Electric Motor Research Articles

PRINTING A «BRACKET» TYPE PART FOR AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT CAR

Additive technologies play an important role in modern automotive design and manufacturing, with their applications expanding every year. Originally used primarily for prototyping and mock-up production, 3D printing is now increasingly being used to manufacture key automotive components, with some companies offering fully 3D printed vehicles. This article analyzes the possibilities of printing load-bearing structures and the design of a key element - the electric motor mounting bracket for the TOQ car prototype. TOQ Prototype EV is an energy-efficient electric vehicle prototype being developed by the SU Racing Team from Satbayev University. The goal of the project is to create an ultra-light, durable, energy-efficient prototype vehicle with a long range of 1 kWh of energy. The use of new materials and additive technologies opens up the possibility of creating a variety of combinations, both for the production of parts with increased strength and for the use of advanced materials in the interior of the cabin. The process of prototyping an energy-efficient electric vehicle using additive manufacturing illustrates an innovative approach to improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This article details the process of designing an electric motor bracket using generative design and additive manufacturing. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of 3D printing the load-bearing and critical elements of an electric vehicle prototype, as well as to simulate the loads when operating an electric motor with a peak power of 2 kW. Keywords: Mechanical engineering, automotive industry, additive manufacturing, 3D printing, industry 4.0, racing car, energy efficiency.

Desing of an observer with real time monitoring speed and load torque for submersible induction motors

Relevance. When operating submersible equipment for oil production in aggressive environments and transferring wells to the cyclic operation mode, a decrease in the service life of the submersible installation for oil production is observed. In the first case, this is due to the formation of salt deposits and clogging of the working parts of the electric pump with mechanical impurities. In the second case – an increase in the number of starts of the submersible electric motor. To solve the existing problems, it is possible to implement closed control systems for submersible electric motors based on state variable observers, which determines the relevance of the study. Aim. To develop an observer with operational monitoring of the angular velocity of the rotor and the moment of resistance on the shaft of a submersible asynchronous motor at inconsistency of the initial conditions in various operating modes and its testing using modeling tools. Methods. The observer is built on the basis of known engine models in a fixed coordinate system α, β, the theory of IIR-filters to obtain a forecast of estimates of the angular velocity of the rotor and the torque on the shaft and their correction in real time. Results. The authors have proposed the original structure of an observer with operational monitoring of the angular velocity of the rotor and the moment of resistance on the shaft of a submersible asynchronous motor. Conclusions. The paper demonstrates the observer performance with inconsistency of initial conditions and electric motor model data in various operating modes. In all modes, stable estimates of the speed and torque of resistance on the electric motor shaft are obtained. At the same time, the error in estimating the angular velocity under the condition of changing the load on the shaft and starting in the loaded state is no more than 1.2%, which is acceptable in submersible electric motor control systems. It is revealed that the developed observer, under the condition of changing the active resistance of the stator and rotor in the ranges from –25 to +25% of the nominal value, obtains estimates of the angular velocity with an integral error of no more than 5%, except for starting the motor with a decrease in the active resistance of the rotor by 25% of the nominal value –5.53%, which is acceptable in engineering practice.

РАЗРАБОТКА ПРОГРАММЫ РАСЧЕТА ПАРАМЕТРОВ СХЕМЫ ЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ТРЕХФАЗНОГО АСИНХРОННОГО ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЯ

The article is devoted to developing a program for calculating the parameters of a T-shaped equivalent circuit of three-phase asynchronous electric motors. The relevance of this work is due to the need to obtain reliable results of computer simulation modelling of electric drive systems in software packages. The aim of the study is to implement in a convenient software interface an analytical technique for calculating the parameters of an asynchronous motor equivalent circuit with minimal deviations from the catalogue data. For the software calculation of the equivalent circuit parameters the paper considers analytical approximation and iterative counting techniques, since they do not require experiments on industrial electrical equipment. A comparative analysis of such techniques is performed using the example of a three-phase asynchronous motor brand BA280S4 with a power of 110 kW. The results of the compar-ative analysis show that the highest reliability of the mechanical and electromechanical characteristics is achieved in the case of using the iterative counting technique with minimizing the objective function of the sum of the weighted squares of the deviations of the control point values from the catalogue data. The authors implement the program for calculating the equivalent circuit parameters according to the selected calculation method in the Embarcadero Delphi environment. The reliable values of the electric motor parameters calculated by the program will allow for computer to model electric drive systems that best matches real objects.

Perencanaan Pompa untuk Mempercepat Waktu Pengisian Oli di PT KSB Indonesia

In this study, specifications & design of the pump to used will be analyzed, then performance the oil pump is known, and effect of the oil pump on the ISP 3600 Trailer pump assembly process is analyzed. This research method begins with problem identification, literature study, analysis & optimization, design planning, fabrication process, assembly process and testing, then analyzed to obtain results in accordance with the objectives. Results this testing use a gear pump with minimum power of 67.15 Watts, using electric motor that has a minimum torque of 1.081 N.m and minimum power of 0.2125 HP, and using minimum capacitor capacity of 24.31 µF. This test uses Fuchs Renolin B46 Plus oil. Results this testing obtain a discharge of 16.789 l/min and charging time of 12.21 minutes per 205 liters.

Design and dynamic emulation of hybrid solar-wind-wave energy converter (SWWEC) for efficient power generation.

As research into wave energy converters progresses and new developers enter the field, there arises a growing requirement for a standardized modelling approach. This article presents a novel design and dynamic emulation for a hybrid solar-wind-wave energy converter (SWWEC) which is the combination of three very well-known renewable energies: solar, wind and wave energy. Photovoltaic (PV) panels and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are installed on top of the floating WEC that harness the energies from the sun and wind respectively. The SWWEC is designed with a point absorber capture system. An electrical motor is used to dynamically emulate the performance of the SWWEC under real world conditions to drive the DC generator. The present paper shows the importance and necessity of the required control schemes for the proper control of generator side converters which is present in the offshore marine substation and the most required grid connected onshore converters. The better switching signal generation for the converter control and generated harmonics elimination techniques are also presented in the paper. Outcomes of the present study are discussed and verified.

Stair Climbing Electric Wheelchair

From 18 century many types of wheelchairs had been designed, by developing its functionality. Our project focuses on addressing the mobility challenges faced by individuals with disabilities, particularly those who encounter difficulties navigating staircases. The project introduces a novel solution in the form of an electric stair- climbing wheelchair designed to provide enhanced accessibility in both indoor and outdoor environments. The wheelchair incorporates innovative technologies, including electric motors and intelligent control systems, to enable seamless and safe navigation on various types of stairs. The important parts of this product are conveyor belt, frame and driving mechanism climbing wheelchair for regular use by old disabled people. The design of frame will be done by considering various loads, stresses at various positions. The main factor of wheelchair are the angle of stair and center of gravity of whole system. The design process involves considerations for user comfort, safety, and ease of operation, with a particular emphasis on accommodating diverse user needs. Through a combination of both electrical and mechanical engineering principles and modern electronics, the wheelchair is equipped to ascend and descend stairs smoothly, offering a versatile solution for individuals with mobility impairments. We also plan to explore user feedback and ergonomic evaluations to refine the wheelchair's design and functionality. Preliminary testing would be done to demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solution in real-world scenarios. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing efforts to improve the quality of life for individuals with disabilities by expanding their mobility options and promoting inclusivity in various environments.

Development of an electronic differential system for electric vehicles based on deep neural network

Background. Modern cars typically use a transmission system where an internal combustion engine transmits force through a gearbox to a differential shaft, which then transmits torque to the wheels. In electric vehicles, however, electric motors can be attached directly to the wheels through a reduction gearbox. With a right control system, these vehicles can apply different torque to the wheels on each side of the vehicle, significantly enhancing handling. This set-up is known as an electronic differential. Its implementation can vary from simple, using the Ackerman–Jeantand model, which cannot fully replace a simple mechanical differential, to complex systems employing robust control mechanisms with yaw torque. The latter method requires a rather complex control system and expensive sensors. A third –innovative approach involves using neural networks to control electric vehicle speeds. Aim. The aim is to provide materials and software for implementing an electronic differential using artificial neural networks to expand the solutions available for controlling multiple electric derives in various electric vehicles. Materials and Methods. The neural network considers multiple factors affecting the operation of electronic differential by selecting special coefficients, weights, to neurons within the network. As a basis for obtaining data, special route maps based on the transition curve will be used. Results. Testing yielded a prediction accuracy of 0.7273, with a standard deviation of 0.064 for the training set and 0.065 for the testing set. Conclusion. Employing neural networks for controlling electric drives is a promising alternative to traditional algorithms. Owing to their flexibility, these neural networks can also implement additional driver assistance functions, such as ESP, ABS, cruise control, etc.

Influence of Inoculation and Texture on Enhancing Electrical Conductivity in Commercially Pure Aluminum for Squirrel-Cage Asynchronous Electrical Motors

Influence of Inoculation and Texture on Enhancing Electrical Conductivity in Commercially Pure Aluminum for Squirrel-Cage Asynchronous Electrical Motors

Modeling and performance analysis of an electric two-wheeler on various driving cycles and validation using a performance real-time target machine

Compared with conventional two-wheelers, electric two-wheelers are gaining popularity owing to their potential to reduce emissions, their dependency on fossil fuels, and their enhanced economic benefits. However, the electric two-wheelers face key challenges such as inconsistent performance and driving range due to varying driving conditions. This study overcomes this challenge by developing a comprehensive system to investigate and predict the behavior of electric two-wheelers under various vehicle and battery parameters, driving conditions, and ambient conditions. The developed system, implemented in MATLAB Simulink, includes five subsections (the driving cycle, motor controller unit, electric motor, battery pack, and vehicle model) and evaluates the state of health, cell temperature, energy consumption, driving range, and state of charge. To validate the model, a simulation was conducted using a Speedgoat performance real-time target machine. An extensive evaluation is executed to validate the accuracy of the developed system against the real-time performance of an electric two-wheeler. For both simulated and standard driving cycles, the model offers an error of less than 1 %. The results of the analysis show that maintaining a mean speed between 18 km/h and 35 km/h results in the least energy consumption, a higher driving range, and a lower cell temperature. In addition, the research results show that driving aggressively consumes more energy. The results of this research indicate an innovative contribution toward the recognition and selection of appropriate electric two-wheelers.

Analytical Conversion of Conventional Car to Electric Vehicle Using 5KW BLDC Electric Motor

The automotive industry is witnessing a paradigm shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly transportation solutions. This project aims to contribute to this transition by converting a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) car into an electric vehicle (EV) using a 5 kW Brushless DC (BLDC) electric motor. The conversion involves the removal of the traditional engine components and the integration of an electric propulsion system. The key components of the conversion include the BLDC motor, motor controller, battery pack, and associated power electronics. The BLDC motor is chosen for its efficiency, reliability, and compact design, making it suitable for retrofitting into existing vehicles. The motor controller manages the power supplied to the BLDC motor, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. The project explores the challenges and solutions encountered during the conversion process, including adapting the vehicle's chassis to accommodate the new components, integrating a charging system, and addressing safety considerations. Additionally, efforts are made to optimize the overall weight distribution and maintain the vehicle's original handling characteristics. Performance testing is conducted to evaluate the acceleration, top speed, and overall efficiency of the converted electric vehicle. The results are compared with the original performance specifications of the conventional car to assess the success of the conversion. This project not only showcases the technical feasibility of converting conventional cars to electric vehicles but also highlights the environmental benefits associated with reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The findings contribute valuable insights to the growing field of electric vehicle conversions and promote sustainable transportation solutions.

Study on the weakening of stator cogging torque of modular motors by gap offsets

Two schemes have been developed to reduce the cogging torque generated by the gap between the stator modules of the modular permanent magnet synchronous motor. These schemes involve shifting the gap position to change the phase of the cogging torque, thereby eliminating some of its components and reducing its magnitude. Finite element simulation was used to verify the cogging torque of E and C type modular motors using two different schemes. The effect of the offset gap on electromagnetic performance and motor vibration noise was also analysed. The results indicate that both schemes weaken the cogging torque without significantly affecting the electromagnetic performance of the motor or increasing vibration noise.

Design and Construction of Thermal Overload Relay (Siemens 3ua50) Based on Arduino Uno

A Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) is a device in an electric motor protection system designed to safeguard the motor from damage due to overheating or overcurrent. This research discusses the design and implementation of a Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) based on Arduino Uno, which is a popular and flexible microcontroller platform. This design includes the PZEM-004T sensor to detect the electrical current and temperature of the electric motor. The design integrates the advantages of the PZEM-004T sensor in accurately measuring current and voltage with the flexibility and programming capabilities of Arduino in control and data processing. This system utilizes Arduino’s communication capabilities to transmit current and temperature data in real-time, enabling remote monitoring and quick response to potentially hazardous conditions. The result of this project is a tool that can replace the function of the TOR itself, where the characteristics produced are close to those of conventional TORs, and the thermal principle in the TOR is regulated with a time delay disconnection in the Arduino program.

Motor Fault Diagnosis Based on Convolutional Block Attention Module-Xception Lightweight Neural Network.

Electric motors play a crucial role in self-driving vehicles. Therefore, fault diagnosis in motors is important for ensuring the safety and reliability of vehicles. In order to improve fault detection performance, this paper proposes a motor fault diagnosis method based on vibration signals. Firstly, the vibration signals of each operating state of the motor at different frequencies are measured with vibration sensors. Secondly, the characteristic of Gram image coding is used to realize the coding of time domain information, and the one-dimensional vibration signals are transformed into grayscale diagrams to highlight their features. Finally, the lightweight neural network Xception is chosen as the main tool, and the attention mechanism Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced into the model to enforce the importance of the characteristic information of the motor faults and realize their accurate identification. Xception is a type of convolutional neural network; its lightweight design maintains excellent performance while significantly reducing the model's order of magnitude. Without affecting the computational complexity and accuracy of the network, the CBAM attention mechanism is added, and Gram's corner field is combined with the improved lightweight neural network. The experimental results show that this model achieves a better recognition effect and faster iteration speed compared with the traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), ResNet, and Xception networks.

Analysis of hybrid electric vehicle performance and emission applied to LPG fuel system

Global carbon neutrality policies have intensified regulations on automotive emissions. CO2 and particulate number (PN) are major pollutants, with CO2 contributing to global warming and particulates affecting human health. Despite the increase of electric vehicles, internal combustion engines remain prevalent owing to their mature technology, infrastructure and economic efficiency. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a promising alternative fuel with lower CO2 and PN emissions. LPG direct injection (LPDI) technology improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions compared to current LPG vehicles. However, vapor-lock issues at high temperatures must be addressed. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), combining internal combustion and electric motors, improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions and serve as a transitional technology prior to electric vehicle (EV). In this study, a conventional 2-liter gasoline hybrid electric vehicle is converted to an LPDI-HEV using LPG. The experimental results showed that the engine output was within 5 % of an equivalent level. In real vehicle tests with the hybrid system applied, CO2 emissions were confirmed to be within a 3% difference, indicating an equivalent level, while PN emissions were significantly reduced. Although the LPDI HEV has lower fuel efficiency compared to the gasoline direct injection hybrid electric vehicle (GDI) HEV, it was found to be 12 % more economical when considering costs. This study also assesses the economic viability and environmental benefits of converting GDI HEV to LPDI HEV in urban taxi applications, providing policy insights for sustainable transportation.

Pengaruh Ukuran Kawat dan Jarak Alur Stator Terhadap Nilai Arus Starting Motor Induksi 3 Fasa

<p><strong>The use of electric motors in industry often experiences damage caused by several things, including high <em>starting</em> current surges, overload or full load, loss of one phase in the electric motor, and other causes of damage to the 3-phase motor. The main problem that occurred in this research was damage caused by high <em>starting</em> currents, where in the case study many 3-phase motors were used to drive factory machines. The use of 3-phase motors to drive factory machines is often damaged by unstable currents in the machines. This is because the time and workers for monitoring are very minimal and the materials for repairing machines are inadequate. In this way, the solution for repairing a 3-phase motor is to replace and rewind the damaged motor so that it can be used again. This research aims to find a solution on how to reduce high <em>starting</em> currents in 3-phase motors by utilizing the influence of replacing damaged induction motor components as well as repair methods used in <em>starting</em> when <em>rewinding</em> 3-phase motors. The research results from the groove distance with a wire size of 0.90 mm showed that the groove distance of 9, 9, 8 was 29.3, and at a distance of 10, 10, 10 it had a current of 31 A with no-load testing and recommended groove distances of 10, 10, 10. Next, testing wire sizes of 0.75 mm and 0.90 mm with distances of 10, 10, 10, and 9, 9, 8 without load obtained 26.1 A and 27.4 A while 0.90 mm was 30, 7 A and 28, 1 A. The load was 43.5 A and 43.9 A, while 0.90 mm was 51.3 A and 49.3 A. From the test results, the largest current decrease was at a distance of 10, 10, 10 with a wire size of 0.75 mm. </strong></p><p><strong>Keyword - <em>3 Phase Induction Motor, Groove Spacing, Starting, Wire Size.</em></strong></p>

Taguchi Approach to Defect Analysis on Electric Motor Conversion at PT. Electric Vehicle Trimotorindo

Maintaining product quality can reduce the risk of defective products. The survival of a company is heavily reliant on product quality. In order to improve performance and reduce defects in the product process, PT. Electric Vehicle Trimotorindo employs the Taguchi approach in conjunction with the QC system. The goal of this research is to determine the product process of PT. Trimotorindo Electric Vehicle, identify the highest rejection rate, evaluate process capability, and propose improvements using the Kaizen system. This study uses the Taguchi system to optimize the product process of PT. Trimotorindo Electric Vehicles. After collecting data from the taguchi system, it can be concluded that the highest position of blights in a conversion process is in the electric current string.

Low Vibration Control Scheme for Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Resonance Controllers

For an electric locomotive traction motor, it is necessary to maintain relatively low vibration and noise due to the higher design standards. By using effective motor control strategies and implementing current harmonic suppression schemes, motor efficiency and vibration and noise suppression can be effectively improved. This study investigates the current harmonic suppression strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motors by (1) constructing a mathematical model of the permanent magnet motor to explore the sources of low-order harmonics currents such as fifth and seventh harmonics, as well as high-order harmonics at switch frequencies and their multiples, and analyzing the electromagnetic force characteristics generated by the current, and (2) establishing a vector control system for the permanent magnet motor. To suppress the fifth and seventh harmonic components in the current, a resonance controller is constructed, which utilizes the parallel connection of a resonator and PI controller to achieve low-order harmonic suppression. The factors affecting the effectiveness of the resonance controller’s suppression are also analyzed. The experiments are conducted, and the current harmonic suppression scheme constructed in this study can effectively reduce the harmonics in the current, thereby reducing motor vibration and noise.

A position-free control strategy in the full speed domain based on an electro-hydraulic pump

The electric plunger hydraulic pump plays a crucial role in hydraulic transmission technology by integrating an electric motor and a hydraulic pump. The main objectives in designing such devices are to improve efficiency, achieve miniaturization, and promote environmental sustainability. This paper introduces a speed control strategy for an electric hydraulic pump that operates across its entire speed range without relying on position sensor feedback. We begin by establishing the overall model of the electric hydraulic pump and motor characteristics under different operating conditions. Next, we employ a high-frequency injection control method to enable the electric hydraulic pump to start at zero-speed or low-speed states. Additionally, the optimized extended Kalman filtering control method enhances the robustness and tracking performance of the electric hydraulic pump in the medium to high-speed range. Finally, considering the motor characteristics under different operating conditions, we achieve sensorless control of the electric hydraulic pump across the full speed range. Our proposed control strategy provides a promising solution for the control of electric plunger hydraulic pumps, with widespread industrial applications.

Analysing The Interest In Buying Electric Motorbikes In The Community In Jakarta

This study aims to analyse the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on the interest in buying electric motorbikes in DKI Jakarta. TAM is a model used to understand how users accept and use new technology. This model involves several main dimensions, such as Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), and Attitude (A). This research uses purposive sampling method for sample selection. The analysis techniques applied include descriptive analysis and average score calculation. The results showed that the Attitude Towards dimension received an average score of 3.37 which was included in the "strongly agree" category and was in the very highlevel interval. The Perceived Ease of Use dimension obtained a score of 3.37 which is in the high interval scale range. Meanwhile, Perceived Usefulness received a score of 3.30 which is also in the very highlevel interval. Of the three dimensions, Attitude Towards has the highest effectiveness value, followed by Perceived Ease of Use, and then Perceived Usefulness. This suggests that a positive attitude towards electric motorbikes is the most powerful factor influencing purchase intention, followed by ease of use and perceived usefulness. The implications show that the factors that influence the purchase interest of electric motorbikes can be measured using TAM, which plays an important role in measuring purchase interest in the Jakarta community. In addition, the results of this study can also serve as a basis for the government in designing policies that support the use of electric motors, such as tax incentives or subsidies for the purchase of electric motors.

Mathematical Methods for Control Systems in Electrical Engineering

Control frameworks are exceptionally imperative in electrical building since they make it conceivable to absolutely control and move forward complicated gadgets and forms. This unique talks almost essential scientific procedures that are required to get it and construct control frameworks within the field of electrical designing. Through science structures, it appears vital thoughts like criticism control, soundness examination, and framework optimization. Differential conditions, which depict how energetic frameworks carry on, are the building squares of control frameworks. These conditions appear how framework variables are associated to each other and how quick they alter over time. They are utilized to ponder how frameworks move and remain steady. These forms decide how electric circuits, engines, generators, and other critical parts of advanced innovation foundation work in electrical building employments. The thought of control gives us ways to form these frameworks more steady, controlled, and successful. Differential conditions can be effectively interpreted into the recurrence space utilizing strategies like Laplace changes. This makes it simpler to think about how frameworks react to distinctive inputs and changes. This alter makes it less demanding to figure out framework exchange capacities, which makes a difference when making controls that alter how frameworks carry on to meet execution objectives. Steadiness investigation too makes beyond any doubt that controlled frameworks work reliably and typically indeed when conditions alter. Strategies like root locus, Nyquist measure, and Bode plots offer assistance us get it the limits of a system's steadiness and how it reacts, which is vital for making beyond any doubt it works well and anticipating undesirable variances or insecurity.