely to detect most cases of (meth)acrylate allergy.

The effects of gel-based manicure on pulse oximetry.

Pulse oximetry is the standard monitoring technique of functional oxygen saturation (SpO2). As the use of fingernail polish has been described to alter SpO2 readings, its removal is commonly recommended prior to measurement. Gel-based manicures have gained popularity in recent years due to their attractiveness and longevity. However, the removal of gel nail polish requires a specialised procedure. Valuable time and resources can be saved if removal can be avoided. To our knowledge, there are no available studies on the effect of gel-based manicures on pulse oximetry readings. Hence, we evaluated the effect with two oximeters, using different technology and wavelength combinations. 17 healthy female adult volunteers were recruited for this single-blind randomised controlled trial. Subjects with hypothermia, hypotension, poor plethysmographic waveform and nail pathology were excluded. Colours tested were: black, purple, navy blue, green, light blue, white, yellow, orange, pink and red. Pulse oximetry was measured at 15- and 30-second intervals using two different pulse oximeters, the Philips M1191BL and Masimo SET®. Means were compared using paired t-tests. Using the Masimo oximeter, light blue (ΔM = 0.97% ± 0.96%; p = 0.001) and orange (ΔM = 0.76 ± 1.17%; p = 0.016) gel nail polish resulted in a statistically significant increase from baseline SpO2 readings. With the Philips oximeter, the limits of agreement ranged from 2% for pink to 17% for black, indicating imprecision. Gel-based manicures can result in overestimations of actual readings, delaying detection of hypoxaemia. Gel nail polish should be routinely removed or an alternative monitoring technique sought.

Nail cosmetics: a dermatological perspective

Nail cosmetics are used by millions worldwide and the variety of products available is expanding. They are relatively safe, but complications can occur, and patients experiencing complications may present to dermatologists. The physical processes can cause nail thinning and onycholysis, poor technique can promote infection, and consumers may develop allergic contact dermatitis. Ultraviolet nail lamps are widely used for curing gel nails, but their use is unregulated and they are readily accessible in salons or for home use. There is concern about potential carcinogenesis; however, the risk is negligible and can be further reduced with the use of sunscreen. Despite the potential complications, nail cosmetics may be a useful adjunct in treating nail disorders. Familiarity with the procedures will enable the dermatologist to recognize problems and advise on safe use.

Effect of Gel Nail Remover Liquid on Nail According to Acetone Concentrationon

Effect of Gel Nail Remover Liquid on Nail According to Acetone Concentrationon

"Green" UV-LED gel nail polishes from bio-based materials.

Gel nail polishes represent an advanced class of nail polishes, with the ability to cure under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and consequently demonstrate improved properties and greater durability compared to conventional nail polishes. Most gel nail polishes available today are based on petrochemical resources, making them unsustainable. Bio-based materials are excellent renewable resources, with high potential for meeting final-product performance, cost, and environmental needs. In addition, bio-based materials can be modified to make them amenable to being cured by advanced Light Emitting Diode (LED) resources that consume low energy and are safer for human exposure compared to conventional UV-mercury lamps. Consumer preference for use of products made from bio-based sources has been clearly growing. On the other hand, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) technology roadmap, a considerable amount of basic chemical building blocks should be derived from plant-based renewable materials in near future. However, to the best of our knowledge, bio-based nail products have not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, to keep pace with environmental regulations and consumer preference, there is an unmet opportunity to develop novel, sustainable nail gel polishes with considerable bio-renewable content. In this study, two sustainable UV-LED curable gel nail polish prototypes-one high-solids zero-volatile organic content (VOC) and the other waterborne, both with considerable bio-renewable content, were designed. Both formulations were cured under both UV-mercury and UV-LED radiation sources in order to evaluate their curing efficiency under a UV-LED source. Also, their performance was compared with a commercial petro-based benchmark. The high-solids formulation demonstrated promising performance, exceeding that of the benchmark in opacity, chemical properties, gloss, and pendulum hardness, while the waterborne formulation met most of the desirable requirements with some significant technical benefits, including low odour and higher renewable raw material content. These novel gel nail polishes are greener alternatives to the current products in the market with high potential for promising consumer acceptance.

패키지디자인의 감각적 표현특성을 적용한 젤 네일디자인 연구

패키지디자인의 감각적 표현특성을 적용한 젤 네일디자인 연구

Evaluation of structural damage and pH of nail plates of hands after applying different methods of decorating.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nail polish, gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder and the removal of these formulas on the nail plates properties, particularly the influence of different coatings on morphology and pH. The morphology and structure of nail plates were analyzed with use of scanning electron microscopy. The pH values of the nail plates of hands were measured using the system Courage & Khazaka. The analysis of morphology and structure of the surface of nail plates showed distinct changes caused by decorative coatings. The most common ones include fragility and splitting of the nails. The pH value measured in the whole group ranged from 5.21 to 7.00. The methods used to prepare nails for decoration and all methods of removing the applied preparations damage the healthy nail plates. The most common changes are brittleness and nail splitting. The nail polish remover causes less damage than acetone, and the use of a nail drill machine and nail file causes the greatest destruction of nail plates. The biggest effect on the pH change has the gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder, causing the pH value of nail plates to rise above 6.0, whereas after the application of the nail polish, the pH of the plates was on average 5.8 which is closest to the normal value, assumed as physiological.

Evaluation of the bacterial burden of gel nails, standard nail polish, and natural nails on the hands of health care workers

Acrylic nails harbor more bacteria than natural nails, and wear is not recommended for health care workers (HCWs). Little is known about the new and popular gel nail products. This study sought to evaluate the bacterial burden of gel nails, standard nail polish, and natural nails on the hands of HCWs. The study was conducted at 3 health centers. Nails on the dominant hand of 88 HCWs were painted with gel polish and standard polish. Cultures were obtained on days 1, 7, and 14 of wear and before and after hand hygiene with alcohol hand gel. A total of 741 cultures were obtained. Bacterial burden increased over time for all nail types (P ≤ .0001). Reductions in the bacterial burden of natural nails and standard polish, but not gel polish, (P = .001, P = .0028, and P = .98, respectively) were seen after hand hygiene. All 3 nail types become more contaminated with bacteria over time. Standard polish and natural nails may be more amenable to hand hygiene than gel polish. This study did not show an increased number of microorganisms on nails with gel polish; however, gel nails may be more difficult to clean using alcohol hand gel.

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylates in nail cosmetic products: Case reports and review of the literatures

Abstract Acrylates are esters of acrylic acid, which are potent sensitizers that can cause occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in dental personnel. More recently, an increasing number of cases of both occupational and non-occupational ACD in beauty industry are observed. Here we present three cases of ACD to acrylate and its derivatives in both nail beauticians and do-it-yourself gel nail users due to exposure to nail cosmetics presenting with chronic hand eczema with severe pulpitis and even nail dystrophy with patch-test-confirmed diagnosis. Chemical analysis of commercial nail cosmetic products has been done in one of the patients and successfully identified 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate as the contact allergen.

Non-occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by long-lasting nail polish kits for home use: 'the tip of the iceberg'.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from (meth)acrylates caused by long lasting nail polish (also known as "permanent", "semi-permanent" or "gel nail polish") has been described both in occupational and non-occupational settings. Inexpensive kits for home use have been available for purchase in many stores or through the Internet. To report on several further cases of consumers sensitised to these nail products. Patch test results and evaluation of ingredient labelling of products brought in by the patients. Four new cases are presented. Three of the patients reacted to 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and all 4 to 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate. Acrylates are present in a wide range of products including medical materials. Sensitization from (meth)acrylates caused by a merely aesthetic procedure might significantly impact health by jeopardizing access to several types of medical interventions. Policies should be implemented restricting the use of long-lasting nail polishes to qualified professionals and banning the indiscriminate sale of kits for home use.

Itching for nail fashion: chronic urticaria and chronic hand dermatitis secondary to acrylate and methacrylate allergy in gel nail varnish

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) secondary to acrylates and methacrylates is a well- described occurrence, particularly in those who wear or handle gel nail varnish. Management involves avoidance of the identified allergen. The cause of chronic urticaria (CI) is often not identified, and CU is not known to be associated with acrylates or methacrylates. We report a case of a 50-year-old woman who initially presented with hand dermatitis exacerbated by gel nail varnish on a background of CU. Avoiding all nail varnishes because of her ACD also resulted in improvement of her CU. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of CU secondary to the acrylates and methacrylates found in nail cosmetics.