GDP Variables Research Articles

Research on the impact of multi-dimensional urbanization on China's carbon emissions under the background of COP21

The Paris Agreement (COP21) further defines the concept of global climate governance as low-carbon green development. Urbanization and carbon emissions are two major characteristics of modern Chinese economic and social development. China's new urbanization requires not only the realization of population, the harmonization of land and economic urbanization also requires the protection of the ecological environment in the process of urbanization to achieve green and low-carbon development. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the influencing factors of carbon emissions and compare their differences based on spatial econometric models and from various perspectives of urbanization. Empirical findings of the study are as follows: (1) The Moran's I indexes are all above 0.5, the spatial effects of regional carbon emissions are significant, and it cannot be ignored. Similarly, it shows that the optimal model is a spatial doubly model with dual fixed effects. (2) Direct effects of population, land, and economic urbanization are positive. Whereas, indirect effect about population urbanization is negative, but its total effect is same direction change with carbon emissions. Indirect and total effect of land urbanization are negative, indirect effect of economic urbanization is small and total effect is significantly positive. (3) Per capita GDP, energy intensity, and environmental regulation variables of control variables are all positive; opening to outside be positive but not obvious.

Analisis Komparasi Hapiness Index 5 Negara di Asean

The limitation of economic indicators in representing the level of community welfare has increased the world's attention to social aspects of development. Development progress, which has been seen more by economic indicators, such as economic growth and poverty reduction, is considered insufficient to reflect the right level of welfare. This study aims to determine the effect of GDP per capita, environmental index, and unemployment on the happiness index of 9 countries in ASEAN. Estimation results show that the variable GDP per capita significantly and negatively influences the happiness index. The environmental index has a positive effect on the Happiness Index, and unemployment has a positive impact on the happiness index. Based on the results of special effects, there are individual effect values ​​in 9 ASEAN countries. Singapore is the country with the most significant personal impact, and the Philippines is the country with the smallest particular effect.

Analisis impor beras Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the development of each variable and its effect on rice imports in Indonesia for the period 1998-2017. This research uses descriptive and quantitative analysis tools. The data used is time-series data or time series. To analyze this research, the "Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used. The results showed that the independent variables simultaneously had a significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. Partially, the domestic rice price variable has a positive and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia, the exchange rate variable has a negative and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia and the GDP variable has a negative and significant effect on rice imports in Indonesia. Keywords: Rice imports, Exchange rate, The price of rice

Evaluating the relationship between energy consumption and pollution with economic growth in line with overall environmental policies

in this study, we try to examine the interrelationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel energy consumption in the short and long run, Without prejudging the endogenous or exougenous nature of each one. Also, the effect of foreign direct investment and exports and imports on each of the variables of economic growth, energy use and carbon dioxide emissions was investigated separately. For this purpose, gross domestic product per capita, per capita carbon dioxide, foreign direct investment, energy use (oil equivalent) export and import levels were used during the period from 1970 to 2015. The results of impuls response functions indicate that there is a two-way relationship between each of the variables of energy consumption and GDP and carbon dioxide emission. Also, the results of variance decomposition indicate that in the long run, among the variables studied, last year's economic growth, export and direct foreign investment have the greatest impact on GDP. and The amount of last year's CO2 emission, economic growth and export will have the greatest impact on carbon dioxide emissions.

MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF THE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE AND ITS DEPENDENCIES ON ECONOMIES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

The objective of the paper is managerial evaluation of the level of logistics on individual continents and to find out dependence between the level of logistic systems and the level of GDP in the selected countries of the world. To evaluate logistics, we used the Logistics Performance Index and its six categories (customs clearance, infrastructure, international shipment, logistic competencies, monitoring shipment, and satisfaction). The index of gross domestic product was shown per capita and in constant U.S. dollars for 2010. The analyzed period was the years 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Together, we analyzed 134 countries from five of the world’s continents. Results are provided separately for the European countries and the Slovak Republic. To find out mutual linear dependence, we used the correlation coefficient. From the results of the research, it is clear that there is a connection between the variables LPI and GDP and thus that there exists a direct linear dependence. Only in one case, that of the African continent in 2018, was the coefficient of correlation close to zero and we had to state that the variables were not linearly dependent. For most resulting values of the correlation coefficient, we found only slight linear dependence. The exception was the countries of Australia and Oceania, where a strong dependence was found for all the years in question. This kind of analysis has significance primarily on the macroeconomic level. The individual countries can investigate, evaluate, and consequently improve their respective logistic systems and services. Understanding and decomposing the components of trade and logistics performance can help countries improve freight transport efficiency and identify where international cooperation could help overcome barriers.

The impact of human development on the economy of Saudi Arabia in view of the vision 2030 during (1990 – 2016): أثر التنمية البشرية على اقتصاد المملكة العربية السعودية في ضوء رؤية 2030 للفترة (1990 – 2016م)

The study examined the effect of human development in Saudi Arabia within the vision 2030 during the period (1990- 2016) relationship between the sexes, where the variable GDP of both (labor force, life expectancy at birth, average income, economic openness) According to UNDP, overall price level (human development (life expectancy at birth, expenditure on education, average income) and economic growth. Among the results of the annual non- significant study (manpower, economic openness, the general level of prices), and in the light of these results, we reached a set of the most important: expansion and intensification of investment in education, training and rehabilitation, and activation to the Saudization of the economy, and rationalize government spending in line with development needs Economic.

How Urbanization and Economic Growth affects the Health in East Asian Countries? Evidence from the VECM approach

The study targets to explore the answer to the question whether there exists any association between urban populations, GDP in East Asian countries and how does it affect the health of public. This research study analyses this concept using panel data of six East Asian countries China, Hong Kong Korea, Japan, Macao and Mongolia. The study has used World Bank indicators to fetch the data for the variables urban population and GDP for the time period 1990-2018. First of all, stationarity of the variables is checked by applying LLC, IP, ADF and PP unit root tests. Further, with the help of JFPC and VECM, the co-integration between these variables is checked. Hence, the results indicate that urban population and GDP in East Asian countries are related to each other in long run. The study could not found any short run co integration between variables. But increasing urbanization in these countries is also developing sustainable challenges in these countries. Thus, urbanization in East Asian countries is acting like a double edged sword. The relationship between urbanization and health varies for different levels of development. Thus the countries with high rate of urbanization need to develop such programs which can spur economic growth as well as environment sustainability in those countries.

Using critical slowing down indicators to understand economic growth rate variability and secular stagnation

This paper utilizes Critical Slowing Down (CSD; instability) indicators developed by statistical physics to analyse economic growth rate variability and secular stagnation in historical GDP data. Understanding these phenomena is vital, particularly in advanced economies faced with declining growth rates. Two novel indicators - the autocorrelation (AR1) and the variance – are found particularly useful in providing insight into inter-decadal GDP variability over this period. These indicators are first applied to the Maddison-Project historical dataset, which includes almost a century of data for some 80 countries and almost two centuries of data for 9 countries. They are additionally applied to ~50 years of recent annual data for around 130 countries from the World Bank dataset as well as ~60 years of recent quarterly data for around 20 countries from the OECD dataset. Analysis reveals inter-decadal variability in growth cycles (the recession cycle), highlighting periods of large slow growth cycles and periods of small fast growth cycles. The most commonly occurring pattern is characterised by an increase in CSD from the 1900s to 1940s, a decline in CSD between the 1930s and the 1970s, then a further increase in CSD from the 1960s to 2010. This pattern is significant in ~70% of the advanced economies. CSD indicators may then provide invaluable insights into specific aspects of inter-decadal GDP variability, such as on the nature of the business cycle, secular stagnation and the implicit “restoring forces” of the economy.

A Masterpiece from the Subprime Mortgage Crisis in America

Subprime mortgage crisis is a phenomenon that has a major impact on the world economy. The crisis that began in the United States has infected many other economically related countries with the United States. This study tries to parse how the economic conditions of the United States in the era before and after the crisis. From the results of the descriptive statistical analysis test on the economic conditions of the United States in the period 1998 - 2017, it was found that in the variables of inflation, investment, GDP, and interest rates there were negative differences between before and after the crisis, even though statistically did not show a significant effect, except for interest rate variable. This phenomenon shows that monetary policy oriented to controlling interest has the potential to trigger systemic risks to the economy.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PENENTU SIMPANAN MUDHARABAH BANK SYARIAH DI INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA

This research was conducted to find out how the development and influence of Islamic Bank Mudharabah Deposits in Indonesia and Malaysia. The analysis technique used is the panel with a purposive sampling, data regression with quantitative inferential type of the research is using secondary data from Financial Report data for each Sharia bank in Indonesia and Malaysia and World Bank data for 2010-2018. Simultaneous test results show that the value of F-count 192.775> F-table 2.56 of these values can be concluded that H0 is rejected, which means there is an influence simultaneously and together on the variable ROA, Profit Sharing, Inflation and GDP of the variable Mudharabah Deposits in Islamic banks in Indonesia in 2010-2018. Furthermore, for the Malaysian results, the F-count value is 49.99581> F-table 2.56 from that value that H0 is rejected, which means that there is a simultaneous and joint influence on the ROA, Profit Sharing, Inflation and GDP variables of the Mudharabah Deposit variable at the Bank Sharia in Malaysia in 2010-2018.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES OF ASIA

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been analyzed by a number of previous studies. However, a consensus has not been reached to define the relationship between the variables. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for six Asian countries viz. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand by employing statistical and econometric techniques such as ARDL model, Johansen's Co integration test, VECM, VAR and Toda Yamamoto causality test. Results indicate that energy consumption and economic growth are co integrated in the long run in case of China, India and Indonesia however VECM indicates that both variables are unable to correct itself towards equilibrium after a shock when energy consumption is the independent variable and Real GDP the dependent variable. Co integration does not exist in case of Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand and VAR indicates that GDP is affect by its past values at lag 1 for Malaysia and Thailand and GDP is affected by its past values at lag 1 and 2 for Philippines. In case of India and Thailand there exists a uni-directional causal relationship running from GDP to energy consumption.Keywords: Energy consumption, Economic growth, Co integration, ARDL, Toda Yamamoto Causality.JEL Classifications: P18, Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9678

Efficiency and Rentability of Islamic Banks in Indonesia

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="454"><p><em>This study aims to analyze the influence of macroeconomic factors, efficiency, risk, financing to deposit ratio and CAR on the rentability of Islamic banks. This research is a quantitative descriptive. The study period was conducted in 2010-2019, with quarterly data. The data source is secondary data. Data collection techniques are done by documentation. Data is taken from www.ojk.go.id and www.bi.go.id. The type of data used is quantitative data. The research variables are rentability, efficiency, financing risk, FDR, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and macroeconomic data in the form of GDP and inflation. Rentability is measured by Nett operating margin (NOM), bank efficiency is measured using BOPO and financing risk is measured by non-performing financing (NPF). The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results showed that the GDP variable did not affect rentability. Efficiency, risk, and CAR affect rentability. FDR does not affect rentability</em><em>.</em></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pemerataan Pendapatan di Indonesia

This research illustrates the influence of economic growth, domestic investment and government expenditure to distribution income in Indonesia with variables (1) GDP per capita, (2) Domestic Investment and (3) Goverment Expenditure. This research uses panel data from 2012-2017, which consist 32 province in Indonesia, by using a method linear regression and use Fixed Effect Model (FEM). the results obtained from this research is (1) Economic growth has a negative significant effect to inequality income in Indonesia. (2) Domestic investment has negative effect but not significant to inequality income in Indonesia. (3) Goverment expenditure has a positive and significant effect to inequality income in Indonesia

The Nexus Between Infrastructure and Export: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

This research, by using the autoregressive distributive lag method, examines the long- and short-term causal relationship between infrastructure and exports in Pakistan over the period 1990–2017. The empirical results revealed the existence of short- and long-term bi-directional causality concerning infrastructure and export in Pakistan. The results demonstrated that infrastructure strongly improves export in the short and long run. Conversely, export encourages the quality and availability of infrastructure in Pakistan in the long run. Furthermore, this study also uses sub-indices of infrastructure individually as dependent and independent variables. The study result demonstrated that the long- and short-term effects of infrastructure and its sub-indices (transport, electricity, communication, finance) on export is positive and significant. Also, when infrastructure sub-indices are used as dependent variables, the results indicate that the effect of export on sub-indices is positive and significant in the long run; however, in the short run, it is insignificant. The bi-directional linkage between infrastructure and export suggests that improving the quality and increasing the availability of infrastructure would enable Pakistan’s economy to catch up with the advanced economies, specifically in export. Furthermore, control variables of per-capita GDP, exchange rates, human capital, and domestic spending also expand the bi-directional causal relationship between Pakistan’s infrastructure and exports.

Tourism, Accommodations, Food Services, and Regional GDP

The development of the airport city makes it the center of national-regional economic growth. The continuous development provides several alternative revenues to the surrounding areas and affects the price of the urban houses. The Bank of Indonesia has analyzed the development of commercial property since 2016. It covers five types of commercial property, which include offices (rent/sale), retail (rent/sale), apartments (rent/sale), hotels, industrial land, convention halls, and warehouse complexes, in Jabodetabek, Banten, Bandung, Makassar, Medan, Semarang, Surabaya, Balikpapan, Denpasar, and Palembang. The research aims to find variables that affect the contribution of accommodations and food services to the Regional GDP. Here, researchers use an approach in quantitative dynamics modeling that is often used in time series analysis, which is is the Autoregressive Exogenous modeling structure input (ARX). In general, AR is the Auto-Regressive nature of a model, while X is an exogenous input. The initial population of the study is 296 airports, which consists of all those managed by PT. Angkasa Pura I, PT. Angkasa Pura II, and the UPT Air Transportation in the Region. Then, the population is filtered further to 151 airports in Indonesia. The study shows that the variable of departing aircraft, departing passengers, arriving passengers, baggage unloading, cargo unloading, and cargo loading, each had a contribution to the GDP variable. The departing passenger variable had a positive impact on the increase of the variable of accommodation and food services of the Regional GDP

Correlation of risk factors for coronary heart disease in type-2 diabetes mellitus using the chi-square method

The male sex is taken into account a crucial risk issue for coronary heart disease (CHD) within the general population, however, studies on diabetic patients counsel that diabetic girls have a better risk of developing CHD. This study was to determine whether there is correlation between risk factors and the incidence of CHD in patients with type 2 DM. Furthermore, this work also investigates the mathematical model work in calculating the magnitude of the risk of variables against the tendency of CHD complications for patients with type 2 diabetes. This research utilizes current information on the setup of Dr. Soetomo Hospital’s medical records in 2015-2016. Samples were all patients with type 2 diabetes with CHD and without CHD reported in the inpatient medical records of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. Data processing was carried out using the chi-square test technique. As a result, the system is proof to calculate the worth of the chi-square and confirm the results of conditions on every variable. There is a distinction in price between the calculations of the chi-square on the system with the calculation of the manual chi-square test. This is often caused by taking variety of digits behind completely different commas (,). The variables of gender, age, GDA, GDP, GD2PP, triglycerides, HDL, weight, smoking, and length failed to have a significant relationship on the incidence of CHD in patients with sort two DM. Sterol variables and lipoprotein levels have a highly vital relationship within the incidence of CHD for patients with sort two polygenic disease.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF TURKEY'S HIGH-TECH EXPORTS ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH USING THE STRUCTURAL BREAK ARDL BOUNDS TESTING

While the technological capacity and efforts of developed and some developing countries as a result of R&D activities position these countries among the high-technology product exporting countries, it is seen that developing countries that doesn't have adequate technological infrastructure and doesn't attach importance to R&D activities are among the countries that import technology and high technology products at higher costs. The technological knowledge and skills discovered as a result of the increase in the intensity of R&D activities affect economic growth positively by leading to new high-tech products purchased in international markets. This study aims to investigate the relationship between Turkey's high-tech exports economic growth. For this purpose, ARDL bounds testing was carried out to predict the relationships between the variables using the data on high-tech exports and GDP variables of Turkey for the 1989-2016 period. As a result of the analysis, it was found that a 1% increase in high technology exports increased the economic growth by approximately 0.44% in the long term.

Political Stability and its Impact on Economic Growth of Pakistan (1988-2018): A Time Series Analysis

This research paper empirically investigates the outcome of Political stability on economic growth (EG) of Pakistan for the period of 1988 to 2018. Political stability (PS), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), total labor force (TLF) and Inflation (INF) are important explanatory variables. Whereas for model selection GDPr is used as the dependent variable. To check the stationary of time series data Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root (UR) test has been used, and whereas to find out the long run relationship among variables, OLS method has been used. The analysis the impact of PS on EG (EG) in the short run, VAR model has been used. The outcomes show that all the variables (PS, GFCF, TLF and INF) have a significantly positive effect on the EG of Pakistan in the long run period. But the effect of PS on GDP is smaller. Further, in this research we are trying to see the short run relationship between GDP and other explanatory variables. The outcomes show that PS does not have such effect on GDP in the short run analysis. While GFCF, TLF and INF have significantly positive effect on GDP of Pakistan in the short run period.

ANALISIS PENAWARAN BERAS PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA

Financial inclusion programs in Asia began to intensify with focus on improving public access, especially those who have not yet enjoyed banking services. This makes financial inclusion one of the focuses of development in the financial sector in various countries, especially ASEAN, as a sound financial system can promote economic growth. This study aims to see the comparison of financial inclusion rates and see the effect of socio-economic variables on financial inclusion in ASEAN countries 2010-2015. In order to see the comparison of inclusion level of finance in each ASEAN country, the Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) method was developed by Sarma (2008), while to examine the relationship between socio-economic variables to financial inclusion, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was used estimation techniques in the Random Effects Model approach. The results show that in general, financial inclusion in ASEAN countries is mainly influenced by the dimension of a disorder. In addition, only per-capita GDP variables are not significant partially. While other variables, namely population over 15 years, unemployment rate, and the number of people in rural areas have a significant influence on index of financial inclusion

STUDI KOMPARASI TINGKAT INKLUSI KEUANGAN DI NEGARA ASEAN

Financial inclusion programs in Asia began to intensify with focus on improving public access, especially those who have not yet enjoyed banking services. This makes financial inclusion one of the focuses of development in the financial sector in various countries, especially ASEAN, as a sound financial system can promote economic growth. This study aims to see the comparison of financial nclusion rates and see the effect of socio-economic variables on financial inclusion in ASEAN countries 2010-2015. In order to see the comparison of nclusion level of finance in each ASEAN country, the Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) method was developed by Sarma (2008), while to examine the relationshipbetween socio-economic variables to financial inclusion, the Ordinary Least quare (OLS) method was used estimation techniques in the Random Effects Model approach. The results show that in general, financial inclusion in ASEAN countries is mainly influenced by the dimension of a disorder. In addition, only per-capita GDP variables are not significant partially. While other variables, namely population over 15 years, unemployment rate, and the number of people n rural areas have a significant influence on index of financial inclusion.