Gd Ratio Research Articles

Structural perfection of (Na0.5Gd0.5)MoO4:Yb laser crystals

Czochralski-grown (Na0.5Gd0.5)MoO4 single crystals doped with different concentrations of Yb3+ ions have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The type and concentration of point defects (different Na:Gd ratios, vacancies in Mo and O sites), and, consequently, the real compositions of the investigated crystals have been determined. The presence of additional reflections (50%) for the (Na0.5Gd0.5)MoO4:10%Yb crystal was revealed, indicating the symmetry reduction from space group I41/a to P4_ without any change in the unit cell parameters. Crystal refinement within the framework of space group I41/a revealed an increase in the unit cell parameters for both (Na0.5Gd0.5)MoO4:3%Yb and (Na0.5Gd0.5)MoO4:10%Yb crystals; it can be explained by the kinetic phase transition of order–disorder type caused by the cation ordering at the dodecahedral sites in the local regions of the crystals. The reasons for the possible symmetry reduction in scheelite family crystals are discussed.

Dielectric functions of solution-processed GdAlO(x)/Si films measured with vacuum ultra-violet spectroscopic ellipsometry.

The dielectric functions of amorphous GdAlO(x) (GAO) films grown by the sol-gel process were investigated from 1.12 to 8.5 eV as a function of annealing temperature using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). A GAO precursor sol with a molar ratio of Gd:Al = 1:1 was prepared. Thin layers were formed by spin-coating on p-type Si substrates. The layers were sintered at 400 degrees C for 2 h in an ambient atmosphere, then rapid-thermal-annealed (RTA) at 700 or 800 degrees C for 1 min in an N2 ambient. The optical properties were measured via variable angle SE, at room temperature. The angle of incidence was varied from 50 to 70 degrees in 10 degrees steps. The dielectric functions of the resulting GAO films were obtained from the measured pseudodielectric functions by multilayer-structure calculations using the Tauc-Lorentz (TL) dispersion relation. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric functions were found to increase with increasing RTA temperature. The film thicknesses and TL parameters (threshold energy E(g) and broadening C) decrease with increasing RTA temperature.

Micellar self-assemblies of gadolinium(iii)/europium(iii) amphiphilic complexes as model contrast agents for bimodal imaging

The synthesis and characterization of two novel DTPA bisamide derivatives DTPA-BC12PheA and DTPA-BC14PheA functionalized with p-dodecylaniline and p-tetradecylaniline are described. The ligands were coordinated to Gd(iii) and Eu(iii), resulting in highly paramagnetic and luminescent complexes, respectively. Mixed micelles consisting of Gd/Eu-DTPA-BC12PheA and DTPA-BC14PheA with a homogeneous size distribution (33-40 nm) were prepared by the assembly of the amphiphilic complexes with phospholipid DPPC and a surfactant Tween 80®. Taking into account the sensitivity difference between magnetic resonance and optical imaging techniques, the ratios of Gd and Eu complexes (Gd/Eu) 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 20 : 1 and 50 : 1 were combined in one single micelle and their optical and relaxometric properties were characterized in detail. Upon excitation at 290 nm, the micelles display characteristic red emission bands due to the (5)D0→(7)FJ (J = 0-4) transitions of Eu(iii). The number of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of Eu(iii) (qEu = 0.1-0.2) was calculated from the lifetime measurements performed in H2O and D2O solutions. Micelles composed of exclusively europium complexes display quantum yields in the range of 1.0%, decreasing with the europium concentration when going from 1 : 1 to 50 : 1 Gd/Eu contents. The ligand-to-lanthanide sensitization efficiency for micelles consisting of Eu-DTPA-BC12PheA and Eu-DTPA-BC14PheA equals 3.8% and 4.1%, respectively. The relaxivity r1 per Gd(iii) ion at 40 MHz and 310 K reaches a maximum value of 14.2 s(-1) mM(-1) for the Gd-DTPA-BC12PheA assemblies and 16.0 s(-1) mM(-1) for the micellar Gd-DTPA-BC14PheA assemblies compared to a value of 3.5 s(-1) mM(-1) for Gd-DTPA (Magnevist®). Theoretical fitting of the (1)H NMRD profiles results in τR values of 4.2 to 6.6 ns. The optimal concentration ratio of Gd/Eu compounds in the micelles in order to provide the required bimodal performance has been determined to be 20 : 1. In the search for other bimodal systems, this discovery can be used as a guideline concerning the load of paramagnetic agents with respect to luminescent probes.

Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu3+‐Doped Silica@Coordination Polymer Core–Shell Structures and Their Calcinated Silica@Gd2O3:Eu and Hollow Gd2O3:Eu Microsphere Products

The conjugation of Eu(3+)-doped coordination polymers constructed from Gd(3+) and isophthalic acid (H(2)IPA) with silica particles is investigated for the production of luminescent microspheres. A series of doping ratio-controlled silica@coordination polymer core-shell spheres is easily synthesized by altering the amounts of metal nodes used in the reactions, where the ratios of Gd(3+) and Eu(3+) are 10:0 (1a), 9:1 (1b), 8:2 (1c), 7:3 (1d), 5:5 (1e), and 0:10 (1f). The formation of monodisperse uniform core-shell structures is achieved throughout the entirety of a series. Investigations of the photoluminescence property of the resulting series of silica@coordination polymer core-shell spheres reveal that 20% Eu(3+)-doped product (1c) has the strongest emission intensity. The subsequent calcination process on the silica@coordination polymer core-shell structures (1a-f) results in the formation of a series of doping ratio-controlled silica@Gd(2)O(3):Eu core-shell microspheres (2a-f) with uniform shell thickness. During the calcination step, the coordination polymers within silica@coordination polymer core-shells are transformed into metal oxides, resulting in silica@Gd(2)O(3):Eu core-shell structures. The final etching process on the silica@Gd(2)O(3):Eu core-shell microspheres (2a-f) produces a series of hollow Gd(2)O(3):Eu microspheres (3a-f) as a result of the elimination of silica cores. The luminescence intensities of silica@Gd(2)O(3):Eu core-shell (2a-f) and hollow Gd(2) O(3):Eu microspheres (3a-f) also vary depending upon the doping ratio of Eu(3+) ions.

Imaging of Insulitis in NOD Mice with IL-2-Gd-DTPA and 1.5 T MRI

To explore the possibility to use 1.5 T MRI in imaging of accumulating gadolinium (Gd) into inflamed en- docrine pancreas (insulitis), we compared intravenously delivered IL-2-Gd-DTPA and Gd-DTPA (Magne- vist®) in phenotypically healthy 12 weeks old female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. At 1 to 48 h after the injection mice were sacrificed and the pancreas-to-background ratio was determined using MRI. In addition Gd concentration of the pancreas and plasma were measured. The pancreas-to-plasma ratio of Gd was 25-fold 24 h after the i.v. injection of IL-2-Gd-DTPA. At the same time the pancreas-to-background ratio measured with 1.5T MRI was 1.5-times higher in the NOD mice receiving IL-2-Gd-DTPA than Magnevist® (271 ± 37 vs. 183 ± 0,1, P = 0.04) indicating that sufficient differences may exist between IL-2-Gd-DTPA accumulating in the pancreas and in the surrounding tissues to support the use of MRI for imaging of pan- creatic insulitis.

W-Band pulse EPR distance measurements in peptides using Gd3+–dipicolinic acid derivatives as spin labels

We present high field DEER (double electron-electron resonance) distance measurements using Gd(3+) (S = 7/2) spin labels for probing peptides' conformations in solution. The motivation for using Gd(3+) spin labels as an alternative for the standard nitroxide spin labels is the sensitivity improvement they offer because of their very intense EPR signal at high magnetic fields. Gd(3+) was coordinated by dipicolinic acid derivative (4MMDPA) tags that were covalently attached to two cysteine thiol groups. Cysteines were introduced in positions 15 and 27 of the peptide melittin and then two types of spin labeled melittins were prepared, one labeled with two nitroxide spin labels and the other with two 4MMDPA-Gd(3+) labels. Both types were subjected to W-band (95 GHz, 3.5 T) DEER measurements. For the Gd(3+) labeled peptide we explored the effect of the solution molar ratio of Gd(3+) and the labeled peptide, the temperature, and the maximum dipolar evolution time T on the DEER modulation depth. We found that the optimization of the [Gd(3+)]/[Tag] ratio is crucial because excess Gd(3+) masked the DEER effect and too little Gd(3+) resulted in the formation of Gd(3+)-tag(2) complexes, generating peptide dimers. In addition, we observed that the DEER modulation depth is sensitive to spectral diffusion processes even at Gd(3+) concentrations as low as 0.2 mM and therefore experimental conditions should be chosen to minimize it as it decreases the DEER effect. Finally, the distance between the two Gd(3+) ions, 3.4 nm, was found to be longer by 1.2 nm than the distance between the two nitroxides. The origin and implications of this difference are discussed.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of Gd doped EuS nanocrystals with enhanced Curie temperatures.

EuS nanocrystals (NCs) were doped with Gd resulting in an enhancement of their magnetic properties. New EuS and GdS single source precursors (SSPs) were synthesized, characterized, and employed to synthesize Eu(1-x)Gd(x)S NCs by decomposition in oleylamine and trioctylphosphine at 290 °C. The doped NCs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy, which support the uniform distribution of Gd dopants through electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed the dopant ions in Eu(1-x)Gd(x)S NCs to be predominantly Gd(3+). NCs with a variety of doping ratios of Gd (0 ≤ x < 1) were systematically studied using vibrating sample magnetometry and the observed magnetic properties were correlated with the Gd doping levels (x) as quantified with ICP-AES. Enhancement of the Curie temperature (T(C)) was observed for samples with low Gd concentrations (x ≤ 10%) with a maximum T(C) of 29.4 K observed for NCs containing 5.3% Gd. Overall, the observed T(C), Weiss temperature (θ), and hysteretic behavior correspond directly to the doping level in Eu(1-x)Gd(x)S NCs and the trends qualitatively follow those previously reported for bulk and thin film samples.

Luminescence optimization of Eu-doped LnAl 3(BO 3) 4 (Ln=Y, Gd) red phosphor using spray pyrolysis

LnAl 3(BO 3) 4:Eu 3+ (Ln=Y, Gd) red phosphor particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis and the luminescent intensity under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation was investigated by changing Eu 3+ content, Y/Gd molar ratio, and boron content. The concentration quenching for Eu 3+ activator was observed at 5 at%. The highest luminescent intensity at 615 nm due to the 5D 0→ 7F 2 transitions of Eu 3+ was achieved when the ratio of Gd to Y was 0.55. The R/O ratio (obtained by dividing the red emission intensity at 615 nm with the orange one at 592 nm), however, was not influenced by the G/Y ratio. Using excess boron, up to 135% of the stoichiometric quantity, improved the emission intensity of LnAl 3(BO 3) 4:Eu 3+ red phosphor. According to XRD analysis, the sample prepared using boron of a stoichiometric quantity had YBO 3 phase as a minor phase. Such YBO 3 phase progressively disappeared with an increase in the excess quantity of boron, which was responsible for the enhancement of emission intensity. In addition, the R/O ratio became larger and larger by increasing the excess content of boron due to a reduction in the symmetry of Y site. Consequently, both the emission intensity and the color coordinate of LnAl 3(BO 3) 4:Eu 3+ red phosphors were successfully optimized in terms of the Y/Gd ratio and the excess quantity of boron in spray pyrolysis.

Preparation of a novel targeted MR contrast agent Gd-DTPA-Granzyme B monoclonal antibody

To prepare a novel MRI targeted contrast agent Gd-DTPA-Granzyme B monoclonal antibody (mAb) and to test its reaction conditions. The Granzyme B mAb was coupled with DTPA,and then conjugated with Gd. The Gd-DTPA antibody was characterized using MALDI-TOF-MS. Cytotoxicity test was performed with MTT assay, and immune activation was examined with immunohistochemistry. MALDI-TOF-MS demonstrated that the molecular weight shifted from granzyme B mAb (133986) to Gd-DTPA-GB mAb (139736), which indicated the conjugation of the antibody with Gd-DTPA. The molar ratio of Gd per IgG molecule was about 20. MTT assay showed that Gd, DTPA, Gd-DTPA and Gd-DTPA-GB mAb groups did not make an impact on cell viability, and there were no significant differences among 4 groups (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that compared with the positive control group the targeted contrast agent had a high immune activity. The novel contrast agent Gd-DTPA-Granzyme B mAb prepared in this study keeps a good immune activity and has no significant cytotoxicity.

Properties of a bifunctional chelating resin containing aminomethylphosphonate and sulfonate derived from poly(ω-bromobutylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads

A bifunctional chelating resin containing aminomethylphosphonate and sulfonate groups (RC4NPS) was derived from macroreticular poly(ω-bromobutylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads (RC4B). First, the bromine atoms in RC4B were replaced with phthalimide groups and then sulfonate groups were introduced into the benzene rings on the polymer chains. After the phthalimide groups were hydrolyzed with an ethanol solution of hydrazine hydrate, the resulting primary amino groups at the end of the butyl groups were converted into aminomethylphosphonate groups by the Mannich condensation reaction. For comparison, a monofunctional aminomethylphosphonate resin (RC4NP) was also prepared by eliminating the sulfonation step. The nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur contents of RC4NPS were found to be 2.07, 2.98 and 2.19 mmol/g, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of RC4NP were 2.50 and 3.39 mmol/g, respectively. The acid capacities of RC4NPS and RC4NP were 6.97 and 6.23 meq/g, respectively. The metal ion selectivity of both resins was evaluated by measuring the pH dependence of the distribution ratios ( D) of Fe(III), Lu(III), Gd(III), La(III), Pb(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II). This selectivity study indicates that the metal ion selectivity of RC4NPS can be expressed as a convolution of the metal ion selectivity of RC4NP with that of a sulfonate resin.

On measurement of the K X-ray absorption jump factors and jump ratios of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er by attenuation of a Compton peak

The article entitled “Measurement of the K X-ray absorption jump factors and jump ratios of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er by attenuation of a Compton peak” by Budak G, and Polat R, published in the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 2004;88:525–532, carries out an inadequate treatment of their measured data that renders their results unsuitable for practical use. The analysis and evaluation below describes precisely the mistakes that invalidate the conclusions of this article.

On the importance of satellite lines to the helium-like Kα complex and theGratio for calcium, iron and nickel

New, more detailed calculations of the emission spectra of the He-like Kα complex of calcium, iron and nickel have been carried out using data from both distorted-wave and R-matrix calculations. The value of the GD ratio (an extended definition of the G ratio that accounts for the effect of resolved and unresolved satellite lines) is significantly enhanced at temperatures below the temperature of He-like maximum abundance. Furthermore, it is shown that satellite lines are important contributors to the GD ratio such that GD/G > 1 at temperatures well above the temperature of maximum abundance. These new calculations demonstrate, with an improved treatment of the KLn (n ≥ 3) satellite lines, that Kα satellite lines need to be included in models of He-like spectra even at relatively high temperatures. The excellent agreement between spectra and line ratios calculated from R-matrix and distorted-wave data also confirms the validity of models based on distorted-wave data for highly charged systems, provided the effect of resonances is taken into account as independent processes.

Estimating Blood and Brain Concentrations and Blood-to-Brain Influx by Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Step-Down Infusion of Gd-DTPA in Focal Transient Cerebral Ischemia and Confirmation by Quantitative Autoradiography with Gd-[14C]DTPA

An intravenous step-down infusion procedure that maintained a constant gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) blood concentration and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to localize and quantify the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia (n=7). Blood-to-brain influx rate constant (K(i)) values of Gd-DTPA from such regions were estimated using MRI-Patlak plots and compared with the K(i) values of Gd-[(14)C]DTPA, determined minutes later in the same rats with an identical step-down infusion, quantitative autoradiography (QAR), and single-time equation. The normalized plasma concentration-time integrals were identical for Gd-DTPA and Gd-[(14)C]DTPA, indicating that the MRI protocol yielded reliable estimates of plasma Gd-DTPA levels. In six rats with a BBB opening, 14 spatially similar regions of extravascular Gd-DTPA enhancement and Gd-[(14)C]DTPA leakage, including one very small area, were observed. The terminal tissue-plasma ratios of Gd-[(14)C]DTPA tended to be slightly higher than those of Gd-DTPA in these regions, but the differences were not significant. The MRI-derived K(i) values for Gd-DTPA closely agreed and correlated well with those obtained for Gd-[(14)C]DTPA. In summary, MRI estimates of Gd-DTPA concentration in the plasma and brain and the influx rate are quantitatively and spatially accurate with step-down infusions.

The U L 31 and U L 34 Gene Products of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Are Required for Optimal Localization of Viral Glycoproteins D and M to the Inner Nuclear Membranes of Infected Cells

U(L)31 and U(L)34 of herpes simplex virus type 1 form a complex necessary for nucleocapsid budding at the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Previous examination by immunogold electron microscopy and electron tomography showed that pU(L)31, pU(L)34, and glycoproteins D and M are recruited to perinuclear virions and densely staining regions of the INM where nucleocapsids bud into the perinuclear space. We now show by quantitative immunogold electron microscopy coupled with analysis of variance that gD-specific immunoreactivity is significantly reduced at both the INM and outer nuclear membrane (ONM) of cells infected with a U(L)34 null virus. While the amount of gM associated with the nuclear membrane (NM) was only slightly (P = 0.027) reduced in cells infected with the U(L)34 null virus, enrichment of gM in the INM at the expense of that in the ONM was greatly dependent on U(L)34 (P < 0.0001). pU(L)34 also interacted directly or indirectly with immature forms of gD (species expected to reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear membrane) in lysates of infected cells and with the cytosolic tail of gD fused to glutathione S-transferase in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, suggesting a role for the pU(L)34/gD interaction in recruiting gD to the NM. The effects of U(L)34 on gD and gM localization were not a consequence of decreased total expression of gD and gM, as determined by flow cytometry. Separately, pU(L)31 was dispensable for targeting gD and gM to the two leaflets of the NM but was required for (i) the proper INM-versus-ONM ratio of gD and gM in infected cells and (ii) the presence of electron-dense regions in the INM, representing nucleocapsid budding sites. We conclude that in addition to their roles in nucleocapsid envelopment and lamina alteration, U(L)31 and U(L)34 play separate but related roles in recruiting appropriate components to nucleocapsid budding sites at the INM.

Microstructure and electrical properties of nano-sized Ce1-xGdxO2 (0 .LEQ. x .LEQ. 0.2) particles prepared by spray pyrolysis

Nano-sized Ce 1-x Gd x Ο 2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis process from the spray solution with ethylene glycol. The mean sizes of Ce 1-x Gd x O 2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) particles were each 46, 33, 29, and 28 nm. The mean crystallite size of pure CeO 2 was 33 nm. However, the Gd-doped CeO 2 had the mean crystallite size of 28 nm irrespective of the molar ratio of Gd to Ce components. The mean grain size of the sintered CeO 2 pellet was about two or four times larger than those of the Gd-doped CeO 2 pellets. The mean grain sizes of Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 2 and Ce 0.8 Gd 0.2 O 2 pellets are about 0.5-0.4 μm. The pure CeO 2 pellet had low relative density of 80%. However, Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 Ο 2 and Ce 0.8 Gd 0.2 O 2 pellets had the high relative densities above 95%. The Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 Ο 2 and Ce 0.8 Gd 0.2 O 2 pellets had similar conductivities at all measuring temperatures. The Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 Ο 2 pellet had conductivities of 4.73 x 10 -2 and 1.16 x 10 -1 Scm -1 at measuring temperatures of 800 and 900°C respectively.

Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations: evidence for in vivo transmetallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Gadolinium (Gd)-based magnetic resonance contrast agents (GBMCA), including gadodiamide, have been identified as the probable causative agents of the serious disease, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). To investigate retained Gd-containing deposits in skin biopsies from patients with NSF and to determine their relative concentrations over time from administration of GBMCA. An investigator-blinded retrospective study, analysing 43 skin biopsies from 20 patients with gadodiamide-related NSF and one NSF-negative gadodiamide-exposed dialysis patient, ranging from 16 days to 1991 days after Gd contrast dose. Utilizing automated quantitative scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy we determined the concentration of Gd and associated elements present as insoluble deposits in situ in the tissues. We detected Gd in skin lesions of all 20 patients with NSF, whereas Gd was undetectable in the NSF-negative patient. Gd concentration increased over time in 60% of patients with multiple sequential biopsies (n=10), decreasing only when the initial sampling time was >23 months after first gadodiamide dose. All Gd-containing deposits contained phosphorus, calcium and sodium. The ratio of Gd to calcium in tissue deposits correlated positively with the gadodiamide dose and with serum ionized calcium at the time of Gd exposure. These findings demonstrate the in vivo release (through transmetallation) of the toxic free Gd3+ from gadodiamide, and its retention in apatite-like deposits. We suggest that Gd may be mobilized over time from bone stores, explaining variably delayed onset of NSF and increasing skin concentration over time in patients with NSF.

Fluorescence Properties of Eu 3+/Gd 3+/Citric Acid Mixed Complexes Doping in Silicon Rubber Matrix

Series of doped rare earth complexes-Eu x Gd (1- x) (CA) 3 · nH 2O (CA = citric acid) were synthesized. Some characterizations were taken for these complexes. The experimental results shows that the doped rare earth complexes have the best fluorescence property when the ratio of Eu and Gd is from 0.7 to 0.3. Silicon rubber-based composites were prepared by mechanical blending the Eu x Gd (1- x) (CA) 3 · nH 2O and silicon rubber. Then, the fluorescent property of the composites was studied. It is found that the fluorescence intensity of the composites increase linearly with the contents of the rare earth complexes increasing.

Sol–gel synthesis and photoluminescence of K 2NiF 4-type structure phosphors Ca xSr 1− xGd yY 1− yAlO 4: zEu 3+ with hybrid precursors

Ca x Sr 1− x Gd y Y 1− y AlO 4: zEu 3+ ( x = 0.2–1.0, y = 0–1.0, z = 0.01–0.07) was synthesized by a hybrid precursor assembly sol–gel technology. We got sol solutions by stoichiometric rare earth nitrate, Sr(NO 3) 2, Ca(NO 3) 2, Al(NO 3) 3, at the same time investigated the relationship between the sol formed and experiment variable including Ph, temperature, concentration, and so on. Through drying and calcining precursors, we got luminescent materials powder. The particle size of luminescent materials is about 40 nm characterized by XRD and having thick three-dimension grains as SEM shown. Not only co-doping Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ but also changing the ratio of Gd 3+ and Y 3+ cannot change the crystalline structure in Ca x Sr 1− x Gd y Y 1− y AlO 4, it also formed the crystalline structure as that of pure-phase CaGdAlO 4. All these photoluminescence materials show good emission spectra and their luminescent intensity depend on the concentrating of Eu 3+: in all these luminescent materials, there exist emission come from Eu 3+ activator’ transitions of 5D 0– 7F J ( J = 0–3) and their emission intensity increase as adding to the concentration of Eu 3+.

Measurement of the K X-ray absorption jump factors and jump ratios of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er by attenuation of a Compton peak

Measurement of the K X-ray absorption jump factors and jump ratios of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er by attenuation of a Compton peak

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