Gear Shift Lever Research Articles

Automatic Gear Shifting Mechanism in Two Wheelers

Abstract: Motorcycles are widely used around the world particularly in INDIA. The gear shifting system of the motor-cycle is conventionally manual. This report covers development of an indigenous gear shifting /changing system for the standard motorcycle. By this system the manual mechanical gear- shifting will remain unchanged because an additional electromechanical system is placed on the top of the lever to shift the gear and automatically control the clutch. So the system has both the option manual as well as automatic. The system uses low cost microcontrollers to make the accurate decision for shifting the gear up and down by observing the speed, and it controls the clutch transmission where necessary. The complete hardware and software has been tested and the functioning of the automatic gear shifting system is verified. System is flexible and can be used with any motorcycle ranging from 50 to 200 cc. General Terms Automation. Keywords Linear Actuator, Arduino, Hall effect sensor, Atmega328, Servo motor, Gear shift lever

Prevention of injury when using mobile means of mechanization in AIC in the case of starting their engines with the engaged gear transmission

It is informed about the importance of the structures of the agro-industrial corps in world civilization and in the country in terms of food supply for the population. Attention is drawn to the need for a variety of food products, which is ensured by the versatility of agricultural enterprises and a variety of types of work. The mechanization of agricultural production is based on a variety of agricultural machinery and equipment used in order to increase productivity, production efficiency and facilitate labor. It is noted that in the fleet of agricultural equipment used, the determining share of mobile machines with internal combustion engines (cars, tractors, combines, bulldozers, excavators, scrapers and other machines) on a wheeled or crawler track is drawn. According to the regulatory and legal framework, all types of work activities should not lead to injury and illness of workers. At the same time, many of them, for one reason or another, are accompanied by severe and fatal injuries. One of the reasons is the ability to start their engines when the gear is engaged in the transmission. In order to eliminate such situations, an innovative solution has been proposed - a device for blocking the possibility of starting the engines of mobile machines if the gear shift lever is not set to the neutral position before starting. This prevents the possibility of injury to operators and persons servicing the unit.

Studies on Operational Frequencies of Controls on Self-propelled Combine Harvesters in India

A study was conducted to measure the operational frequencies of various controls on self-propelled combine harvesters and to categorize them into frequently and infrequently operated controls. The operational frequency of controls on 10 combine harvesters of different makes and models were measured during harvesting of wheat crop. The frequency of use of frequently operated controls viz. header assembly control lever, ground speed control lever, gear shift lever, brake pedal, and clutch pedal ranged 232-484, 43-170, 41- 135, 42-140, and 66-162 action.h-1, respectively. The percent time distributions of operation of controls were 44.84, 13.40, 12.21, 13.10, and 16.42%, respectively. The controls on the combine harvesters used repetitively that require high level of human effort. Therefore, to accommodate 90% of user population, the most frequently operated controls should preferably be placed in the optimum reach zone, and infrequently used controls can be conveniently placed within maximum reach zone of operators’ reach envelope.

Controlling Mechanized Technological Processes of Grain Crop Cultivation

The authors have proved that grain crops in Siberia are cultivated using primarily extensive technologies and inadequate technical support, which makes farm produce uncompetitive. Further intensification of crop cultivation requires increasing the accuracy of technological operations. However, the insufficient availability of modern machinery remains the main limiting factor in the technological modernization of agriculture. The study has revealed that further prospects for the efficiency growth in using mechanized technologies for cultivating grain crops are offered by soil cultivation, which consumes from 30 to 40 percent of all energy costs. ( Research purpose ) is to justify the methodological principles of automatic controlling an energy-intensive process of tillage in agricultural technologies of grain cultivation. ( Materials and methods ) Use has been made of the methods of statistical analysis and synthesis of technical control means. ( Results and discussion ) The study has proved the necessity of the intellectualization of farm production. The authors have developed a system of automatic mode regulation belonging to the class of automatic adaptive systems with programmable positional control of input data and ensures that the machine-and-tractor unit is in the optimal range of energy modes. The minimum of dynamic error has been accepted as the quality criterion of the positional control system. To measure it, use has been made of Mahalanobis-type metric taking account of the Hamming distance. The operation of a machine-and-tractor unit has been controlled by power and kinematic regulation of the engine operating modes on tractors with a hydraulic gearbox and a gas-turbocharged engine. The effect was directed on the fuel pump rail or the fuel control lever, the gear shift lever, and the hydraulic system levers. ( Conclusions ) The study has revealed a random nature of the change in traction resistance of the machine-and-tractor unit caused by the heterogeneity of the soil cover. The authors have determined that this leads to increased energy intensity, as well as insufficient performance of built-in information systems indicating the current energy modes of operation of the machine-and-tractor unit operation. To control and regulate the soil heterogeneity by its hardness, a new technical solution has been proposed. The authors have proved that the developed and tested theoretical foundations and technical means of automatic control of energy-intensive technological processes of tillage ensure the required quality indicators.

Vibration reduction of automotive transmission control cables

A reduction in the level of vibration in the gearshift lever module in the cabin of automobiles may have a positive effect on driver comfort. The vibration to the gearshift lever module is transferred through transmission control cables (TCCs) connected to the shift lever attached to the body of a transmission or transaxle. Ways to reduce vibrations are evaluated by analyzing vibration characteristics of TCCs employed in conventional gearshift lever modules. The analysis was carried out by both analytical and experimental approaches, including the construction and analysis of a finite element model of the module. By utilizing the results from the analysis, a vibration reduction method was proposed and its applicability was also investigated. It is observed from the investigation that the proposed method is a viable solution for both the reduction of vibration-related issues in gearshift level modules and improvement of ride quality.

Efficiency of stump chipping of soft and hard broadleaves

Stump removal is a regular measure of terrain preparation during the establishment of poplar plantations. It is implemented in order to increase the efficiency of implementation of regular silvicultural measures, but also the efficiency of comprehensive wood mass utilization. Stump removal in poplar plantations is performed by various facilities, including various types of wood chippers attached to a tractor of certain technical characteristics. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of efficiency of the tractor ?Same Laser 150? with the wood chipper ?Rotor S? attached to it, during the stump chipping of soft and hard broadleaves in various operating conditions. The research was carried out in several sample plots located in an area managed by the public enterprise ?Vojvodina sume?. The differentiation of the operating conditions was based on multiple criteria (distance between stumps, level of forest order establishment, carrying capacity of the ground, percentage share of tree species, etc.). The work effects of stump chipping were established using the work and time study. The duration of stump chipping ranged from 0,82 min/stump to 2,29 min/stump and it depended on stump diameter, root system development, diameter of the auger used for stump chipping, tractor power, etc. In addition to being dependent on some other things, chipping time depends on the number of passes and auger diameter. The time of transition from stump to stump is under the highest impact of ground conditions, which implies the amount of wood residue, the presence of stump shoots, and the occurrence of high weeds. The implemented analysis served as the basis for the ranking of the factors depending on their impact on the work effects of the investigated facility. In addition, it was concluded that greater effects can be achieved by using the command that provides a forward and backward movement of the aggregate without pushing the clutch pedal and pulling the gearshift lever, but also by installing a handle for the change of rpm (revolutions per minute) of the output shaft in the driver?s cabin. This handle is currently located on a differential housing next to the left wheel, so the driver has to leave the cabin to change the rpm of the output shaft. Another problem is that the tractor ?Same Laser 150? has double commands installed in the cabin: the clutch, brake and gas pedal, but when the seat makes a 180 degree turn those pedals are not at the adequate height. In addition to that, the operator does not have enough space for work in the tractor cabin. An increased cabin space and a better position of the above mentioned commands would enhance work efficiency.

Evaluation of operator visibility in three different cabins type Far-East combine harvesters

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a visibility evaluation system for the cabin type Far-East combine harvester. The human field of view has been classified into five levels (perceptive, effective, stable gaze, induced, and auxiliary) depending on the rotation of the human head and eye. The divider, reaper lever, gearshift, dashboard, and conveying component were considered as major viewpoints of the cabin type Far-East combine harvester. The visibility of the cabin type Far-East combine harvester was evaluated quantitatively using viewpoints and human field of view levels. The visibility evaluation system for the cabin type Far-East combine harvester consisted of a laser pointer, stepping motors to control the directions of the view, gyro sensors to measure horizontal and vertical angles, and I/O interface to acquire the signals. The visibility evaluation tests were conducted at different postures ('sitting straight', 'sitting with a 15° tilt', 'standing straight', and 'standing with a 15° tilt') for three cabin type Far-East combine harvesters. The LSD (least significant difference) multiple comparison tests showed that the visibilities of viewpoints differed significantly as the operator's posture changed. The results showed that the posture while standing with a 15° tilt provided the best visibility. The average visibility scores at sitting postures were 22.3 (straight) and 24.4 (15° tilt), and the scores at standing postures were 18.7 (straight) and 29.5 (15° tilt). Also, the average visibility scores were observed in order from highest to lowest as reaper lever (44.6), divider (28.7), dashboard (23.1), conveying part (12.2), and gearshift lever (10.1). Most viewpoints of the cabin type Far-East combine harvester were out of the stable gaze field of the view level. Modifications of the cabin type Far-East combine harvester design will be required to enhance the visibility during harvesting operation and to improve safety and convenience of farmers. Keywords: combine harvester, cabin, operator visibility, field of view, evaluation system, ergonomics, safety and comfort DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160904.1850 Citation: Lee D H, Kim Y J, Choi C H, Chung S O. Evaluation of operator visibility in three different cabins type Far-East combine harvesters. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(4): 33－44.

Human Factors Analysis of Manual Gear Shifting Performance in Passenger Vehicles

Driver sensation during a gearshift in a manual transmission is one of the most remarkable actions in terms of comfort perception in motor vehicles. This importance has increased in a reasonable way in the last years mainly because of higher quality requirements demanded by the market. All movements and efforts, mainly the so-called double bump, are directly transferred to the drive's hand thru the gearshift lever inside the vehicle and cables that make the connection of the lever with the shifting tower. Having said that, it is possible to verify in the available literature that no human interaction analysis with the gearshift system considering human factors and ergonomics (HFE) are used to define its relation to the physical values observed during the process of gearshifting (e.g. efforts, impulses, times, etc.) to support changes in the transmission hardware. Therefore, using a HFE approach for the gearshift system, this study analyzes the models of the available literature and check its considerations, and applying HFE concepts proposes a different approach to estimate human perception about shift comfort.

Shift Performance Test and Analysis of Multipurpose Vehicle

This paper presented an analysis of the gear shifting performances of a multipurpose vehicle transmission in driving condition by Ricardo's Gear Shift Quality Assessment (GSQA) system. The performances of the transmission included the travel and effort of the gear shift lever and synchronizing time. The mathematic models of the transmission including the gear shift mechanism and synchronizer were developed in MATLAB. The model of the gear shift mechanism was developed to analyze the travel map of the gear shift lever and the model of the synchronizer was developed to obtain the force-time curve of the synchronizer during the slipping time. The model of the synchronizer was used to investigate the relationship between the performances of the transmission and the variation of parameters during gear shifting. The mathematic models of the gear shift mechanism and the synchronizer provided a rapid design and verification method for the transmission with ring spring.

Design of gearshift lever characteristics based on human arm mechanical properties

Design of gearshift lever characteristics based on human arm mechanical properties

Accelerating the three dimensions of E&P clockspeed – A novel strategy for optimizing utility in the Oil & Gas industry

As the global Oil & Gas Industry enters its third, late lifecycle stage (outlined in the introduction of this study), new strategies and conceptual tools are needed to postpone – or reverse – the decline of the E&P industry. The problem is this: the late lifecycle is principally heralded by limited supply due to finite hydrocarbon reserves, while energy demand soars as world population and the global economy continue to grow. This study therefore proposes a framework through which an E&P company can critically assess its capability in accelerating lag-time between exploration and production. In the first part of this paper (Sections 1–3), the need for a phase-shift toward faster clockspeeds for the Oil & Gas industry is argued to be an important step to close the energy supply gap. In the second part of this paper (Sections 4–6), the strategy concept of clockspeed acceleration is further elaborated and optimization methods for the three principal dimensions of E&P clockspeed acceleration are discussed. The three Clockspeed Accelerators™ are: workflow speed, improvement rate of Uncertainty Mitigation and accrual speed of portfolio value. The third part of this paper (Sections 7–11) presents the empirical analysis of E&P clockspeed performance for two peer groups (IOC supermajors and public private partnership NOCs) comprising six companies each. The acceleration of E&P clockspeed can help to optimize production levels of conventional and unconventional oil, and includes diversification strategies that replace non-renewables with renewables. In summary, E&P Clockspeed Accelerators provide the gearshift instruments that enable the energy industry to better meet the required demand/supply ratios. The results of this study translate into the following deliverables for practical use by Oil & Gas professionals: – insight into the concept of clockspeed in E&P industry setting, – use of Clockspeed Accelerators™ as gearshift lever tools for monitoring and directing E&P clockspeed, – a template for benchmarking and scaling the cardinal axes of E&P Clockspeed Accelerators™ for companies in time-series analysis and cross-sectional analysis, – insight in the critical drivers of E&P clockspeed acceleration based on the companies studied, – a set of recommendations to support and speed up the optimization of the individual Clockspeed Accelerators™ for Oil & Gas companies.

Driver Gear-Shifting Behaviors and Errors

Survey data have revealed that forgetting the current gear is a frequent driver error (Reason et al., 1990), yet very little research has been done on how drivers move gearshift levers and what causes them to make gearshift errors. In two experiments, 65 adults of all ages drove two vehicles on a closed course. Participants each performed multiple trials in which they drove or reversed to a location, shifted to Park, and exited and re-entered the vehicle. For approximately 1000 shifts into Park, the movements and forces that drivers applied to the gearshift lever were measured. Data revealed that drivers shifted to Park in a ballistic manner, and continued to apply force to the gearshift lever after reaching the Park detent. This force far exceeded that which was required to move the lever into Park. On select trials, participants were induced to hurry, and distractions such as cell phones, radio, and conversation, were introduced during the driving task. A total of 35 gearshift errors (e.g., failure to shift, or mis-shift) were observed in both experiments, all but one of which occurred on either a hurried or a hurried-plus-distraction trial. On no trial did any participant leave the gearshift lever between Reverse and Park. Data suggest that participants rely on the kinesthetic feedback from the lever hitting the mechanical stop at the end of the Park gate to determine when they have reached the Park position, and that drivers are more likely to make gearshift errors when they are hurried or distracted.

Human sensitivity to gearshift loads

This paper describes an investigation of the ability of humans to distinguish different levels of gearlever load. A test rig with a forward–backward-moving gearshift lever was constructed using the typical interior dimensions of European B segment automobiles. The rig used a system of weights and pulleys to provide a load which could be varied in steps of 1%. Four reference loads were chosen which were considered representative of automotive gearshift operation: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 kg. Twenty subjects took part in the study. Using a variation on the psychophysical method of limits, the subjects were asked to respond whether a test load was heavier or lighter than a reference load. The Weber fraction (WF) was found to decrease monotonically from a value of 0.036 for the 0.5 kg reference load to a value of 0.029 at the 5.0 kg reference load. The average value across all reference loads was 0.032. Measurements of the gearshift force made by means of a knob containing a load cell suggested that the variation in the measured WF might be attributed to the time behaviour of the force exchanged between the human subject and the control surface. Relevance to industry The WF for gearshift load discrimination is useful to the gearbox designer because it establishes a threshold for measurement accuracy, and sets a precision limit for quality rating criteria.

Vehicle transmission shifting system vibration damping arrangement

An arrangement for damping vibrations in a vehicle transmission shifting system in which the shift rod between the gear shift lever and the shifting transmission is divided into two parts. The two partial sections are connected with one another by way of a hinge and a support bearing. The support bearing has play and is provided with an elastic layer to effectively dampen vibrations occurring perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the rod.

Fatigue and low-back pain of freight-container tractor drivers. Correlation with ergonomic factors

An ergonomic checklist was prepared to examine safety and comfort of freight-container tractors. With this checklist, 533 tractor drivers were asked to evaluate the tractors to which they were exclusively assigned. In order to check the objectivity and the validity of the results, the correlation between the evaluation of the items on the checklist and the corresponding dimensions on 10 tractors was studied. Also, a multivariate analysis based on quantification theory was done to examine the correlation between the ergonomic items on the checklist and the drivers' low-back pain or fatigue symptoms of the upper and lower extremities. The main results were as follows: 1) A high correlation was observed between the evaluation of items on the checklist and the corresponding dimensions of the tractors. 2) Many items on the checklist received a poor evaluations, indicating that there are many ergonomic problems with freight-container tractors. 3) The analysis by the quantification theory showed high correlation ratios between the items in the checklist and the drivers' fatigue symptoms of the upper and lower extremities. These correlation ratios were: arm fatigue when holding the steering wheel (0.51), arm fatigue in operating the gearshift lever (0.65), arm fatigue from opening and closing the windows (0.46), leg fatigue from operating the pedals (0.58), and low-back pain during the last two months (0.31). These showed that more than 50% of the fatigue symptoms could be explained by the ergonomic aspects of the tractors. 4) The rate of dissatisfaction with the current tractors was 82.9%. According to the analysis by the quantification theory, the correlation ratio between the items in the checklist and the rate of dissatisfaction for the current tractors was 0.66. 5) The foregoing results indicate that ergonomic improvement of the freight-container tractors is a matter of urgency. This should reduce the drivers' fatigue and elevate the rate of satisfaction with the tractors. 6) However, for the prevention of the drivers' low-back pain and fatigue symptoms, improvement of the ergonomic conditions of the tractors and the drivers' working conditions must be undertaken at the same time.

Sound insulating arrangement around a vehicle gear shift lever

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