GDP Per Research Articles

ANALISIS PENGARUH PENYERTAAN MODAL DAN LABA BUMD TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

Central Java is a province in Indonesia that has the highest number of Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMD), ideally can serve as an alternative source of revenue beyond taxes to increase the Original Regional Income (PAD). However, there are several challenges in the management of BUMD, particularly with the phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic having a significant impact on BUMD's revenue. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of capital participation and BUMD profit on Original Regional Income (PAD) in the Districts/Cities of Central Java Province, using government investment theory and Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMD) theory along with related regulations. The sample used is 35 Districts/Cities in Central Java province during the period 2018 to 2022. The research method used is panel data regression using Stata 14 software. This study used two control variables, Population and GDP Per Capita, with dummy variable COVID-19. The research finding that capital participation does not significant effect on original regional income, meanwhile BUMD profit has a significant positive effect on original regional income in the Districts/Cities of Central Java Province from 2018 to 2022.

The Impact of Tax Revenue on Macroeconomic Variables: A Case Study from Palestine

Taxes are a vital component of fiscal policy. Governments use tax revenues to either stimulate or slow down an economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between taxes and inflation, Real GDP, Real GDP Per Capita, and unemployment for the State of Palestine. The data was collected from the Palestinian Monetary Authority, covering the period from 1996 to 2022. A time series analysis was conducted to measure the cause-and-effect relationship. The results indicated that taxes are positively significant for both Real GDP and Real GDP Per Capita. This finding helps policymakers in determining the impact of tax revenue on the Palestinian economy, especially since Israel controls some of the collection of tax revenues. Meanwhile, taxes were not significant for either inflation or unemployment.

Evaluating the Role of GDP Per Capita in Shaping Internal Migration Patterns in China: A Spatial Econometric and Regression Analysis Approach

Evaluating the Role of GDP Per Capita in Shaping Internal Migration Patterns in China: A Spatial Econometric and Regression Analysis Approach

Relationship between Organic Agriculture And GDP Per Capita, Economic Growth, and Unemployment: Panel Data Analysis

Relationship between Organic Agriculture And GDP Per Capita, Economic Growth, and Unemployment: Panel Data Analysis

The Effect of Average Years of Schooling on GDP Per Capita Change Rate: Evidence from Malaysia

This study examines the impact of average years of schooling on the GDP per capita change rate in Malaysia, providing empirical evidence that highlights significant insights for educational policy and economic development strategies. Utilizing Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models and Granger causality tests, this paper explores the dynamic relationships between education expenditure and GDP growth within the Malaysian context. We find that the relationship between the increase in average years of schooling and the increase in GDP per capita is positive at first, then decreases rapidly, and then increases again. Specifically, our analysis of data from 1990 to 2020 demonstrates that enhanced educational attainment contributes significantly to the labor market’s skill level, which in turn boosts economic productivity and technological innovation capacity. The study challenges the conventional view that higher educational investments lead automatically to better economic outcomes and stresses the importance of educational quality alongside quantity. By providing a detailed variance decomposition, we find that changes in schooling years explain about 15% of the variations in GDP per capita growth rates. These results underscore the critical role of education in Malaysia’s economic modernization and suggest that policy interventions should not only increase educational investments but also enhance the quality of education to maximize economic returns. Future research should further investigate the causality and interactions between educational quality and economic growth to refine educational policies effectively.

Population Growth and GDP Per Capita Growth: Identifying the Causal Variable in 30 African Countries

Population Growth and GDP Per Capita Growth: Identifying the Causal Variable in 30 African Countries

PENGARUH KONSUMSI, HARGA ECERAN DAN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) PER KAPITA TERHADAP IMPOR GULA PASIR DI INDONESIA

This research aims to determine the influence of consumption, retail prices and GDP per capita on sugar imports in Indonesia. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of a time series for 1990-2022 obtained from the world bank and BPS (Central Statistics Agency). The data analysis method uses the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach, where the conditions for using this model are that all variables must be stationary first differences, have at least one cointegration equation and have a negative ECT (Error Correction Term) value so that the model is valid and can be used. The results show that in the short term consumption is not significant on sugar imports in Indonesia, while in the long term consumption has a negative and significant effect on sugar imports in Indonesia. The retail price variable has no effect on sugar imports in Indonesia in the short term, and in the long term retail prices have a positive and significant effect on sugar imports in Indonesia. The GDP Per Capita variable, both in the short and long term, has no effect on sugar imports in Indonesia.

Comparative Analysis of GDP Per Capita, Logistic Performance, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Case of SAARC Countries

This study investigated the association between economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social development in SAARC countries. The study uses robust and balanced panel data from 2008 to 2021. The advanced econometric techniques used for empirical analyses, specifically Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). It provided valuable observations on the relationships between economic and environmental factors. The independent variable logistic infrastructure, gross capital formation, labour force participation rate, and carbon dioxide emission significantly affect our dependent variable growth rate The study results showed that logistic infrastructure positively affected our GDP per capita. Similarly, LAB and GCF also directly impacted your GDP per capita while CO2 negatively impacted the GDP per capita of the projected economies. These findings suggest that policymakers must adopt holistic approaches that prioritize sustainable development goals, mitigate environmental degradation, and promote inclusive economic growth to ensure a prosperous and resilient future for all.

The Effect of Energy Consumption Towards Economic Growth: The Case of 11 Asian Countries

This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of Coal Consumption per capita (Kwh), Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) towards GDP per capita (current US$). This research uses GDP Per Capita (current USD) data sourced from world banks with a period from 1994 to 2021 and Data for Coal Consumption per capita (Kwh), Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) from Our Wold within a period from 1994 to 2021. The data used is data from 11 Asian countries, which is Mainland China, The Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Viet Nam. The analysis method used is Panel Data Econometrics, with Ordinary Least Square and Fixed Effect Model. The result from this research shows that Oil Consumption per capita (Kwh), Coal consumption per capita (Kwh), Gas Consumption per capita (Kwh), and Renewable energy consumption per capita (Kwh) have a positive significant effect towards GDP per capita (current USD).

Analyzing the Interplay between Economic Growth Rate, GDP per Capita, and Stock Market Performance in India: A Case Study of the BSE Index

The paper discusses the connection between GDP per capita and economic growth from 1980 to 2022, which has had a positive influence on growth of Indian stock markets. The study is based on the real GDP growth rate, which has to be considered as an economy's growth. The effects of the study show that, in relation to stock price performance, a causal link has been established between GDP growth rates and GDP Per capita. The purpose of this study is to explore the historical link between economic growth rates and GDP Per Capita on stock market performance in India, as well as changes influencing investor sentiment and future behaviour on the Stock markets. The persistence of this research is to analyse the long term connection involving Bombay Stock Exchange and macroeconomic variables. It analysis a multiple regression equation model to explore the interactions among these factors. The regression model shows that the independent factors account for a significant influence, explaining 83.4% of the variation in the dependent variable, which is the BSE index. The result shows that there is the strong positive correlation between GDP Per Capita and BSE index. Similarly, there is the weak positive correlation between Economic Growth Rate(EGR) and BSE index. The research's conclusions inform investment plans and assist interested parties in formulating policies.

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF CRIPPLING CHINESE ECONOMY ON MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS: INDIA’S FDI APPROACH

This project explores the multifaceted impact of a crippling Chinese economy on Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and examines their strategic responses. As disruptions in China ripple through supply chains, reshaping market dynamics, and introducing regulatory ambiguities, MNCs must skillfully navigate these challenges to uphold resilience and pursue sustained growth. Concurrently, India also emerges as a potential alternative for MNCs seeking stability and growth opportunities beyond China. This research paper delves into understanding the factors of Chinas economic growth over years, the cause for the downfall, and strategic measures that India can adopt to harness the potential inflow of FDI amidst the evolving global economic landscape, such as policy reforms, infrastructure development, and sector-specific incentives. The analysis section examines the major factors that determine the economy such as GDP growth rate, Population, FDI, Youth unemployment rate, GDP Per capita income and forecast of Indias momentum in FY25 based on secondary data. The conclusion emphasizes the central theme of harnessing Indias vast growth potential while confronting the key challenges that impede its expansion. By implementing strategic policies and precise reforms, India can sustain its robust growth trajectory, surpassing the $5 trillion threshold. KEYWORDS: Economic Landscape, Crippling Chinese economy, Indias measures, Multinational Corporations (MNCs), FDI, Sustained growth, Strategic policies, Challenges.

The Effect of GDP Per Capita, Population, and Income Inequality on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia

This study aims to see the effect of GDP per capita, income inequality, and population on CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 1990-2021. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method. The data used is secondary data, in the form of annual data for 32 years. The analytical method used is the error correction model (ECM) to see the short- and long-term effects between the independent and dependent variables. The results of this study indicate that GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on Indonesia, both in the short term and in the long term. The income inequality variable has a positive and insignificant effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia in the short term. Meanwhile, in the long term, income inequality has a negative and insignificant effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The population variable has an insignificant negative effect on CO2 emissions in Indonesia in the short term. However, in the long term, the population significantly affects CO2 emissions in Indonesia.

Comparison of Energy Consumption to Economic Growth in Developing Asian and Developed Asian Countries

This study will analyze the comparative use of Economic Stability Comparisons from the Consumption of Fossil and New and Sustainable Energy: Developed and Developing Countries in Asia, including developing countries Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and developed countries Japan, the United Arab Emirates and South Korea. This study uses a panel cross-section/observation form of 6 Asian countries by taking the category of 3 developing countries and 3 developed countries. The time series takes the period 2005-2021, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results of a study of 3 developing Asian countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand GDP Per Unit Energy Use and consumption of sustainable energy have a positive and significant influence and consumption of fossil energy has no effect on growth. In the equation model of 3 developed Asian countries, namely Japan, the United Arab Emirates and South Korea, GDP per Unit Energy Use has a positive and significant influence, sustainable energy consumption has no effect on economic growth, fossil energy consumption has a positive and significant influence in region 3 developed Asian countries during 2005-2021.

Building a Social Progress-Adjusted Indicator of GDP Per Capita for the European Union’s Regions

AbstractBoosting economic, social and territorial cohesion is a high priority for the European Union. The regional Cohesion Policy is its instrument for achieving this objective, with GDP per capita being the principal criterion for funding allocation. However, social cohesion also embraces a comprehensive range of non-economic features. This paper proposes a composite indicator of GDP per capita adjusted for social progress that incorporates both economic and non-economic issues. Notably, the indicator can account for policymakers’ preferences regarding the relative importance assigned to income and social progress. This novel indicator is used to simulate the eligibility status of European Union regions for funding in several policy scenarios. Regions’ simulated eligibility is then compared with their current eligibility for the period 2021–2027. Based on that comparison, winner and loser regions are identified, thus providing policymakers in charge of the European Cohesion Policy with an insight into the effect of incorporating social progress into funding allocation.

Maintaining Progresiveness of Personal Income Tax Rates in The Indonesian Income Tax Law

This research is related to the argumentation of the plans of several tax authorities, including the Indonesian authorities, to increase the personal income tax rate. The imposition of taxes through increased individual tax rates is one way for post-Covid-19 funding. The increase in tax rates is considered not to pose a risk to consumption or the principle of tax equity. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research method that tries to explain the planned increase in tax rates by the Indonesian tax authorities is by international trends or practices, the principle of justice, and taxpayer behavior. The comparison of the taxable lower limit, rate, GDP Per Capita, PKP Upper Limit, Number of Taxable Layers, and the impact of changes in individual tax rates are used to explain this research. The G-20 and ASEAN countries were selected based on the GDP per Capita scheme and geographical proximity. This study aims to answer the relevance of the implication of imposing progressive rates with Indonesian conditions, the plan to increase tax rates for Personal Income Tax and increase the number of taxable layers. The review of the threshold of taxable income also gets a portion of this research as well. This study also reviewed the rate mantaing from 30% to return to the 35% rate. The results of the study show that the wishes of the Indonesian tax authorities are in line with trends in state financing after the Covid-19 pandemic. This rate increase is not without risk. This rate increase will have implications for changes in the behavior of individual taxpayers who are affected by regulatory changes. The plan to change the individual tax structure should also consider the principles of fairness, progressiveness, general principles of tax reform, and changes in the behavior of taxpayers who are affected by regulatory changes. Changes in tax rates should increase taxpayer voluntary compliance.

The Dynamic Link Between Budget and Current Account Balance: Evidence from Selected Upper & Middle Income Countries (A Panel ARDL Approach)

This study elaborates the connection between BD and CAD in selected upper-middle-income countries (UMC’s) by employing the panel data over the period from 2000 to 2020. This paper also tries to evaluate that weather the theory of Ricardian Equivalence or Keynesian Approach exists in case of selected upper-middle-income countries. First, we would apply the ADF approach to check the stationarity between the variable. After that, ARDL econometrics approach is adopted in order to check the long-run and short- run association among Current Account Balances (CAB), Fiscal Deficit (FD), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER), GDP Per Capita Growth (GDPPCG) and Trade. The findings showed that FD, REER, GDPPCG and trade have positive impact on CAB. While, in the long-run GFCF affects CAB negatively. This paper also pointed out that the Keynesian Theory is more suitable for selected upper-middle-income economies.

Exchange Rate Volatility in Response to Covid-19 in SAARC Countries

The Objective of this study is to check the connection of exchange rate volatility in response to COVID- 19, with the help of two different models. We used twelve variables in these two model Exchange rate volatilities, Govt Effectiveness, Unemployment, Inflation, Lending Interest rate, GDP per capita, Population, Immunization, Govt Expenditure on education, Life- Expectancy, and Hand washing. The data collected from World Development Indicator, World Health Organization, International Financial Statistics, Worldwide Governs indicators, and COVID-19 data collected from-our-world-in-data. ARCH and GARCH models are used to find out the Volatility of the Exchange rate. This study employed the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model because it is a versatile and effective statistical technique that permits parameter estimation in models with potential endogeneity and measurement error concerns. Panel GMM Technique is used to find the significant result. According to model one Exchange rate volatility has a positive and significant connection with the Covid-19 cases or death rate, Govt effectiveness, and Govt Expenditure on education, and negative relation with Unemployment, Inflation, Lending interest rate, Number of COVID-19 cases, Population, and GDP Per capita. According to our second model results, all the variables have a positive relation with COVID-19 except Government Effectiveness and Immunization.

Long-Run and Short-Run Relationship Between Remittances and GDP Per Capita Growth, Evidence from Balkans Countries

This research study aims to explore the link between remittances as percentage of GDP and GDP per capita growth in six Balkans countries and Kosovo for the period 2007-2020. Panel cointegration based on dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model was applied to check the magnitude of the potential long-run coefficients between the remittances as percentage of GDP and GDP per capita growth. In addition, the pairwise Granger causality tests were performed to capture the causal link among these two variables. The findings from the DOLS model indicate a positive association between remittance’s inflows and GDP per capita growth in the long-run. DOLS short–run relationships showed that the value of variable-remittances as percent of GDP has predictable properties to be a leading and lagging factor for these countries in the coming years. Results from the Granger causality confirm causality in unilateral direction running from remittance’s inflow to GDP per capita growth.

Correlation and Its Changing Characteristics in the Main Belt and Road Countries of Life Expectancy and GDP Per Capita from 1990 to 2020

Previous studies on the correlation between life expectancy and GDP per capita showed some variation. This study describes the trends of life expectancy and GDP per capita in 13 main countries along the Belt and Road from 1990 to 2020, and analyzes the relationship between male life expectancy, female life expectancy, or total life expectancy and GDP per capita in these countries using linear regression models. The results show that life expectancy and GDP per capita both increase gradually with increasing years. There is an immediate correlation between life expectancy and GDP per capita, and male life expectancy, female life expectancy, and total life expectancy are positively correlated with GDP per capita. This study confirms the positive correlation between life expectancy and GDP per capita, and these results will be the starting point for the public to pay attention to the health status of people in the Belt and Road countries.

THE ROLE OF GDP PER CAPITA, ECONOMIC FREEDOM INDEX AND POPULATION GROWTH TO POLITICAL STABILITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

This study aims to examine the role of economic growth, the index of economic freedom, and the population on political stability. Political stability is one of the factors that can determine the direction of development and economic growth towards the creation of prosperity. Politically stable countries can carry out better economic development. This research contributes to look at the factors that can support political stability in Southeast Asian countries. This study uses secondary data originating from the World Governance Indicator, World Bank Development Indicator and Heritage Foundation in the 2011-2020 period. This study was conducted in Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. The research method used is panel data regression. The results show that GDP Per capita and economic freedom index is a significant effect to political stability. On the other side, population growth has not significant impact to political stability. This proves that every country that has good political stability is supported by stable guaranteed economic freedom, and a controlled GDP per capita.