GDP In Countries Research Articles

Association of gross domestic product with equitable access to childhood vaccines in 195 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionGross domestic product (GDP) has been shown to affect government spending on various budget heads including healthcare and the purchase and distribution of vaccines. This vulnerable situation has been exacerbated...

The impact of digitalization on economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between digitalization and economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study also aims to discuss the effects of digitalization on human capital, financial development, institutional quality and firm-level productivity and how these channels matter for the relationship between digitalization and economic activity.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs two-stage least squares (2SLS) on an unbalanced panel data set comprising 33 SSA countries over the period from 1996 to 2019. This methodology addresses the potential endogeneity between digitalization and economic activity.FindingsThe results indicate that digitalization has a statistically significant positive effect on the level of per capita GDP in SSA countries. Specifically, a one percentage point increase in the digitalization index is associated with a 2.13% increase in gross domestic product per capita. The study discusses some of the channels through which this effect manifests.Originality/valueThe study comprehensively examines the impact of digitalization on economic activity in SSA. The study also attempts to address the potential endogeneity issues in the relationship and discusses the mechanisms at work.

An Econometric Model of the Dependence of Economic Growth of GDP on a Group of Factors

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to summarize the theoretical results on economic growth and build a model of the relationship between economic growth of GDP and other factors. Theoretical basis: The conducted research reflects the change in various points of view of researchers explaining the relationship between economic growth and a number of groups of factors. Research theories Economic growth is a complex phenomenon and theories must take into account natural resources, political institutions, etc. through a variety of factors. Method: The methodology of the study is based on research on economic growth, employment, credit investment, nominal incomes of the population, budgetary and internal expenses for work and research. Data collection was carried out with the help of statistical materials from EU countries and Azerbaijan. The systematic method is used to analyze materials that ensure an increase in the country's GDP, employment, income, etc. Also, the calculation of the relationship of these indicators is carried out and refers to the country's policy in the context of combating unemployment. Results and discussion: The results reveal that 188 countries produce a small portion of global GDP. Based on the analysis of the EU countries with the highest real GDP growth rate, it was noted that the economic growth of each year does not correspond to the previous values. An econometric model of the relationship between economic growth of GDP and groups of factors selected for the study is constructed. Note that the model justifies itself in determining the dependence of GDP in any country on multinational factors. The model allows us to determine the form of impact reflecting the dependence of economic growth of GDP and groups of factors in any period. Research results: The results of the study can be applied in determining priority areas for the economy and maintaining its pace at an optimal level of the national economy. Originality/value: The research contributes to the development of the country's economy, thanks to the theoretical and practical results obtained. The relevance and value of the study are confirmed by the impact on the field of economics and the standard of living of the population.

Evaluating the ASEAN-India FTA: Implications for India's Black Pepper trade

The impact of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) on Indian black pepper was analysed using the SMART and gravity models. The reduction in tariff under AIFTA increased black pepper imports from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries after 2000 and caused a trade creation effect of 19.36 lakh US$. This allowed Indian consumers to benefitted from low-priced black pepper imports from ASEAN countries. Indonesia and Vietnam collectively accounted for nearly 100% of the trade creation. The distance between India and ASEAN was found to have a negative effect on trade, whereas the GDP of the importing country positively influenced the likelyhood of trade between India and ASEAN countries. The main variable of interest was the AIFTA dummy, which captured the effects of trade creation and trade diversion resulting from the regional trade agreement. The estimated coefficient of the AIFTA dummy was positive and significant, indicating a trade creation effect among AIFTA member countries as a result of the agreement.

THE ECONOMY OF ARAB COUNTRIES BEFORE AND AFTER THE «ARAB SPRING»

This article aims to study, analyze and assess the nature of economic growth in the Arab countries in the period 1990-2023, in order to determine the aspects of economic and social sustainability. Considering that the early 1990s were characterized by the participation of the Arab countries in the decisions of the Washington Consensus of 1989, based on the development of public policy based on the market economy and the developing role of the private sector in the national economy, as well as in stimulating economic growth, such analysis is of particular interest. The main objective of this article is to analyze and assess the quantity, quality and stability of economic growth, as well as trends in the dynamics of labor productivity, production and industry in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including the Persian Gulf states. The novelty of the study lies in the wide coverage of the analysis of economic indicators compared to other countries. The study is also aimed at analyzing the impact of internal and external factors on labor productivity. The objectives of the study include analyzing the dynamics of productivity, identifying the key factors influencing the decline and increase in growth rates. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the research results for further research of strategies for improving the efficiency of the economic sector in the Arab countries. Taking into account the differences in the economic sector in the MENA countries, the study relied on an analytical approach supported by descriptive and comparative methods. The main attention is paid to economic and statistical data on the Arab countries and their comparative analysis for the period 1990-2023. The research methodology is based on the collection and analysis of statistical data on GDP, labor productivity and economic indicators in the Arab countries. In addition to using comparative analysis methods, as well as statistical tools for assessing productivity changes in recent years, the main objective of the study was both to identify the factors that influence the decline in productivity growth and to find ways to improve the efficiency of the industrial sector. The comparative method used in the article made it possible to give an objective assessment of the current state of the Arab economy in the global context. The main results show that the rate of productivity growth in the Arab countries is significantly lower than in other regions of the world, especially after the Arab Spring. The analysis revealed key factors influencing both internal economic difficulties and external influences.

Measuring the Competitiveness and Efficiency of Indonesian Non-Oil and Gas Exports to Non-Traditional Markets

In order to improve the performance of the trade balance, Indonesia is currently always trying to diversify the market through the expansion of export markets to non-traditional countries. For this reason, measuring competitiveness and export efficiency is crucial to be researched first. This study aims to measure the competitiveness and efficiency of Indonesia's Non-Oil and Gas Exports to Non-Traditional Markets by using the analysis methods RCA, EPD, X-Model and Stochastic Frontier Analysis with Gravity Model (SFGM). The results of the analysis show that based on the results of the competitiveness analysis (RCA) and export performance using EPD and X-Model, it shows that the competitiveness of Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports to non-traditional countries is still low or below global competitiveness. Meanwhile, the results of estimation using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis approach with the Gravity Model (SFGM) show that the variables of GDP of non-traditional countries, the number of population of non-traditional countries, Indonesia's GDP, competitiveness (RCA) and the area of non-traditional countries have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia's exports. Meanwhile, economic distance is estimated to have a negative and significant influence on Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports.

Distinctive Features of the Mexican Automobile Industry and its Industrial Integration in North America

The article analyzes the economic state of the Mexican automotive industry at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, with a special emphasis on the obstacles preventing the further successful development of the industry. Due to the significant changes in the structure of the global automotive market that have occurred in the last decade, the Mexican automotive industry, which is one of the key manufacturing sectors in the country's GDP, requires deep technological transformation, as well as access to new promising markets in developing countries. Based on the results of an analysis of modern economic indicators and factors that significantly influence the situation in the country's automotive industry, the article proposes various opportunities for solving existing problems, which in the future will reveal the potential of the industry and bring the existing business processes within it into line with the goals of achieving a zero-emission balance CO2 and sustainable development of the world economy.

The Impact of R&D and Innovation on National Income

In this study we empirically investigate the influence of several indicators of R&D and innovation on GDP for OECD countries by utilizing an unbalanced panel for the years of 1995-2021. Two distinct measures of patent applications, two different measures of trademark applications, researchers in R&D, and technicians in R&D are the proxies for R&D and innovation. We also added inflation, productivity, investment, and education into our model as control variables. Selection between fixed effect model and random effect model is made via Hausman test. According to the estimation results, we identified statistically significant positive impact of two distinct measures of patent applications, two different measures of trademark applications, researchers in R&D, and technicians in R&D variables on gross domestic product for the sample of OECD countries during the period of 1995-2021. Regarding the control variables, whenever they are statistically significant then we observed positive coefficient estimations for the variables of productivity, investment, and education and negative coefficient estimation for the variable of inflation.

Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Feronikel Indonesia dan Determinan yang Mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor di Empat Negara Tujuan Tahun 2006-2022

This research aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian ferronickel in the four destination countries with the most transactions, and analyze the factors that influence the volume of Indonesian ferronickel exports, using a gravity model. The data used in this research is panel data from four countries from 2006-2022, using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) methods. The results show that the RCA value in the four countries is greater than 1, meaning that Indonesian ferronickel has competitiveness in the destination country. Then, the factors that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian ferronickel exports are Indonesia's GDP, the GDP of the destination country, the exchange rate, and the COVID-19 pandemic with a positive coefficient, as well as the population of the destination country with a negative coefficient. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable doesn’t have a significant effect on the volume of Indonesian ferronickel exports.

Assessing the Determinants of Services Exports of Pakistan An Application of Extended Gravity Model

The services sector plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy based on its contribution to GDP and the engagement of most of the labour force with this sector. Services exports provide valuable foreign exchange earnings, and the focus on promoting services exports can resolve the balance of trade issue. Hence, this study investigates the key determinants influencing Pakistan's services exports with its major trading partners. The study employed an extended gravity model through fixed effect, random effect and Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) methods by using data from 2000-2022 and found out that the GDP of the partner country, FDI, employment in services, logistics performance index (LPI), and services trade restrictiveness index (STRI) are important determinants of services exports in Pakistan. Pakistan is the most restrictive economy in the South Asian region which has higher STRI, resultantly the restrictions are negatively affecting the services trade and exports of the country. Moreover, the study evaluated that the USA, UAE, China, and UK are major export markets for export services of Pakistan. Based on these findings, the study suggests that Pakistan should improve its logistics infrastructure and reduce service trade restrictions to boost services exports.

Financial, markets, impact of environmental stability on economic development and sustainable development goals, evidence from developed and emerging countries

The study seeks to investigate the developed and emerging countries forecasting the financial business market, environmental strategy and impact on sustainable development Goals and the country's economic development from 1991 to 2021. Annually date of Stock Market Index, exchange rate index, Sustainable development index, eco-efficiency and Countries GDP of developed countries, i.e. UK, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, France and emerging countries, i.e. Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, China, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan has been considered as sample data for this study. Unit root test (ADF) for stationary test, Johansen’s Co-integration test, Granger Causality, GMM (panel data) applied to test the short run/long-run impact, association, and behavior of variables. Models 1& 2 result of finance sustainability with Stock Market Index, exchange rate index, SDGs ~ GDP, and eco-efficiency indicates highly significant and asymmetrical relationships exist with countries growth as similar with Models 3 & 4 SDGs. UK, France in developed markets and India, Thailand and Malaysia in emerging countries markets high influencing potential. Meanwhile, Australia and USA in developed and China, Indonesia, and Pakistan Markets in emerging have more space for investor. The Robustness test validates the finding of study. Financial sustainability implication and recommendation are cleared for investors; forecast market behavior, financing efficiency, investment diversification, multi corporations and exchange management have make significant investment decision. Further, these finding helps policy makers and regulatory authorities to design appropriate finance strategies for market-economic sustainability.

МЕХАНІЗМ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article identifies that as of today, Ukraine's construction industry is operating under challenging conditions during the period of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. It was found that in 2022, the construction sector lost its position in the structure of the country's GDP by 1.6%, compared to 2020-2021, where it accounted for 2.8%. It is determined that the share of the construction industry in the GDP throughout the examined period did not exceed 3%, which is significantly lower than the corresponding period in European countries. Additionally, the article examines the mechanism for forming a strategy of innovative development for construction enterprises, which enhances their competitiveness and adaptability to market changes. The key aspects of developing an innovation strategy for construction enterprises are described: improving production efficiency; enhancing the quality and durability of structures; adapting to market conditions; ensuring competitiveness; promoting sustainable development; improving working conditions and safety on-site; attracting investment and business growth. Key steps at the main stages of developing an innovation strategy are proposed, including an analysis of the external and internal environment, the determination of strategic goals, the development of innovative solutions, investment in resources and personnel, as well as strategy monitoring and adaptation. The importance of applying various methods and tools to optimize, increase productivity, and improve enterprise adaptability was emphasized. The proposed approach allows construction companies to enhance production efficiency and achieve sustainable development in the face of modern challenges and technological changes. Keywords: innovations, innovative development, competitiveness, construction enterprise, 3D printing, modular construction.

The Impact of Recent Crises on Kazakhstan‘s Mining Industry

The mining and quarrying industry is one of the main pillars of Kazakhstan’s economy. According to the National Bank of Kazakhstan (2023), the industry accounts for about 15% of the country's GDP. Kazakhstan is source of 1.8% of the world’s oil reserves. From FDI-perspective the EU is the largest investment partner. As a member of the Eurasian Economic Union dominated by the Russian Federation, Russia is also the major trading partner. On the other hand, the country has close ties with China as many transportation routes of the extractive East towards the consuming West pass-through Kazakhstan. In times of the COVID-19 crisis, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the intense focus on the dependence on natural resources and diversification of the supply portfolio, Kazakhstan has recently attracted increased international attention. The mining industry also faces the risk of additional sanctions from the EU and the USA. This article focuses on the impact of the recent crises on the mining industry of Kazakhstan. The source for the research on the mining industry is the country’s foreign trade and foreign direct investment data. It also provides a forecast based on the country’s strategy for the development of the mining industry in the coming years.

The Effect of ASEAN's Digital Economy Growth on China's Export Trade

Currently, the digital economy is emerging as a powerful catalyst for nations globally to enhance the caliber of their economies and to foster international trade. As one of China’s key trading partners, ASEAN holds immense potential in the growth of its digital economy, which is contributing positively to the trade interactions between China and ASEAN. Utilizing an expanded gravity model, this study investigates the influence of the digital economic progress in ASEAN countries on China’s export trade, drawing on panel data from China’s export activities with ASEAN member states between 2010 and 2022. The study shows that the degree of digital economic advancement among ASEAN member countries is diverse, with a general tendency towards improvement. The growth of the digital economy in these countries has a considerable impact on increasing the volume of China’s export trade to ASEAN. And the GDP, population, and trade and transport infrastructure of ASEAN member countries significantly contribute to the enhancement of China’s export trade.

Assessing the Global Capital of the Chinese Diaspora

The article focuses on assessing the capital of the global Chinese diaspora (overseas Chinese). Its objective is to estimate the absolute volume of this capital and analyze its potential impact on the economic development of individual countries and regions, including China itself. The author aims to compile and synthesize existing estimates of Chinese diaspora capital, covering studies conducted from 1949 onwards, to examine the methods used in these assessments and to propose an updated approach for evaluating this capital for the period from 2015 to 2023. Additionally, the study seeks to create original maps illustrating the geographical distribution of diaspora capital across countries and regions, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of regional GDP. Furthermore, it identifies key sectors of business activity and evaluates the influence of the Chinese diaspora on industry markets in specific countries and regions. A comparison is also made between the shares of diaspora capital and China’s accumulated outward foreign direct investment relative to the GDP of host countries and regions.The analysis is based on Chinese and international statistical data. The calculation of Chinese diaspora capital for 2015–2023, along with its geographical distribution, draws on data regarding the market capitalization and valuation of major overseas Chinese enterprises. For these calculations, the author identifies eight key countries and regions with significant overseas Chinese business activity (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, the United States, Hong Kong, and Fiji). The study estimates the share of large enterprises and SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) among overseas Chinese businesses within these locations and globally, adhering to the assumption that 75% of Chinese diaspora capital is concentrated in these eight regions of high business activity.For qualitative evaluation, a comparative analysis method is applied. The current estimate of Chinese diaspora capital, as calculated by the author, is at least $5 trillion (excluding assets in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan unrelated to the Chinese diaspora). This capital spans five continents, holds substantial influence over the economies of more than 50 countries (including China), and serves as a significant external financial resource for China, especially in countries where China’s direct economic involvement is limited.

The Impact of Economic Factors on Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Trade with BRICS Countries: A Gravity Model Approach

Our investigation, bolstered by the robust gravity trade model and panel data econometric technique, underscores the pivotal factors that influence trade interactions between Saudi Arabia and the BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The study, spanning from 1998 to 2023, delves into key economic metrics such as the gross domestic product, exchange rate fluctuations, inflationary trends, political conditions, and trade deals. We employ a range of econometric strategies, including pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and fixed effects models, to reveal that the GDP of BRICS states consistently and significantly impacts trade volumes. Specifically, a 1% increase in the GDP of partner countries correlates with a 0.37% rise in trade volume within the pooled OLS model. This effect amplifies to 1.43% when adjusting for temporal and country-specific factors in the fixed effects, underscoring the importance of accommodating unobserved heterogeneity, which refers to the unmeasured factors that can influence the relationship between GDP and trade volume. The political stability of BRICS nations mitigates transactional risks and promotes more stable trade relationships, thereby enhancing trade flows. Fluctuations in exchange rates exert positive and significant effects. This indicates that a more robust Saudi Riyal, an essential policy instrument, can enhance trade by increasing the competitiveness of Saudi exports. This study demonstrates that economic magnitude, political stability, and exchange rates affect Saudi Arabia’s trade with BRICS nations. These results bolster the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 objectives for economic diversification. This research advocates for stable political climates and strategic trade agreements to enhance trade relations. This study asserts that this approach will guarantee sustainable growth and diminish the Kingdom’s reliance on oil exports, instilling optimism in the Saudi economy.

UPI's Influence on India's Economic Transformation: Financial Inclusion

The UPI, since its inception in 2016, has revolutionized the financial industry of India. This paper discusses the all-encompassing and deep change brought by the UPI in the areas of economic growth, incorporation of finance, and cashless economy. Digital transactions have become fluent and real-time accessible under the UPI, thus empowering individuals and businesses to easily access previously untapped populations. The digital payments promoted through UPI reduce cash dependency, which controls tax evasion and circulation of black money along with possible operational inefficiencies. The paper focuses on the critical aspect on how the platform has supported economic growth through financing innovation in fintech, drives the expansion of SMEs, and increases overall transparency in transactions. Moreover, UPI has acted as a significant enabler to help the state achieve the government initiatives - Digital India, which helped boost the country's GDP through acceleration of digitalization with improvement in financial inclusion. Despite such a massive success story, the adoption of UPI continues to pose difficulties in rural areas primarily on account of lower degrees of digital literacy and infrastructure. With the prospects that the cross-border transaction will bring in the future, UPI can further establish economic growth. This research article is a reason for mixed feelings - with one hand, the revolutionary impact that UPI has on India's economy, and on the other hand, the challenges that must be overcome for it to reach its fullest potential.

Cross-country price comparison of institutional long-term care: In search of suitable data

Abstract Background In European ageing societies, the national expenditure on institutional long-term care (LTC) has been growing for decades, currently exceeding 1% of the GDP in many countries. At the same time, however, comparative analyses of (day) prices in the nursing and residential care facilities (NRCFs) are still lacking. The data reported by international databases vary substantially in the services they cover which makes cross-country comparisons very difficult. Methods We combine publicly available data from Eurostat (System of Health Accounts), OECD and national sources on the number of recipients of LTC in NRCFs, the number of beds in NRCFs and the expenditure on LTC in NRCFs in over 20 European countries. Our aim is to compute internationally comparable daily prices of LTC in NRCFs using gross-costing approach. We first validate the data by cross-checking and documenting which health care functions and providers are reported by each country. Second, based on that we identify countries with comparable data and, third, perform a cross-country comparison of the daily spending on LTC in NRCFs. Results The reported data vary substantially with respect to their coverage. For instance, while some countries include NRCFs for all disabled people at all ages, others focus only on the NRCFs for the elderly. The ways the beds and the recipients are counted also show substantial variation. Moreover, we found inconsistencies in the reported numbers not only between but also within countries. Conclusions The considerable cross-country diversity in the LTC provision within the NRCFs poses inevitable challenges to international standardised reporting. Our analysis shows, however, that at least some of the challenges can be overcome by, e.g. improving the consistency of the reported numbers at the country level. Key messages • A consistent definition application markedly improves the comparability of data on LTC in NRCFs. • Given the rising demand for and economic importance of the LTC sector standardised data on NRCF services are greatly needed.

Social Inequalities in mental health service use and perceived helpfulness: A global analysis across 111 countries

Abstract Social inequalities in mental health are evident in the prevalence of mental health problems, but also the utilisation and patents’ perceived benefits of treatment. However, the extent of these disparities on a global scale and whether there are country-level differences in the predictors of mental health service use remain unknown. This study uses data from the Wellcome Global Monitor 2020, a nationally representative survey encompassing 111 countries and 117,088 individuals. We examine the association of socio-economic factors (such as household income and education), psycho-social factors (including stigma perception and trust in health professionals), and country-level variables (such as GDP, Gini coefficient, and health expenditure) with mental health service use and perceived effectiveness of treatment. Multi-level logistic regression models were employed for analysis. The utilisation of mental health professions of people with depression or anxiety symptomology is higher in HICs (predicted probability of 62% CI[0.60 - 0.65]) compared to LIMCs (predicted probability of 33% CI[0.31 - 0.34]). Higher country GDP (OR = 1.26 CI[1.08-1.47]) and health expenditure (OR = 1.11 CI[1.04-1.19] per percentage of health expenditure) are associated with higher treatment utilisation. On the individual level, those in the wealthiest quintile are more likely to engage with mental health professionals (OR = 1.25[1.14-1.36]) and perceive this treatment as highly beneficial (OR = 1.23[1.07-1.40]). Trust in healthcare practitioners and perceived stigma are also associated with mental healthcare use. This analysis shows strong patterns of mental healthcare use and perceived benefits depending on the wealth of the country, health expenditure and individual socio-economic status. Moreover, disparities in treatment utilization and effectiveness are also influenced by trust in healthcare professionals and perceived mental health stigma.

Household Skill Utilization, Rural-Electrification and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

According to the Government of Kenya (2004), the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) sector generated over 90% (or roughly 500,000) of all new jobs created outside of agriculture in 2003, accounting for 30% of the country's GDP. The majority of Kenyans still live in rural areas, which also serve as the centre for micro and small businesses. In order to take advantage of this chance, Kenya has created a national policy through rural electrification programmes that aims to strengthen the capacities of micro and small businesses (Abdullah & Markandyab, 2012). The objective of this research study was to establish the effects of household skills utilization due to rural electrification on the growth of small and medium enterprises in the coastal region of Kenya. The study area was the coastal region. This study adopted an exploratory research design. The target population for this study was small and medium enterprises (SMEs) registered in Kenya. Multi-stage sampling, systematic and simple random sampling techniques were applied, and the 95.5% response rate was 95.5%. This study found that there was an extent of revenue level on growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the coastal region of Kenya. Further, the study found that there is a strong positive correlation coefficient of 90.4% (0.904), which is statistically significant (p<0.05), meaning that for every one unit of household skills utilization applied on SME's economic environment, there is a significant effect of household skills utilization due to electrification on the growth of small and medium enterprises in coastal region of Kenya. This also implies that household skills utilization is positively affecting the growth of small and medium enterprises in the coastal region of Kenya. The study recommends that SME stakeholders institute their economic operationalization more on household skill utilization since knowledge and skills acquired through electronic media are necessary for business record keeping.