Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulation Research Articles

SSLG4: A novel scintillator simulation library for Geant4

This study introduces a new Scintillator Simulation Library called SSLG4 for the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation package. With SSLG4, we aim to enhance efficiency and accelerate progress in optical simulations within the Geant4 framework by simplifying scintillator handling and providing a rich repository of scintillators. The SSLG4 enables users to quickly include predefined scintillator materials in their simulations without requiring manual definition. The library initially contains 68 scintillators, consisting of 58 organic and 10 inorganic types. Most of these scintillators are selected from the catalogs of several scintillator manufacturers, notably Eljen and Luxium. Other scintillators are included based on their widespread use across various physics domains. The library stores optical data of scintillators in ASCII files with .mac and .txt extensions, enabling users to add, remove, or modify properties of scintillators at runtime of their applications. In addition, we made all the scintillator data available in the library on a dedicated page of our website to ensure convenient access for all users. Program summaryProgram title: SSLG4CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/3zbwr5wf7z.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/mkandemirr/SSLG4, https://neutrino.erciyes.edu.tr/SSLG4/Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3Programming language: C++External routines/libraries: Geant4, CMake, OPSimNature of problem: Defining a new scintillator in Geant4 is a cumbersome process for some users due to three main reasons: (1) It requires a lot of data input from users, (2) collecting the scintillator data requires an extensive literature review, and (3) the collected data needs to be converted into the desired format. In addition, the interfaces provided to define a scintillator direct users to embed scintillator data into their source code, resulting in increased code complexity, reduced code readability, and an inefficient working environment.Solution method: To solve the problems mentioned above, developing and introducing a new library consisting of fully parameterized and ready-to-use scintillators would greatly increase the useability of the Geant4 simulation package for scintillator studies and interest a wide range of scientific communities.

Innovative nano-shielding for minimizing stray radiation dose in external radiation therapy: A promising approach to enhance patient safety

This study investigates the effectiveness of novel nanocomposite shielding materials in reducing out-of-field radiation doses during radiation therapy, employing Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations alongside an anthropomorphic female phantom. The research focuses on two radiation modalities: 6 MV beams with and without flattening filters. Utilizing the Geant4 MC code, detailed simulations of a Varian Clinac 2100C/D linear accelerator and an ICRP-145 mesh-type human phantom were conducted to estimate the doses to out-of-field organs from unintended secondary radiation. This involved simulating a comprehensive linac model, including all relevant beam-line components, and assessing the shielding effects of three different nanocomposites doped with metal nanoparticles at various thicknesses. The nanocomposites, comprising Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), with PtO2, IrO2, and Bi2O3 nanoparticles, were evaluated for their potential to reduce patient organ doses from stray photon doses. The results showed that these materials could significantly lower radiation exposure to non-target tissues.

Exploring green environmental composites as hosts for shielding materials using experimental, theoretical and Geant4 simulation methods

Rice straw is considered an agricultural waste harmful to the environment, which is abundant in most parts of the world. From this point, the present study is devoted to preparing new composites of two types of glue based on rice straw as a plentiful, low-cost matrix. Straw glue samples were prepared by mixing 20% wt. of rice straw with 80% wt. of animal glue (RS-An) and polyvinyl acetate (RS-PVAC) at different thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 cm. The chemical composition of the prepared samples was identified by energy dispersive X-ray analysis and their morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The mechanical test explored that RS-An and RS-PVAC respectively required a stress of 25.2 and 25.5 MPa before reaching the breaking point. γ-ray shielding performance was analyzed and determined at numerous photon energies from 0.059 to 1.408 MeV emitted from five-point γ-rays sources using NaI (Tl). Linear attenuation coefficient was calculated by obtaining the area under the peak of the energy spectrum observed from Genie 2000 software in the presence and absence of the sample. The experimental results of mass attenuation coefficient were compared with theoretical data of XCOM software with relative deviation ranging from 0.10 to 2.99%. Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation code was also employed to validate the experimental results. The relative deviation of XCOM and Geant4 outcomes was 0.09–1.77%, which indicates a good agreement between them. Other radiation shielding parameters such as half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer, and mean free path were calculated in three ways: experimentally, theoretically from the XCOM database, and by simulation using Geant4 code. Additionally, effective atomic number (Zeff), effective atomic number (Neff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), and buildup factors were evaluated. It was confirmed that the γ-ray shielding properties were further boosted by mixing rice straw with the animal glue compared to the synthetic one.

Design, construction, and dosimetry of 3D printed heterogeneous phantoms for synchrotron brain cancer radiation therapy quality assurance

Objective. This study aims to design, manufacture, and test 3D printed quality assurance (QA) dosimetry phantoms for synchrotron brain cancer radiation therapy at the Australian synchrotron. Approach. Fabricated 3D printed phantoms from simple slab phantoms, a preclinical rat phantom, and an anthropomorphic head phantom were fabricated and characterized. Attenuation measurements of various polymers, ceramics and metals were acquired using synchrotron monochromatic micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging. Polylactic acid plus, VeroClear, Durable resin, and tricalcium phosphate were used in constructing the phantoms. Furthermore, 3D printed bone equivalent materials were compared relative to ICRU bone and hemihydrate plaster. Homogeneous and heterogeneous rat phantoms were designed and fabricated using tissue-equivalent materials. Geometric accuracy, CT imaging, and consistency were considered. Moreover, synchrotron broad-beam x-rays were delivered using a 3 Tesla superconducting multipole wiggler field for four sets of synchrotron radiation beam qualities. Dose measurements were acquired using a PinPoint ionization chamber and compared relative to a water phantom and a RMI457 Solid Water phantom. Experimental depth doses were compared relative to calculated doses using a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Main results. Polylactic acid (PLA+) shows to have a good match with the attenuation coefficient of ICRU water, while both tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite have good attenuation similarity with ICRU bone cortical. PLA+ material can be used as substitute to RMI457 slabs for reference dosimetry with a maximum difference of 1.84%. Percent depth dose measurement also shows that PLA+ has the best match with water and RMI457 within ±2.2% and ±1.6%, respectively. Overall, PLA+ phantoms match with RMI457 phantoms within ±3%. Significance and conclusion. The fabricated phantoms are excellent tissue equivalent equipment for synchrotron radiation dosimetry QA measurement. Both the rat and the anthropomorphic head phantoms are useful in synchrotron brain cancer radiotherapy dosimetry, experiments, and future clinical translation of synchrotron radiotherapy and imaging.

Simulations on the performances of neutron shielding glass materials and secondary radiation risks

Glasses with neutron shielding properties are extremely important for nuclear industries. Neutron interactions with ten different neutron shielding glass types were simulated by using GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. Simulation results were evaluated in terms of shielding performances, deposited energy properties and produced secondary radiation. Important evaluations were made in view of radiation safety, especially on secondary particles and radioactivity resulting from interactions between neutrons and glass samples. All simulated glass samples were found to emit risky secondary particles and radioactive nuclei after interacting with fast neutrons.

Nanoscale gold nanoparticle (GNP)-laden tumor cell model and its use for estimation of intracellular dose from GNP-induced secondary electrons.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) accumulated within tumor cells have been shown to sensitize tumors to radiotherapy. From a physics point of view, the observed GNP-mediated radiosensitization is due to various downstream effects of the secondary electron (SE) production from internalized GNPs such as GNP-mediated dose enhancement. Over the years, numerous computational investigations on GNP-mediated dose enhancement/radiosensitization have been conducted. However, such investigations have relied mostly on simple cellular geometry models and/or artificial GNP distributions. Thus, it is at least desirable, if not necessary, to conduct further investigations using cellular geometry models that properly reflect realistic cell morphology as well as internalized GNP distributions at the nanoscale. The primary aim of this study was to develop a nanometer-resolution geometry model of a GNP-laden tumor cell for computational investigations of GNP-mediated dose enhancement/radiosensitization. The secondary aim was to demonstrate the utility of this model by quantifying GNP-induced SE tracks/dose distribution at sub-cellular levels for further validation of a nanoscopic dose point kernel (nDPK) method against full-fledged Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a single cell showing cytoplasm, cellular nucleus, and internalized GNPs in the cellular endosome was segmented into sub-cellular levels based on pixel value thresholding. A corresponding material density was allocated to each pixel, and, by adding a thickness, each pixel was transformed to a geometric voxel and imported as a Geant4-acceptable input geometry file. In Geant4-Penelope MC simulation, a clinical 6MV photon beam was applied, vertically or horizontally to the cell surface, and energy deposition to the cellular nucleus and cytoplasm, due to SEs emitted by internalized GNPs, was scored. Next, nDPK calculations were performed by generating virtual electron tracks from each GNP voxel to all nucleus and cytoplasm voxels. Subsequently, another set of Geant4 simulation was performed with both Penelope and DNA physics models under the geometry closely mimicking in vitro cell irradiation with a clinical 6MV photon beam, allowing for derivation of nDPK specific to this geometry and further comparison between Gean4 simulation and nDPK method. The Geant4-calculated SE tracks and associated energy depositions showed significant dependence on photon incidence angle. For perpendicular incidence, nDPK results showed good agreement (average percentage pixel-to-pixel difference of 0.4% for cytoplasm and 0.5% for nucleus) with Geant4 results, while, for parallel incidence, the agreement became worse (-1.7%-0.7% for cytoplasm and -5.5%-0.8% for nucleus). Under the 6MV cell irradiation geometry, nDPK results showed reasonable agreement (pixel-to-pixel Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient of 0.91 for cytoplasm and 0.98 for nucleus) with Geant4 results. The currently developed TEM-based model of a GNP-laden cell offers unprecedented details of realistic intracellular GNP distributions for nanoscopic computational investigations of GNP-mediated dose enhancement/radiosensitization. A benchmarking study performed with this model showed reasonable agreement between Geant4- and nDPK-calculated intracellular dose deposition by SEs emitted from internalized GNPs, especially under perpendicular incidence - a popular cell irradiation geometry and when the Geant4-Penelope physics model was used.

Production and characterization of ionizing radiation shielding material from algal biomass

This study employs several approaches to enhance environmental sustainability: First, algal biomass (with 52.5% protein content) was converted into value-added products. Second, residual algal biomass from protein extraction and pigment extraction and raw algal biomass were used to manufacture bioplastics. Third, radiation shielding performance of bioplastics has been investigated. As an alternative to plastics originated from petroleum-based raw materials, environmentally friendly bioplastics were derived from residual algae biomass after extraction. The gamma-ray radiation shielding properties of the produced bioplastic have been investigated using WinXCOM theoretical calculation and GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Fast neutron shielding performance of the considered materials also evaluated with help of theoretical calculation and the same MC simulation. The produced bioplastics are similar to ones with commercially available PLA polymer. Sample 1 was found to be better gamma-ray attenuator while Sample 2 has the highest value of the effective neutron removal cross section. Additionally, the boron addition has resulted in lower water absorption capacity in the prepared samples. Using algae to produce more than one product as a raw material source will be an effective step toward sustainable life, and they could be an alternative gamma-ray shielding material to existing commercial polymers.

A quantitative assessment of Geant4 for predicting the yield and distribution of positron-emitting fragments in ion beam therapy

Objective. To compare the accuracy with which different hadronic inelastic physics models across ten Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit versions can predict positron-emitting fragments produced along the beam path during carbon and oxygen ion therapy. Approach. Phantoms of polyethylene, gelatin, or poly(methyl methacrylate) were irradiated with monoenergetic carbon and oxygen ion beams. Post-irradiation, 4D PET images were acquired and parent 11C, 10C and 15O radionuclides contributions in each voxel were determined from the extracted time activity curves. Next, the experimental configurations were simulated in Geant4 Monte Carlo versions 10.0 to 11.1, with three different fragmentation models—binary ion cascade (BIC), quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) and the Liege intranuclear cascade (INCL++) - 30 model-version combinations. Total positron annihilation and parent isotope production yields predicted by each simulation were compared between simulations and experiments using normalised mean squared error and Pearson cross-correlation coefficient. Finally, we compared the depth of the maximum positron annihilation yield and the distal point at which the positron yield decreases to 50% of peak between each model and the experimental results. Main results. Performance varied considerably across versions and models, with no one version/model combination providing the best prediction of all positron-emitting fragments in all evaluated target materials and irradiation conditions. BIC in Geant4 10.2 provided the best overall agreement with experimental results in the largest number of test cases. QMD consistently provided the best estimates of both the depth of peak positron yield (10.4 and 10.6) and the distal 50%-of-peak point (10.2), while BIC also performed well and INCL generally performed the worst across most Geant4 versions. Significance. The best predictions of the spatial distribution of positron annihilations and positron-emitting fragment production along the beam path during carbon and oxygen ion therapy was obtained using Geant4 10.2.p03 with BIC or QMD. These version/model combinations are recommended for future heavy ion therapy research.

Characterization of selected additive manufacturing materials for synchrotron monochromatic imaging and broad-beam radiotherapy at the Australian synchrotron-imaging and medical beamline

Objective. This study aims to characterize radiological properties of selected additive manufacturing (AM) materials utilizing both material extrusion and vat photopolymerization technologies. Monochromatic synchrotron x-ray images and synchrotron treatment beam dosimetry were acquired at the hutch 3B and 2B of the Australian Synchrotron-Imaging and Medical Beamline. Approach. Eight energies from 30 keV up to 65 keV were used to acquire the attenuation coefficients of the AM materials. Comparison of theoretical, and experimental attenuation data of AM materials and standard solid water for MV linac was performed. Broad-beam dosimetry experiment through attenuated dose measurement and a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation were done for the studied materials to investigate its attenuation properties specific for a 4 tesla wiggler field with varying synchrotron radiation beam qualities. Main results. Polylactic acid (PLA) plus matches attenuation coefficients of both soft tissue and brain tissue, while acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, and Draft resin have close equivalence to adipose tissue. Lastly, PLA, co-polyester plus, thermoplastic polyurethane, and White resins are promising substitute materials for breast tissue. For broad-beam experiment and simulation, many of the studied materials were able to simulate RMI457 Solid Water and bolus within ±10% for the three synchrotron beam qualities. These results are useful in fabricating phantoms for synchrotron and other related medical radiation applications such as orthovoltage treatments. Significance and conclusion. These 3D printing materials were studied as potential substitutes for selected tissues such as breast tissue, adipose tissue, soft-tissue, and brain tissue useful in fabricating 3D printed phantoms for synchrotron imaging, therapy, and orthovoltage applications. Fabricating customizable heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms (e.g. breast, head, thorax) and pre-clinical animal phantoms (e.g. rodents, canine) for synchrotron imaging and radiotherapy using AM can be done based on the results of this study.

Observations of GRB 221009A by the MAVEN-SEP Instrument at Mars

We report on the detection of the Brightest Of All Time (the BOAT) gamma-ray burst (GRB) 221009A by the MAVEN Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) silicon (Si) detectors. The SEP instrument on board the MAVEN spacecraft at Mars is designed to measure charged particle fluxes and energies. In this work, we show that the SEP Si detectors have detected populations of secondary charged particles and low-energy primary photons from the GRB. Our analysis relies on a series of simplified Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. We show that electromagnetic and hadronic interactions between the GRB photons and the spacecraft’s passive material and Si detectors produced the detected secondary particles.

Radiation attenuation properties of transparent aluminum oxynitride: a comprehensive study

The investigation of radiation-durable materials with outstanding gamma shielding capabilities and lead-free alternatives remains a compelling area of research. This study fills a critical gap by exploring, for the first time, the radiation attenuation properties of the novel material aluminum oxynitride (AlON) and its shielding mechanism. Utilizing the XCOM database and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, we systematically examined AlON’s linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean-free path, effective atomic number, and effective electron density. Comparing AlON to traditional shielding materials and glasses, including both lead-containing and lead-free compositions, our study suggests its superiority over concrete and lead-free glasses. At higher energies, AlON demonstrates comparability with lead-doped materials. These findings contribute valuable insights into the potential applications of AlON across diverse radiation shielding contexts. This research provides a foundational understanding of AlON’s radiation attenuation capabilities, paving the way for future exploration and practical applications in the field of gamma shielding.

Tuning spatially fractionated radiotherapy dose profiles using the moiré effect

Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy (SFRT) has demonstrated promising potential in cancer treatment, combining the advantages of reduced post-radiation effects and enhanced local control rates. Within this paradigm, proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) was suggested as a new treatment modality, possibly producing superior normal tissue sparing to conventional proton therapy, leading to improvements in patient outcomes. However, an effective and convenient beam generation method for pMBRT, capable of implementing various optimum dose profiles, is essential for its real-world application. Our study investigates the potential of utilizing the moiré effect in a dual collimator system (DCS) to generate pMBRT dose profiles with the flexibility to modify the center-to-center distance (CTC) of the dose distribution in a technically simple way.We employ the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations tool to demonstrate that the angle between the two collimators of a DCS can significantly impact the dose profile. Varying the DCS angle from 10∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document} to 50∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document} we could cover CTC ranging from 11.8 mm to 2.4 mm, respectively. Further investigations reveal the substantial influence of the multi-slit collimator’s (MSC) physical parameters on the spatially fractionated dose profile, such as period (CTC), throughput, and spacing between MSCs. These findings highlight opportunities for precision dose profile adjustments tailored to specific clinical scenarios.The DCS capacity for rapid angle adjustments during the energy transition stages of a spot scanning system can facilitate dynamic alterations in the irradiation profile, enhancing dose contrast in normal tissues. Furthermore, its unique attribute of spatially fractionated doses in both lateral directions could potentially improve normal tissue sparing by minimizing irradiated volume. Beyond the realm of pMBRT, the dual MSC system exhibits remarkable versatility, showing compatibility with different types of beams (X-rays and electrons) and applicability across various SFRT modalities.Our study illuminates the dual MSC system’s potential as an efficient and adaptable tool in the refinement of pMBRT techniques. By enabling meticulous control over irradiation profiles, this system may expedite advancements in clinical and experimental applications, thereby contributing to the evolution of SFRT strategies.

Tritium breeding ratio optimization in simple multi-layer blanket with genetic algorithm

Investigation on tritium production via fast neutrons generated by magnetically confined plasma in a tokamak device is conducted for optimization of tritium breeding ratio (TBR). The blanket is configured as a 1-dimensional multiple layer of materials for the wall, moderation, reflection, and tritium productions, and genetic algorithm is adopted to select the optimal material on each order and location. The configuration selected in the process is evaluated in aspect of tritium production to incoming neutron ratio. To construct the algorithm, the ratio of tritium production is parametrized by neutron energies from 0 to 14 MeV for the materials with Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, and the simulated tritium in the algorithm are evaluated for the selection of parent for the next generation. Result configuration from the algorithm is put back to the Geant4 simulation for verification, and TBR is evaluated with blanket designs in other facilities.

Robust treatment planning for small animal radio-neuromodulation using focused kV x-ray beams.

In preclinical radio-neuromodulation research, small animal experiments are pivotal for unraveling radiobiological mechanism, investigating prescription and planning techniques, and assessing treatment effects and toxicities. However, the target size inside a rat brain is typically in the order of sub-millimeters. The small target inside the visual cortex neural region in rat brain with a diameter of around 1mm was focused in this work to observe the physiological change of this region. Delivering uniform doses to the small target while sparing health tissues is challenging. Focused kV x-ray technique based on modern x-ray polycapillary focusing lens is a promising modality for small animal radio-neuromodulation. The current manual planning method could lead to sub-optimal plans, and the positioning uncertainties due to mechanical accuracy limitations, animal immobilization, and robotic arm motion are not considered. This work aims to design a robust inverse planning method to optimize the intensities of focused kV x-ray beams located in beam trajectories to irradiate small mm-sized targets in rat brains for radio-neuromodulation. Focused kV x-ray beams were generated through polycapillary x-ray focusing lenses on achieving small (≤0.3mm) focus perpendicular to the beam. The beam trajectories were manually designed in 3D space in scanning-while-rotating mode. Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation generated a dose calculation matrix for each focused kV x-ray beam located in beam trajectories. In the proposed robust inverse planning method, an objective function combining a voxel-wise stochastic programming approach and L1 norm regularization was established to overcome the positioning uncertainties and obtain a high-quality plan. The fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (FISTA) was utilized to solve the objective function and obtain the optimal intensities. Four cases were employed to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The manual and non-robust inverse planning methods were also implemented for comparison. The proposed robust inverse planning method achieved superior dose homogeneity and higher robustness against positioning uncertainties. On average, the clinical target volume (CTV) homogeneity index (HI) of robust inverse plan improved to 13.3 from 22.9 in non-robust inverse plan and 53.8 in manual plan if positioning uncertainties were also present. The average bandwidth at D90 was reduced by 6.5Gy in the robust inverse plan, compared to 9.6Gy in non-robust inverse plan and 12.5Gy in manual plan. The average bandwidth at D80 was reduced by 3.4Gy in robust inverse plan, compared to 5.5Gy in non-robust inverse plan and 8.5Gy in manual plan. Moreover, the dose delivery time of manual plan was reduced by an average reduction of 54.7% with robust inverse plan and 29.0% with non-robust inverse plan. Compared to manual and non-robust inverse planning methods, the robust inverse planning method improved the dose homogeneity and delivery efficiency and was resistant to the uncertainties, which are crucial for radio-neuromodulation utilizing focused kV x-rays.

Radiation shielding assessment for interventional radiology personnel: Geant4 dosimetry of lead-free compositions

The inherent biological hazards associated with ionizing radiation necessitate the implementation of effective shielding measures, particularly in medical applications. Interventional radiology, in particular, poses a unique challenge as it often exposes medical personnel to prolonged periods of high x-ray doses. Historically, lead and lead-based compounds have been the primary materials employed for shielding against photons. However, the drawbacks of lead, including its substantial weight causing personnel’s inflexibility and its toxicity, have raised concerns regarding its long-term impact on both human health and the environment. Barium tantalate has emerged as a promising alternative, due to its unique attenuation properties against low-energy x-rays, specifically targeting the weak absorption area of lead. In the present study, we employ the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation tool to investigate various formulations of barium tantalate doped with rare earth elements. The aim is to identify the optimal composition for shielding x-rays in the context of interventional radiology. To achieve this, we employ a reference x-ray spectrum typical of interventional radiology procedures, with energies extending up to 90 keV, within a carefully designed simulation setup. Our primary performance indicator is the reduction in air kerma transmission. Furthermore, we assess the absorbed doses to critical organs at risk within a standard human body phantom protected by the shield. Our results demonstrate that specific concentrations of the examined rare earth impurities can enhance the shielding performance of barium tantalate. To mitigate x-ray exposure in interventional radiology, our analysis reveals that the most effective shielding performance is achieved when using barium tantalate compositions containing 15% Erbium or 10% Samarium by weight. These findings suggest the possibility of developing lead-free shielding solutions or apron for interventional radiology personnel, offering a remarkable reduction in weight (exceeding 30%) while maintaining shielding performance at levels comparable to traditional lead-based materials.

Characterization of a Germanium Detector by Means of Experimental Measurements and GEANT4 Monte Carlo Simulations

A HPGe detector was modelled and characterized by means of experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation based on Monte Carlo GEANT4 was used to characterize the potential dead layer/inactive materials and Full Energy Peak Efficiency (FEPE). The calibration of FEPE for the HPGe detector was conducted in the γ-ray energy range from 88 keV to 1332 keV, using eight standard point sources of gamma radiation: 137Cs, 133Ba, 109Cd, 65Zn, 60Co, 57Co, 54Mn, and 22Na. The efficiency dependence curves were obtained by changing the source to detector distance from 8 cm to 12 cm. a remarkable similarity in FEPE for low energy measurements ranging from 88 keV to 122 keV was obtained between the simulation results and the experimental measurements.

First experimental demonstration of real-time neutron capture discrimination in helium and carbon ion therapy

This work provides the first experimental proof of an increased neutron capture photon signal following the introduction of boron to a PMMA phantom during helium and carbon ion therapies in Neutron Capture Enhanced Particle Therapy (NCEPT). NCEPT leverages 10\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{10}$$\\end{document}B neutron capture, leading to the emission of detectable 478 keV photons. Experiments were performed at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan, with two Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) targets, one bearing a boron insert. The BeNEdiCTE gamma-ray detector measured an increase in the 478 keV signal of 45 ± 7% and 26 ± 2% for carbon and helium ion irradiation, respectively. Our Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation model, developed to investigate photon origins, found less than 30% of detected photons originated from the insert, while boron in the detector’s circuit boards contributed over 65%. Further, the model investigated detector sensitivity, establishing its capability to record a 10% increase in 478 keV photon detection at a target 10\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{10}$$\\end{document}B concentration of 500 ppm using spectral windowing alone, and 25% when combined with temporal windowing. The linear response extended to concentrations up to 20,000 ppm. The increase in the signal in all evaluated cases confirm the potential of the proposed detector design for neutron capture quantification in NCEPT.

Charge-neutral, GeV-scale electron-positron pair beams produced using bremsstrahlung gamma rays

Matter-antimatter plasmas, such as electron-positron pair plasmas, are frequently observed in various astrophysical phenomena. In laboratory settings, electron-positron pairs have often been generated using high-Z converters irradiated by either direct laser pulses or laser-driven electron beams. Here we generate charge-neutral electron-positron beams with energies in the GeV range, utilizing bremsstrahlung gamma rays. Specifically, intense high-energy gamma rays produced electron-positron pair particles in a lead converter via the Bethe-Heitler process. The produced pair beams exhibited neutrality across all converter thicknesses throughout the energy spectrum spanning from 10 MeV to 1.8 GeV. Pairs with energies surpassing 1 GeV constituted up to 26% of the total kinetic energy within the spectrum. The experimental results were in good agreement with our Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. These GeV-scale neutral pair particle beams have potential applications for understanding energetic astrophysical phenomena and high-energy particle physics.

An investigation of the simulation response of GEM-based detector for the fast neutrons by employment of GEANT4 & MCNP MC codes

The current work explores the potential ability to identify fast neutrons with one Gas Electron multiplier (GEM) detector connected to a polyethylene (PE) converter. Hence, a simulation was tested utilizing the GEANT4 Monte Carlo and MCNP simulation codes. The GEM detector functions by detecting the charged particles generated by an (n, p) reaction on a polyethylene. Fast neutrons in the ranging with energy levels of 1.0 MeV to to 25 MeV have the ability to travel towards the detector surface and evaluation was conducted from its response. For the 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm converter thickness, the sensitivity remains ∼ 9.8% and 13.4%, and 14.2% respectively via GEANT4 QGSP_BERT_HP physics lists. For the same converter thicknesses, sensitivity remains ∼ 9% and 12%, and 12.5% using the QGSP_BIC_HP physics list. Using the MCNP, with a 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm converter thickness, the sensitivity remains ∼ 12.8%, 13.3% and 13.6% via cell-flux tally method, while with the MCNP pulse- height technique with the same converter thicknesses, the sensitivity remains ∼ 10.6%, 12% and 13.3% respectively. The current findings reveals that GEM detector exhibits a clear and efficient response to inserted fast neutrons. Consequently, GEM based detectors have a potential to be a better candidate for fast neutron detection.

Geant4 Monte-Carlo (GEMC) A database-driven simulation program

GEMC[1] is an application that harnesses the power of databases to execute Geant4 Monte-Carlo simulations. The databases (MYSQL, CSQL, TEXT) define the geometry, materials, digitization algorithms, readout electronics and output formats. Implemented in C++, GEMC also boasts a user-friendly Python API that facilitates detector construction and database population. GEMC can handle real-life scenarios such as geometry variations and the run number-dependent calibration constants and digitization parameters. This abstract provides an overview of GEMC, accompanied by examples that showcase its versatility. We delve into the practical application of GEMC within the the CLAS12 experimental program at Jefferson Lab.