Gel Matrix Research Articles

Establishment of 3D Cultures of Myometrium, Leiomyoma, and Leiomyosarcoma Cells: Advantages and Disadvantages of Two Different Models.

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign, monoclonal, gynaecological tumors in a woman's uterus, while leiomyosarcoma is a rare but aggressive condition caused by the malignant transformation of the myometrium. To overcome the common obstacles related to the methods usually used to study these pathologies, we aimed to devise three-dimensional models of myometrium, uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cell lines, using two different types of biocompatible scaffolds. Specifically, we exploited the agarose gel matrix in common 6-well plates and the alginate matrix using Bioprinting INKREDIBLE + (CELLINK), a pneumatic extruded base equipped with a system with double printheads, and a UV printer LED curing system. Both methods allowed the development of 3D spheroids of all three cell types, that were also suitable for morphological investigations. We showed that all cell types embedded in both agarose and alginate formed spheroids in their growth medium. The spheroids successfully proliferated and self-organized into complex structures, developing a sustainable system that emulated the condition of the tissues through the accumulation of extracellular matrix. These models could be useful for a better understanding of pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis, and testing new methods or molecules from a preventive and therapeutic point of view.

Promising transition metal molybdate (TMM) single phase microstructures for asymmetric supercapacitor and photocatalytic applications

The increasing impact of worldwide energy challenges has sparked significant interest in developing multifunctional nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications. Among semiconductor photocatalysts, stable mixed metal molybdate materials have garnered much interest regarding energy storage and photocatalytic dye degradation. In this context, we have synthesized three different single-phase metal molybdates (NiMoO4, MnMoO4, and Fe2(MoO4)3) using the gel matrix method. XRD and Raman were executed to confirm phase formation of the acquired materials. Difference in surface morphology of synthesized transition metal molybdate powders was examined using SEM analysis. The energy-storing properties of synthesized transition metal molybdate powders were analyzed and compared using three and two electrode method. At a 1 Ag-1 current density, the as-synthesized NiMoO4, MnMoO4, and Fe2(MoO4)3 nanostructures exhibit specific capacitances of about 424.6, 325.5 and 157.8 Fg-1, respectively. Furthermore, the fabricated ASC device with NiMoO4 shows 41.6 Whkg-1 and 750 Wkg-1 as maximum energy and power density at 1 Ag-1, respectively. Meanwhile, photocatalytic methylene blue degradation was carried out using the as-synthesized materials as photocatalysts. The Fe2(MoO4)3 effectively decolourizes the dye with a maximum efficiency of 82.7 %, when compared to other two metal molybdate powders. Thus, the results show that the synthesized metal molybdates such as NiMoO4, and Fe2(MoO4)3 can act as potent electrode materials and efficient photocatalysts for energy storage and dye degradation applications when compared to MnMoO4.

Human epicardial adipose tissue secretome alters metabolomic profile and induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human lymphatic endothelial cells

Abstract Background Cardiac lymphatic systems play an important role in maintaining myocardial fluid homeostasis during inflammation. We have recently reported the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT)-derived factor induces inflammation and fibrosis in atrial myocardium, which lead to atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the direct effect of EAT on the cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) remains unknown. Objective To elucidate the effect of EAT on cardiac LECs, as one of the potential causes of AF. Methods Human EAT samples were collected from 18 consecutive patients with or without AF patients during cardiovascular surgery. They were categorized into the sinus rhythm (SR) group (n=9, 72.7±8.6 years) and the AF group (n=9, 73.3±7.4 years). Preadipocytes were extracted from EAT by homogenization and collagenase treatment, and cultured to confluence. After differentiation to mature adipocytes, cell culture supernatant was collected, and cultured with human LECs. Cell permeability was measured by using FITC-dextran assay. Tube forming ability was analyzed by seeding LECs on the extracellular matrix gels. Metabolomic profiling of LECs was performed by GC-MS system. Results RT-PCR analysis revealed that cell culture supernatant from mature adipocytes of AF patients significantly increased mRNA expression of mesenchymal marker, TAGLN/SM22a (p<0.01) in human LECs, whereas mRNA expression of lymphatic endothelial markers, LYVE1 (p=0.0552) and PROX1 (p=0.0231) were decreased in human LECs, compared to those from mature adipocytes of SR patients. These data suggest cell culture supernatant from mature adipocytes of AF patients highly induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of LECs. When assessing the endothelial barrier function by using FITC-dextran, cell culture supernatant from mature adipocytes of AF patients significantly decreased cell barrier function (p<0.01) compared to those from mature adipocytes of SR patients. Furthermore, cell culture supernatant from mature adipocytes of AF patients significantly decreased the tube forming ability of LECs (p<0.01) compared to those from mature adipocytes of SR patients. To assess the metabolomic changes in human LECs by EAT-secretome, we conducted the GC/MS analysis. Cell culture supernatant from mature adipocytes of AF patients significantly decreased several amino acids including branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine), compared to those from mature adipocytes of SR patients. Conclusion Our study with human EAT and LECs demonstrated that EAT-secretome from AF patients altered metabolomic profile in LECs, and highly caused EndMT in LECs, leading to impaired barrier function and the tube forming ability. Defects of lymphangiogenesis could be a therapeutic target for atrial cardiomyopathy.

The effect of mucoadhesive polymers on ocular permeation of thermoresponsive in situ gel containing dexamethasone–cyclodextrin complex

Dexamethasone (DXM) is a commonly used corticosteroid in the treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions that affect more and more people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD), in situ gelling formulations, and other mucoadhesive polymers, i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and zinc-hyaluronate (ZnHA), on permeation by applying in vitro and ex vivo ophthalmic permeation models. Additionally, gelling properties, in vitro drug release, and mucoadhesion were measured to determine the impact of these factors on permeation and ultimately on bioavailability. The results showed that GEL1 and GEL2 had an optimal gelling temperature, 36.3 ℃ and 34.6 ℃, respectively. Moreover, the combination of Poloxamer 407 (P407) with other polymers improved the mucoadhesion (GEL1: 1333.7 mN) compared with formulations containing only P407 (P12: 721.8 mN). Both HPBCD and the gel matrix had a considerable influence on the drug release and permeability of DXM, and the combination could facilitate the permeation into the aqueous humor. After 30 min of treatment, the DXM concentration in the aqueous humor was 1.16–1.37 µg∕mL in case of the gels, whereas DXM could not be detected when treated with the DXM suspension. The results of the experiments using an in vitro cell line indicated that the formulations could be considered safe for topical treatment of the eye. In conclusion, with application of a small amount of HPMC (0.2 % w∕w), the concentration of P407 could be reduced to 12 % w/w while maintaining the ideal gelling properties and gel structure without negatively affecting permeability compared with the formulation containing a higher amount of P407. Furthermore, the gel matrix may also provide programmed and elongated drug release.

Study of the use of sodium thiocyanate as an indicator for three-dimensional dosimetry

Three-dimensional dosimetry allows the determination of dosimetric quantities with a volumetric gradient. With Fricke Gel it is possible to make measurements of this nature due to the restriction of ions in this dosimeter caused by the presence of a gelatinous matrix. When ion indicators are added to Fricke Gel, the diffusion of the ions is further hampered and, in addition, the use of optical measurement techniques for the determination of the absorbed dose becomes possible. In this study, a new ferric ion indicator possibility for Fricke Gel is evaluated. Sodium thiocyanate was added to the Fricke Gel matrix and the effect of this addition was analyzed in a gamma radiation field and in a high-energy electron beam. The obtained results demonstrated the possibility of using this indicator as a binding agent in the Fricke Gel dosimeter. In the gamma irradiation field, the dosimeter showed a linear response with the absorbed dose between 5 Gy and 150 Gy, in addition to presenting visual evidence of the spatial distribution of the radiation field to which it is subjected.

Stability of Supramolecular β-Cyclodextrin-Pyrene Complexes in A Silicate Hydrogel Matrix

In order to use the β-cyclodextrin-pyrene complex as a fluorescent receptor center, its stability in the solid phase of a water-soluble silicate gel was investigated. For this purpose, a technique for obtaining a silicate matrix with a high content of supramolecular complexes was developed and the temperature stability of the resulting material was investigated. Optimal conditions for working with complexes in the silica gel matrix have been identified. Comparative studies of the fluorescence spectra of complexes in liquid and solid phases were carried out by the method of fluorescence spectroscopy. As a result of the work done, it was possible to determine the main patterns of behavior of the supramolecular complex in the silicate hydrogel matrix and to conclude about the influence of the matrix structure on its stability.

Development of Personalised Immediate-Release Gel-Based Formulations Using Semi-Solid Extrusion.

Precision in dosing is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and preventing overdosing, especially in preterm infants. Traditional manual adjustments to adapt the dose often lead to inaccuracies, contamination risks, and reduced precision. To overcome these challenges, semi-solid extrusion 3D printing was used to create personalised gel-based caffeine dosage forms. The hydrogels, made from agar and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, demonstrated excellent rheological properties, ensuring uniform extrusion and accurate shape retention during and after printing. This gel formulation allowed for precise adjustments of caffeine volume and content tailored to a neonate weighing 1.36 kg, achieving a recovery of 103.46%, well within acceptable limits. Additionally, three production batches confirmed the process's reproducibility with minimal variability. Forced degradation studies showed that both pure caffeine and caffeine in the gel matrix exhibited similar stability profiles, confirming the drug's chemical integrity. The printed gel dosage forms also displayed immediate-release characteristics, with over 80% of caffeine released within 45 min, highlighting their suitability for rapid therapeutic action. These findings emphasise the potential of SSE 3DP and gel-based formulations to produce personalised drug delivery systems with high precision, reproducibility, and reliability.

Swellable Biopolymer Composite Microneedle Patch for Pain-Free Collection of Interstitial Fluid to Analyze Multiple Biomolecules.

Sampling of interstitial fluid (ISF) using microneedle (MN) patch offers a pain-free minimally invasive alternative to syringe needle-based blood sample collection. However, there is a challenge in the development of MN patch that provides swelling behavior with sufficient mechanical strength for skin penetration. Here, we report fabrication of MN patch made of biopolymer composite containing iota-carrageenan, gelatin, and polyethylene glycol. Calcium chloride was used as a crosslinker to improve mechanical strength. MN patch was characterized for integrity, swelling behavior, mechanical strength, aspiration of fluid from agarose gel, and the excised porcine ear skin. An array of 361 MNs was able to aspirate 36 ± 5 and 14 ± 1 μL fluid after application in agarose gel matrix and the ex vivo porcine skin model, respectively. MN patch applied in vivo rat model for 30 min resulted in the collection of ISF containing 267 ± 128 mg/dL, 24 ± 13 mg/dL, and 0.6 ± 0.4 mIU/mL of glucose, uric acid and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), respectively. The concentration of glucose, uric acid, and TSH in rat blood was found to be 199 ± 47 mg/dL, 8.4 ± 6 mg/dL, and 1.1 ± 0.6 mIU/mL at the same time. Furthermore, MN patch applied on the forearm of 10 healthy human volunteers for 30 min was able to aspirate 32 ± 14 μL of ISF. The concentration of glucose, uric acid, and TSH determined from ISF samples of human volunteers was 64 ± 25 mg/dL, 4.2 ± 4.1 mg/dL, and 0.16 ± 0.08 mIU/mL, respectively. The visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score after MN application was lower compared with hypodermic syringe needle insertion. Taken together, biopolymer composite-based swellable MN patch can be developed for collection of ISF for simultaneous determination of multiple biomolecules in a minimally invasive manner.

Mechanical (ball milling) activation to regulate microstructure of κ-carrageenan and improve freeze-thaw stability of κ-carrageenan gels and κ-carrageenan-based emulsion gels

To expand the wide range of applications of κ-carrageenan in the food and biomedical fields, we have physically modified the carrageenan and focused on its freeze-thaw stability. In this study, κ-carrageenan (KC) was modified by mechanically activated to prepare wet ball milling κ-carrageenan (WMKC), and its properties were determined. The research results indicate that mechanical activation helps improve the freeze-thaw stability of KC gels and enables KC to better maintain its gel network structure during the freeze-thaw process. These phenomena are related to the effects of mechanical activation on the particle morphology, molecular structure, molecular interactions, and moisture migration of κ-carrageenan. The particle morphology images demonstrated that the WMKC particles exhibited a more irregular surface, which facilitated greater penetration of water molecules into the interior of the κ-carrageenan particles. Furthermore, the results of molecular structure and molecular interaction analyses showed that mechanical activation resulted in the removal of sulfate groups from the κ-carrageenan molecular chain. This resulted in more free -OH being exposed on the molecular chain, which in turn provided more binding sites for KC molecules with water molecules. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) results also proved that WMKC could better maintain the binding with water molecules during the freeze-thaw process. A better combination of WMKC molecules and water molecules can significantly diminish the irreversible damage to the gel network structure of WMKC during the freeze-thaw process, thereby effectively enhancing the freeze-thaw stability of WMKC. In addition, we further used WMKC as the gel matrix and investigated that the freeze-thaw stability of the WMKC-based emulsion gel was optimal when the mechanical activation duration was 3h, which well meets the demand of κ-carrageenan emulsion gels in the frozen food industry.

Exploring Calcium Alginate-Based Gels for Encapsulation of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei to Enhance Stability in Functional Breadmaking.

This study focuses on evaluating the efficiency of acid-tolerant Lacticaseibacillus paracasei bacteria encapsulated in an alginate-based gel matrix during repeated sourdough fermentation cycles, as well as their preservation during storage and throughout baking at high temperature. A double-coating procedure was applied, involving the encapsulation of bacterial cells in calcium alginate, which was further coated with chitosan. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) did not show significant difference between alginate and alginate-chitosan (97.97 and 96.71%, respectively). The higher number of L. paracasei bacteria was preserved in double-coated microbeads, with survivability rates of 89.51% and 96.90% in wet and dried microbeads, respectively. Encapsulated bacteria demonstrated effective fermentation ability, while double gel-coated cells exhibited slower acidification during sourdough fermentation, maintaining higher efficiency in the second fermentation cycle. The addition of freeze-dried, alginate-based gel-encapsulated bacteria (2-4%, w/w flour) significantly (p < 0.05) improved bread quality and extended its shelf life. A double-layer coating (alginate-chitosan) can be introduced as an innovative strategy for regulating the release of lactic acid bacteria and optimizing fermentation processes. Powdered alginate or alginate-chitosan gel-based L. paracasei microcapsules, at appropriate concentrations, can be used in the production of baked goods with acceptable quality and sensory properties, achieving a lactic acid bacteria count of approximately 106 CFU/g in the crumb, thereby meeting the standard criteria for probiotic bakery products.

In vitro drug testing using patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids

BackgroundOvarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer. As the primary treatment, chemotherapy has a response rate of only 60–70% in advanced stages, and even lower as a second-line treatment. Despite guideline recommendations, which drugs will be most effective remains unclear. Thus, a strategy to prioritize chemotherapy options is urgently needed. Cancer organoids have recently emerged as a method for in vitro drug testing. However, limited clinical correlations have been assessed with test results from cancer organoids, particularly in gynecological cancers. We therefore aimed to generate patient-derived organoids (PDOs) of ovarian cancer, to assess their drug sensitivities and correlations with patient clinical outcomes.MethodsPDOs were generated from fresh tumors obtained during surgical resection, which was then cultured under matrix gel and appropriate growth factors. Morphological and molecular characterization of PDOs were assessed by phase contrast microscopy and paraffin-embedded histopathology. Expressions of PAX8, TP53, WT1, CK7, and CK20 were tested by immunohistochemical staining and compared with parental tumor tissues and the human protein atlas database. PDOs were subjected to in vitro drug testing to determine drug sensitivity using Titer-Glo® 3D Cell Viability Assay. PDO viability was measured, and area under the curve calculated, to compare responses to various compounds. Correlations were calculated between selected patients’ clinical outcomes and in vitro drug testing results.ResultsWe established 31 PDOs. Among them, 28 PDOs can be expanded, including 15, 11, and 2 from ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers, respectively. The PDOs preserved the histopathological profiles of their originating tumors. In vitro drug testing of 10 ovarian cancer PDOs revealed individual differential responses to recommended drugs, and interpersonal heterogeneity in drug sensitivity, even with the same histology type. Among four patients who were platinum sensitive, resistant, or refractory, PDO drug responses correlated well with their clinical courses.ConclusionIn vitro drug testing using ovarian cancer organoids is feasible and correlates well with patient clinical responses. These results may facilitate development of precision chemotherapy and personalized screening for repurposed or new drugs.

B-079 Characterization of an isoelectric focusing method for detection of IgG oligoclonal banding in paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimens

Abstract Background Qualitative assessment of IgG-specific oligoclonal banding (OCB) in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples is useful for evaluating inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis. Here we characterized the performance of an IgG-specific method using isoelectric focusing on agarose gel matrix for the detection of OCB in paired serum and CSF samples. Methods Specimens of 20 paired, simultaneously collected CSF and serum patient samples were tested on Sebia (Hydrasys 2 System) provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Diagnostic Laboratories. We tested these paired samples using the Helena IgG IFE-20 kit (SPIFE® Touch) method and the results were read by two independent individuals blinded to each other’s assessments. The results were compared to the NIH results for agreement. Positive Percent Agreement (PPA) and Negative Percent Agreement (NPA) were calculated. Analytical sensitivity of the Helena assay was assessed via serial dilutions of a CSF OCB positive sample (total IgG 4.5 mg/dL). Results Figure 1 shows serum and CSF pairs for the control (A), two example positive OCB patients (B &amp; D) and a negative OCB patient (C). The Helena assay was concordant with Sebia for 11/12 positive OCB patients (PPA 91.6%) and 8/8 negative subjects (NPA 100%). 20-fold was the highest dilution that remained positive. Conclusions OCB detection using paired serum and CSF samples and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis is considered the preferred method. The Helena IgG IFE-20 assay is such a method and showed high PPA and NPA concordance with the Sebia System. Thus, the Helena OCB assay can be considered an accurate and analytically sensitive method for assessing OCB in serum and CSF.

Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release.

In this study, we developed sodium alginate-chitosan hydrogels using a microwave-assisted synthesis method, aligning with green chemistry principles for enhanced sustainability. This eco-friendly approach minimizes chemical use and waste while boosting efficiency. A curcumin:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex was incorporated into the hydrogels, significantly increasing the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the structure and successful incorporation of curcumin, in both its pure and complexed forms, into the polymer matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed distinct thermal transitions influenced by the hydrogel composition and physical cross-linking. Hydrogels with higher alginate content had higher swelling ratios (338%), while those with more chitosan showed the lowest swelling ratios (254%). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed a porous structure as well as successful incorporation of curcumin or its complex. Curcumin release studies indicated varying releasing rates between its pure and complexed forms. The chitosan-dominant hydrogel exhibited the slowest release rate of pure curcumin, while the alginate-dominant hydrogel exhibited the fastest. Conversely, for curcumin from the inclusion complex, a higher chitosan proportion led to the fastest release rate, while a higher alginate proportion resulted in the slowest. This study demonstrates that the form of curcumin incorporation and gel matrix composition critically influence the release profile. Our findings offer valuable insights for designing effective curcumin delivery systems, representing a significant advancement in biodegradable and sustainable drug delivery technologies.

Polymer microsphere inks for semi-solid extrusion 3D printing at ambient conditions

Extrusion-based 3D printing methods have great potential for manufacturing of personalized polymer-based drug-releasing systems. However, traditional melt-based extrusion techniques are often unsuitable for processing thermally labile molecules. Consequently, methods that utilize the extrusion of semi-solid inks under mild conditions are frequently employed. The rheological properties of the semi-solid inks have a substantial impact on the 3D printability, making it necessary to evaluate and tailor these properties. Here, we report a novel semi-solid extrusion 3D printing method based on utilization of a Carbopol gel matrix containing various concentrations of polymeric microspheres. We also demonstrate the use of a solvent vapor-based post-processing method for enhancing the mechanical strength of the printed objects. As our approach enables room-temperature processing of polymers typically used in the pharmaceutical industry, it may also facilitate the broader application of 3D printing and microsphere technologies in preparation of personalized medicine.

Structural, physicochemical, and in vitro digestion properties of microgel-reinforced synbiotic hydrogel beads filled with pectic oligosaccharides as a delivery system for Limosilactobacillus reuteri

Pea protein microgel (MG)-reinforced synbiotic low methoxyl pectin (LMP) hydrogel beads filled with different concentrations (0 %, 0.2 %, and 0.4 %) of pectic oligosaccharides (POS) were developed as delivery system for Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). SEM results revealed that incorporating POS into the hydrogel beads made the gel matrix smoother and more compact, reducing probiotic leakage and higher encapsulation efficiency. FT-IR analysis observed new ionic crosslinking between LMP and calcium ions. In vitro digestion results suggested that MG-reinforced synbiotic hydrogel beads showed higher survival rates throughout upper gastrointestinal tract than MG, and the highest values were observed in the hydrogel beads with 0.4 % of POS. Most L. reuteri was released from the developed system after exposure to simulated colonic conditions for 48 h. MG-reinforced synbiotic hydrogel beads showed higher thermal and storage stability than MG alone, indicating that adding hydrogel bead layer to MG can efficiently protect L. reuteri from environmental stresses.

Establishment of goat mammary organoid cultures modeling the mammary gland development and lactation.

Although several cell culture systems have been developed to investigate the function of the mammary gland in dairy livestock, they have potential limitations, such as the loss of alveolar structure or genetic and phenotypic differences from their native counterparts. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for lactation research. Development of protocols to establish lactating organoid of livestock represents a promising goal for the future. In this study, we developed a protocol to establish a culture system for mammary organoids in dairy goats to model the mammary gland development and lactation process. The organoids cultured within an extracellular matrix gel maintained a bilayer structure that closely resembled the native architecture of mammary tissue. The expansion of mammary organoids was significantly promoted by growth factors containing epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 whereas the proliferative index of the organoids was significantly inhibited by the treatment with WNT inhibitors. Upon stimulation with a lactogenic medium containing prolactin, the mammary organoids exhibited efficient lactation, characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the lumen space. The lactation could be sustained for more than 3 weeks. Importantly, the expression patterns of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and milk proteins in lactating organoids closely mirrored those observed in mammary tissues. These observations were confirmed by data from proteomic analysis that the bulk of milk proteins was produced in the lactating organoids. This study is the first to establish a mammary organoid culture system modeling the mammary gland development and lactation process in ruminants. The efficient induction of lactation in ruminant mammary organoids holds promises for advancing the field of cell-based milk bio-manufacture in the food industry.

Dual-Responsive Alginate/PNIPAM Microspheres Fabricated by Microemulsion-Based Electrospray.

Smart materials for drug delivery are designed to offer a precise and controlled release of therapeutic agents. By responding to specific physiological stimuli, such as changes in temperature and pH, these materials improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects, paving the way for personalized therapeutic solutions. In this study, we present the fabrication of dual-responsive alginate/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microspheres, having the ability to respond to both pH and temperature variations and embedding the lipophilic bioactive compound Ozoile. Ozoile® Stable Ozonides is obtained from extra virgin olive oil and acts as an inducer, interacting with major biological pathways by means of modulating the systemic redox balance. The dual-responsive microspheres are prepared by electrospray technique without the use of organic solvents. PNIPAM is synthesized by radical polymerization using the APS/TEMED redox initiators. The microspheres are further optimized with a chitosan coating to enhance their stability and modulate the degradation kinetics of the gel matrix. A comprehensive morphological analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and degradation assays are conducted to confirm the structural stability and pH-responsive behavior of the hydrogel microspheres. A study of the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to assess the microsphere thermal response. This research introduces a promising methodology for the development of targeted drug delivery systems, which are particularly useful in the context of oxidative stress modulation and inflammation management.

Ternary inulin hydrogel with long-term intestinal retention for simultaneously reversing IBD and its fibrotic complication.

Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota are pivotal symptoms for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its associated complications, such as intestinal fibrosis. This research introduces a probiotic inulin hydrogel loaded with polypyrrole (PPy) nanozymes and antifibrotic drug pirfenidone (PFD) (PPy/PFD@Inulin gel) designed for the concurrent amelioration of IBD and its fibrotic complication. Upon oral administration, the inulin gel matrix could extend the gastrointestinal residence time of PPy nanozymes and PFD, facilitating the efficient reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and enhancement of the intestinal epithelial barrier repair as well as the suppression of intestinal fibrosis through sustained RONS scavenging, modulation of gut microbiota and attenuation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway to inhibit fibroblast proliferation. Notably, the PPy/PFD@Inulin gel demonstrated significant prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in acute and chronic colitis as well as intestinal fibrosis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mouse models. Thus, the engineered ternary PPy/PFD@Inulin gel offered a pioneered paradigm for simultaneous reversal of IBD and its associated complications, such as intestinal fibrosis, in a single therapeutic regimen.

A novel magnetorheological-polyethylene glycol shear thickening gel based on enhanced gel matrix

A novel magnetorheological-polyethylene glycol (PEG) shear thickening gel (MR-PSTG) with both shear thickening and magnetorheological effect is prepared based on polyethylene glycol shear thickening gel (PSTG) matrix possessing higher relative shear thickening effect (RSTE). Firstly, a new shear thickening mechanism is revealed through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Then, the orthogonal experiment is conducted to analyze the impact of factors on MR-PSTG and obtain the optimal factor combinations of the RSTE and relative magnetorheological effect (RMRE). Finally, the composite relative effect (CRE) is proposed to represent the comprehensive performance of MR-PSTG. Experiment results show that the RSTE increases with the increase of PEG molecular weight, and the maximum RSTE increases by 2.37 times. B atoms from the B-O-C structure in new molecular chains can share electrons with O atoms in the Si-O-Si structure to form B-O cross-linking bonds, which is responsible for the increase in RSTE. The orthogonal experiment indicates that the maximum RSTE and RMRE of MR-PSTG can reach 1024286% and 3839%, respectively. Results also show that the CIP mass fraction has the greatest impact on the RSTE, RMRE, and CRE of MR-PSTG, while the PEG mass has the smallest impact.

Chitosan-ginger essential oil nanoemulsions loaded gelatin films: A biodegradable material for food preservation

The alarming issue of food waste, coupled with the potential risks posed by petroleum-based plastic preservation materials to both the environment and human health necessitate innovative solutions. In this study, we prepared nanoemulsions (NEs) of chitosan (CS) and ginger essential oil (GEO) and systematically evaluated the effects of varying NEs concentrations (0, 10 %, 30 %, 50 %) on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of gelatin films. These films were subsequently applied to blueberry preservation. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the NEs were well-integrated with the Gel matrix, significantly enhancing the performance of the Gel films, including improvements of mechanical properties (tensile strength from 7.71 to 19.92 MPa; elongation at break from 38.55 to 113.65 %), thermal, and barrier properties (water vapor permeability from 1.52 × 10−9 to 6.54 × 10−10 g·m/Pa·s·m2). The films exhibited notable antibacterial and antioxidant activities due to the gradual release of GEO, thereby extending the storage life of blueberries. Moreover, the prepared composite films demonstrated excellent biodegradability and environmental friendliness, with the majority of the material decomposing within 30 days under soil microbial action. In conclusion, the active films loaded with NEs exhibit superior performance and hold significant potential for developing biodegradable materials for food preservation.