GC-MS Profiling Research Articles

GC-MS profiling and biological investigations of Cissampelos pareira L. & Lantana camara L.

The objectives of the study were to conduct phytochemical screening of crude extracts of Cissampelos pareira L. and Lantana camara L. and assessing their biological potentials against protein kinase enzymes, followed by the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. The n-hexane (A-І, B-І) and ethyl extracts (A-ІІ, B-ІІ) displayed moderate to good antioxidant activity, while the methanol fractions (A-ІІІ, B-ІІІ) showed significant antioxidant activity. Among all the three crude extracts, the ethyl acetate extract (B-II) of L. camara exhibited significant protein kinase inhibitions with remarkable antioxidant potential and was therefore purified through column chromatography. Fraction B-ІІ-2 showed the highest flavonoid contents (735.43), with the most promising protein kinase inhibition exerted by the subtractions B-ІІ-2, B-ІІ-3, B-ІІ-4, and B-ІІ-7. Hence, active fractions were examined through GC-MS for the identification of active constituents, revealing 17 active compounds. In the case of Lantana camara, the ethyl acetate crude extract along with fractions led to the identification of more than thirty compounds, which may be further explored to find a potential lead for drug development.

Agastache Species (Lamiaceae) as a Valuable Source of Volatile Compounds: GC–MS Profiling and Investigation of In Vitro Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities

Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the study of medicinal and aromatic plants, due to their therapeutic properties that correlate with the presence of different active compounds. Agastache species (sp.) are aromatic plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family, originating from North America and East Asia. The present study aimed to evaluate the composition of essential oils (EOs) obtained from different Romanian cultivated Agastache sp. and to investigate their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) screening revealed that menthone was the dominant constituent of A. foeniculum (31.58%), A. rugosa (39.60%) and A. rugosa ‘After Eight’ (39.76%) EOs, while estragole was the major constituent of A. foeniculum “Aromat de Buzău” (63.27%) and A. mexicana (41.66%) EOs. The investigation of the antiproliferative effect showed that A. rugosa and A. foeniculum “Aromat de Buzău” EOs had significant cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 and HEPG2 tumour cell lines, with the most promising effect on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line for A. foeniculum “Aromat de Buzău” EO (IC50 = 203.70 ± 0.24 μg/mL). Regarding the antibacterial activity, A. rugosa EO was most active against E. coli (8.91 ± 3.27 μL/mL) and S. aureus (10.80 ± 0.00 μL/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the cytotoxic effect of Agastache sp. EOs on MDA-MB-231, HCT116 and HEPG2 tumour cell lines. The results of our study provide new and promising information for the subsequent in vivo study of the pharmacological properties of Agastache sp. essential oils.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Marine Algae: Insights from Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Profiling, and Antioxidant Evaluation

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Marine Algae: Insights from Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Profiling, and Antioxidant Evaluation

LC-HRMS and GC-MS Profiling of Urine Free Cortisol, Cortisone, 6Β-, and 18-Hydroxycortisol for the Evaluation of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Disorders.

Urine free cortisol measurements are routinely performed to evaluate hypercortisolism. Despite their analytical inaccuracy, immunoassay-based methods are frequently used. Advances in liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) facilitate the incorporation of powerful diagnostic tools into clinical laboratories. In addition to its high analytical specificity and simultaneous analysis of different metabolites, accurate mass measurement allows for untargeted compound identification, which may help to identify clinically relevant metabolites or drugs. The present study aimed to validate a simple routine LC-HRMS method to quantify cortisol, cortisone, 6β-hydroxycortisol, and 18-hydroxycortisol simultaneously in human urine. Additionally, the study also validated a GC-MS method for the same steroids, evaluated their cross-reactivity with commercial cortisol immunoassays, and quantified the 24 h urine excretion in patients under clinical suspicion or follow-up for hypercortisolism. The LC-HRMS method involved liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane, micro-LC for chromatographic separation and detection using the accurate masses of the steroids, and simultaneous high-resolution full scan acquisition. The method presented acceptable linearity, precision, and accuracy. Significant interference from 6β-hydroxycortisol and cortisone was demonstrated in the cortisol immunoassays, which impacted their reliability in the follow-up of patients with hypercortisolism and significant changes in these cortisol metabolites (i.e., due to drug-induced changes in CYP3A4 activity). A rapid and accurate routine LC-HRMS method was validated, which is useful for the evaluation of hypercortisolism and other disorders of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolism.

Anticancer Activity and GC-MS Profiling of Bioactive Constituents in the Methanolic Extracts of Spatoglossum variabile and Gracilaria corticata

Background: Marine algae stand out as repositories of bioactive metabolites, widely harnessed in treating diverse diseases. Given the often-challenging side effects associated with conventional cancer treatments, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to marine algae as a promising source for discovering novel and potent anticancer compounds. In this study, we meticulously explored the potential anticancer activity of Spatoglossum variabile and Gracilaria corticata sourced from the Indian Ocean. background: Marine algae are rich in bioactive metabolites that are extensively used to treat various diseases. Researchers have considered marine algae for novel and promising anticancer compounds due to the adverse effects of standard cancer treatments Materials and Methods: The secondary metabolites were extracted using methanol solvent according to the standard protocol. The extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and evaluated for its short- and long-term cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative ability in the HCT116 cell line using MTT, clonogenic, and trypan blue dye exclusion assays, respectively. Results and Discussion: The methanolic extract of Spatoglossum variabile contained 21 unique anticancer compounds, except for the other bioactive compounds. The results indicate that increasing the concentration of algal extracts decreased the cell viability significantly, with an IC50 of 51.49 μg/mL and 37.50 μg /mL in the HCT116 cell line. The results showed a significant reduction in colorectal cancer colony formation and a gradual reduction in cell proliferation. These results underscore the potential for targeted, low-toxicity biomedicines due to their selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. method: The extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and evaluated for its short- and long-term cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative ability in HCT116 cell line using MTT, clonogenic, and trypan blue dye exclusion assays, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that Spatoglosuum variabile & Gracilaria corticata extracts contain various bioactive compounds, display long-term and short-term cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects, which indicates that their constituent compounds might be further refined into effective anti-colorectal cancer medications. result: The methanolic extract of Spatoglossum variabile contained 21 unique anti-cancer compounds, in addition to other bioactive compounds. The results indicate that increasing the concentration of algal extracts decreased the cell viability significantly, with an IC50 of 51.49 µg/mL and 37.50 µg /ml in the HCT116 cell line. The results showed a significant reduction in colony formation and a gradual reduction in cell proliferation

“GC-MS profiling, sub-acute toxicity study and total phenolic and flavonoid content analysis of methanolic leaf extract of Schima wallichii (D.C.) Korth-a traditional antidiabetic medicinal plant”

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSchima wallichii (D.C.) Korth is traditionally used in Manipur, India for treatment of diabetes and hypertension. However, there is no data reported regarding safety profile of this medicinal plant upon repeated per oral administration over a period of time. Aim of the studyIn the current study phytochemical profile, toxicological profile and total phenolic and flavonoid compound content of Schima wallichii leaves extract were evaluated. Materials and methodsGas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was performed for chemical profiling by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), Shimadzu, TQ8040 system. A 28 days sub-acute toxicity study was carried out using albino Wistar rats by administering 3 different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight per oral) of methanol leaves extract. Changes in body weights were recorded weekly. Serum biochemical parameters were estimated as well as blood-cell count was done to check the effect of extract on haematopoietic system. Histopathology of vital organs viz. kidney, heart, brain, liver was performed to find any pathological indications. Since, liver is main the site for xenobiotic metabolism, estimation of the level of glutathione, catalase and lipid peroxidation were done. Further, total phenolic and flavonoid compound content estimation was performed for the leaves extract. ResultsGC-MS revealed 14 major compounds with area percentage >1% of which quinic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-, Octatriacontyl trifluoroacetate, are three major compounds. No mortality was observed after the treatment with extract. Blood-cell count and biochemical parameters didn't show significant deviation as compared to control group. Histopathology study of vital organs viz. (liver, kidney, heart and brain) showed normal cellular construction comparing to control group. There was no sign of membrane lipid peroxidation, depletion of catalase level and glutathione level in liver. The result demonstrates that NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect levels) in the sub-acute toxicity was above 800 mg/kg. The leaves extract showed significant total phenol and flavonoid content. ConclusionThe present study revealed that Schima wallichii possessed important bioactive compounds with therapeutic values. The plant was safe for consumption after repeated high doses administration in rats and possesses significant amount of total phenol and flavonoid content.

GC-MS Profiling, Standardization and in vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Hemidesmus indicus L. (R.Br.) Roots Extracts

GC-MS Profiling, Standardization and in vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Hemidesmus indicus L. (R.Br.) Roots Extracts

Assessment of the Ecological Impact of Pollution in the Damanganga River

The Damanganga River faces severe pollution from industrial effluents and sewage, impacting its ecological health. The study aimed to analyze the current water quality status at the proposed conventional barrage site across the river between Silvassa, Vapi and Daman in India. Water samples were collected from three sites along the river during different seasons and analyzed for physicochemical parameters like TDS, COD, BOD, nutrients, fecal coliforms, heavy metals, etc. as per standard methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) was done. GCMS profiling of organics was also carried out. Several parameters exceeded the desired limits. TDS, BOD, fecal coliforms were very high indicating organic pollution and sewage contamination. Dissolved oxygen was deficient at some sites. Cadmium, copper and iron exceeded limits due to industrial releases containing these metals. PCA showed organic pollution as the major degrading factor for water quality followed by industrial contamination. GCMS analysis revealed hazardous organics like petrochemicals, fatty acids, solvents, pesticides and aromatic pollutants at varying levels along the river’s course demonstrating pollution from oil spillages, industrial effluents and agricultural runoff. The findings confirm severe deterioration in the Damanganga's water quality from inadequately treated sewage and industrial discharges posing environmental and health risks. Stringent regulations, proper wastewater treatment, runoff control and regular monitoring are vital to improve the river's condition

Proximate, vitamin and GC-MS profiling of Kigelia africana fruit powder

Phytochemicals come from plants and are generally recognized as safe which make them good candidates to be used as feed additives in livestock production. These compounds are non-toxic, effective, environmentally friendly and it performs several biological activities viz: antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, immune-stimulatory, hepato-protective, antiviral amongst others. This study was carried out to examine the proximate, vitamin and bioactive profiling of Kigelia africana fruit powder. Results on proximate of the sample revealed the presence of moisture 10.33%, dry matter 89.67%, crude protein 7.98%, crude fibre 2.71%, ether extract 2.10%, ash 5.49% and carbohydrate 72.06%. Vitamin composition of Kigelia africana fruit powder showed that it contained vitamin A 4.24 iu/100 g, vitamin B1 82.9 mg100 g, vitamin B2 25.1 µg/100 g, vitamin B3 49.6 µg/100 g, vitamin B6 143.1 µg/100 g, vitamin B9 6.70 µg/100 g, vitamin B12 3.90 µg/100 g, vitamin C 5.86 µg/100 g, vitamin D 124.4 iu/100 g, vitamin E 44.2 mg/100 g and vitamin K 39.2 iu/100 g. Bioactive profiling by GC/MS revealed the presence of 19 compounds. These compounds have different therapeutic properties with 2-Dimethylsilyloxytetradecane 27.42% as a major compound followed by 3,7-dimethyl- Pentaerythritol 22.08%, 9-Octadecenoic acid 14.84%, Cyclopropaneoctanal 12.60%, Allyl fluoride 4.50%, 2-hydroxy- Propanenitrile 3.80%, 9-Octadecenoic acid 3.60%, 2-octyl- 6-Octadecenoic acid 2.48%, 2- Chloropropionic acid 2.42%, 1-Tricosene 2.19%, 13-Octadecenal 1.28%, Dimethyl Urethane 1.19%, 2,2-dimethyl-Cyclohexanol 0.57%, 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate 0.40%, Hexanoic acid 0.30%, 2-Chloroethyl 1-propynyl sulfoxide 0.12%, 10-Azido-1-decanethiol Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid 0.10%, Isopropylcyclobutane 0.10% and Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid 0.01%. It was concluded that Kigelia africana fruit powder is loaded with several nutrient and could be used as a natural alternative to antibiotics in animal production.

Phytochemical potential and GC–MS analysis of propolis from Punjab region of India

Propolis is a beehive product produced from honeybees by mixing β-glycosidase enzyme and beeswax with exudate collected from plant resins. The main goal of this study was to investigate the phytochemical potential and GC–MS profiling of the main constituents of propolis. The antioxidant activity was assessed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were analysed by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antioxidant activities, ethanolic extract had the highest total phenolic content, and maximum amount of flavonoid was observed in the chloroform extract. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Results revealed that propolis from Derra Bassi can be used as natural antioxidant, also extracting solvents had a significant impact on the phytochemical activities and with its standardisation can be used for prevention of diseases related with free radicals.

Identification, validation and quantification of thymoquinone in conjunction with assessment of bioactive possessions and GC-MS profiling of pharmaceutically valuable crop Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) varieties.

Plants have been pivotal in traditional and modern medicine globally, with historical evidence supporting their therapeutic applications. Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Ranunculaceae family and is cultivated in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Western and Central Asia. The medicinal use of plants dates back thousands of years, documented in ancient writings from various civilizations. Alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and tannins found in plants exhibit antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. This study specifically examines the pharmacological potential of Nigella sativa L., emphasizing thymoquinone-a compound with diverse nutraceutical benefits. The extraction, characterization, and quantification of thymoquinone, alongside other physicochemical parameters, were carried out using ethanol through Soxhlet extraction procedures on five nigella varieties. HPLC analysis was performed to determine the maximum accumulation of thymoquinone in the released variety of the plant and the chemical composition of the seed oil isolated from Nigella sativa L., varieties utilized in the study was determined through GC-MS analysis. The research revealed that the Ajmer nigella-20 variety stands out, exhibiting elevated levels of thymoquinone (0.20 ± 0.07%), antioxidants (76.18 ± 1.78%), and substantial quantities of total phenols (31.85 ± 0.97 mg GAEg-1 seed) and flavonoids (8.150 ± 0.360 mg QE 100 g-1 seed) compared to other varieties. The GC-MS profiling showed the presence of 11 major compounds in the studied varieties, with p-cymene, longifolene, and myristic acid identified as the major chemical compounds present in the oil. The observed variations among Nigella varieties indicate the Ajmer nigella-20 variety as particularly promising for thymoquinone and bioactive compound extraction. This study underscores Nigella's potential as a source of pharmacologically active compounds, highlighting the need for further exploration in therapeutic applications.

A comparative study of essential oil components of selected promising small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) landraces in Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) of South India

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). α- terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of α-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries.

GCMS and HPLC profiling, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Crotalaria medicaginea Lamk

Inflammation is the underlying process to many degenerative diseases such as emphysema, cancer, Alzheimer's, arthritis, diabetes, and more recently COVID-19. The overproduction of free radicals in the cells is the major factor that leads to inflammation due to oxidative stress. These free radicals damage macromolecules in cells, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, through oxidation, thus affecting cell metabolism. Antioxidants can delay the oxidation of these molecules through inhibition of oxidizing chain reactions and can be helpful in treating inflammatory diseases. Crotalaria medicaginea Lamk (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant that is not extensively explored for its biological and pharmacological potential on scientific grounds. In this study, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude methanolic extract and different solvent fractions of the plant were determined. Phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins were quantified in each plant sample. The crude extract was characterized for its phytochemical constituents through GC–MS and HPLC analysis. Strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant extracts were recorded which can be attributed to the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, and tannins in these extracts. GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, and 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- as major compounds while HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of gallic acid, taxifolin, quercetin and kaempferol in the plant.

Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in- silico virtual screening

L. edodes (L. edodes) is the most consumed mushroom in the world and has been well known for its therapeutic potential as an edible and medicinal candidate, it contains dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. In the current study butanolic extract of mushroom was used to form semisolid butanol extract. The current study aimed to explore biometabolites that might have biological activities in n-butanol extract of L. edodes using FT-IR and GC–MS and LC–MS. The synergistic properties of bioactive compounds were futher assessed by performing different biological assays such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. FTIR spectra showed different functional groups including amide N–H group, Alkane (C-H stretching), and (C = C stretching) groups at different spectrum peaks in the range of 500 cm−1 to 5000 cm−1 respectively. GC–MS profiling of n-butanol extract depicted 34 potent biomolecules among those dimethyl; Morphine, 2TMS derivative; Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol were spotted at highest range. Results indicate that L. edodes n-butanol extract showed a maximum anti-inflammatory potential 91.4% at 300 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was observed by measuring free radical scavenging activity which is 64.6% at optimized concentration along with good antidiabetic activity. In-silico study executed the biopotential of active ingredient morphine which proved the best docking score (− 7.0 kJ/mol) against aldose reductase. The in-silico drug design analysis was performed on biometabolites detected through GC–MS that might be a potential target for sulfatase-2 to treat ruminated arthritis. Morphine binds more strongly (− 7.9 kJ/mol) than other bioactive constituents indicated. QSAR and ADMET analysis shown that morphine is a good candidates against ruminated arthritis. The current study showed that L. edodes might be used as potent drug molecules to cure multiple ailments. As mushrooms have high bioactivity, they can be used against different diseases and to develop antibacterial drugs based on the current situation in the world in which drug resistance is going to increase due to misuse of antibiotics so new and noval biological active compounds are needed to overcome the situation.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Optimization, Phytochemical Screening and Analysis of Phenolics from Cycas Zeylanica and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation.

The present study focuses on investigating the phytochemical screening of indigenous species, C. zeylanica, for the first time. The leaf extracts have been prepared using ultrasound-assisted methods to obtain the best extraction results using different time and temperature conditions such as 30, 60, and 90 min. and 30, 40, and 60 °C, respectively. The results have been optimized using response surface methodology. Under the optimal extraction conditions of 60 °C for 43.57 minutes, an extract was produced with a yield of 0.238 g and a high total phenolic content of 181.1965 mg GAE/g. The total phenolic content has been evaluated and the presence of gallic acid has been confirmed through the HPLC technique. The optimal extract (OE) showed excellent antioxidant activity for the DPPH assay, with an IC50 of 3.1 μg/ml. Finally, GC-MS profiling has been done to screen the volatile component of the plant extract.

Elucidating the anti-cancer potential of Cinnamomum tamala essential oil against non-small cell lung cancer: A multifaceted approach involving GC-MS profiling, network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics simulations

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm., or Indian Bay Leaf, is a well-known traditional ayurvedic medicine used to treat various ailments. However, the molecular mechanism of action of Cinnamomum tamala essential oil (CTEO) against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. The present study aims to decipher the molecular targets and mechanism of CTEO in treating NSCLC. GC-MS analysis detected 49 constituents; 44 successfully passed the drug-likeness screening and were identified as active compounds. A total of 3961 CTEO targets and 4588 anti-NSCLC-related targets were acquired. JUN, P53, IL6, MAPK3, HIF1A, and CASP3 were determined as hub genes, while cinnamaldehyde, ethyl cinnamate and acetophenone were identified as core compounds. Enrichment analysis revealed that targets were mainly involved in apoptosis, TNF, IL17, pathways in cancer and MAPK signalling pathways. mRNA expression, pathological stage, survival analysis, immune infiltrate correlation and genetic alteration analysis of the core hub genes were carried out. Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) curve revealed that HIF1A and CASP3 are linked to worse overall survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cancer patients compared to normal patients. Ethyl cinnamate and cinnamaldehyde showed high binding energy with the MAPK3 and formed stable interactions with MAPK3 during the molecular dynamic simulations for 100 ns. The MM/PBSA analysis revealed that van der Waals (VdW) contributions predominantly account for a significant portion of the compound interactions within the binding pocket of MAPK3. Density functional theory analysis showed cinnamaldehyde as the most reactive and least stable compound. CTEO exhibited selective cytotoxicity by inhibiting the proliferation of A549 cells while sparing normal HEK293 cells. CTEO triggered apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle, increasing ROS accumulation, causing mitochondrial depolarisation, and elevating caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 levels in A549 cells. The above study provides insights into the pharmacological mechanisms of action of Cinnamomum tamala essential oil against non-small cell lung cancer treatment, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy.

A test-tube vinification method for high-throughput characterisation of the oenological and aromatic potential of white wines

The quality of wine largely depends on aroma perception, but the genetic basis explaining the variations of aroma compound concentrations in wines is still fragmentary. To unravel links between genetic variations and aroma compound variations in hundreds of genotypes, we developed a small-scale, high-throughput test-tube vinification (TTV) method capable of producing white wines that reveal the genetic potential at the scale of a single vine stock. We evaluated this method on commercial grapevine varieties (Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Chasselas, Floreal, Muscat à petits grains blancs) and genotypes resulting from a bi-parental cross, covering a wide aromatic palette. The wines produced were described by usual oenological parameters and GC-MS profiling of volatile compounds. We compared the wines obtained with the TTV method to commercial wines and to wines obtained from larger fermentation volumes (5–10 L). Our results show that the TTV method is suitable to produce white wines on a very small scale, i.e., less than 100 mL and that these small-scale wines faithfully reflect the aromatic potential of the different varieties, as would larger volume methods. The proposed method is a high-throughput approach to assess the oenological potential of hundreds of grapevine genotypes from grape material harvested on a single vine. This wine-focused direct phenotyping method will pave the way for a better understanding of the genetic determinism of wine aromas, especially for molecules that are not directly present in grapes, such as volatile thiols and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN).

Solanum aculeastrum Dunal berries: Phytochemical profiling and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract and n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions

Background: Solanum aculeastrum is reportedly used in several diseases including gonorrhea, bronchitis, jigger infestations and wounds, and cancers. We conducted an exhaustive phytochemical and GC-MS profiling of its methanol extract and solvents’ fractions. Methods: About 4500g of dried berries of S. aculeastrum was extracted with methanol, part of which was partitioned into fractions of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. These fractional preparations were subjected to phytochemical and GC-MS profiling except aqueous fraction. Results: The percentage yield of 430.69g of methanol extract of berries of S.aculeastrum was 9.57%w/w, while the yields of dried 19.4g of n-hexane, 38.4g of DCM, 6.4g of ethyl acetate, 81.03g of n-butanol and 21.2g of the freeze-dried aqueous fractions were 7.08%w/w, 14.03 %w/w, 2.33%w/w, 29.60%w/w and 7.74%w/w respectively. The relative presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, saponins were confirmed except quinones. GC-MS profiling of methanol extract identified 32 compounds including alkane, alcohol, carbohydrate, fatty acids, terpenoids, glycerides, vitamins and some unclassified compounds. 25 compounds including terpenoids, alkene, fatty acids, vitamin and unclassified compounds were identified in n-hexane fractions. The DCM fraction yielded 20 compounds including isoprenoid, terpenoids, amino acids, carboxylic acid and unclassified compounds. 22 compounds were identified in ethyl acetate fraction including phenol, fatty acids, alcohol, terpenoids, glycerolipid and unclassified compounds. The n-butanol fraction yielded 11 compounds including fluorinated aromatic substance, hormonal antineoplastic and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Conclusion: This study has further elaborated on the bioactive compounds in berries of S. aculeastrum, to aid robust understanding of its pharmacologic activities.

Investigating the Bioactive Potential of Persicaria hydropiper: GC-MS Profiling and In vivo Exploration of Antinociceptive and Antidiarrheal Effects

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of methanol-derived leaf extracts from the Persicaria hydropiper plant on the GCMS analysis and in-vivo antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.
 Study Design: The GCMS analysis was used to analyze the phytochemicals of the methanolic extract of Persicaria hydropiper (MEPH). The research aimed to investigate the possible in-vivo activities, including the antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activity, of the plant's chemical ingredient, which is of pharmaceutical significance. Whether the changes seen in experimental animals have statistical significance.
 Methodology: Potential antinociceptive and antidiarrheal properties of MEPH were studied after phytochemicals were found by GCMS analysis of the plant. Swiss albino mice assessed antidiarrheal activity using the castor oil-induced method and antinociceptive activities at various dosages using the hotplate and glutamate-induced nociception methods, respectively.
 Results: The MEPH GCMS analysis revealed that 65 phytochemicals were found which have greater pharmacological activities. In contrast, MEPH inhibited peripheral nociception in the glutamate-induced paw licking nociceptive paradigm with percent inhibitions of 86.53 and 93.59, respectively. In addition, the hot plate test revealed a significant antinociceptive effect. Where the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal method showed 80.16 and 87% of inhibition of diarrhea compared to the standard loperamide's value of 84.19%. Each pharmacological model was experimented using the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg.Conclusion: Several pathological conditions, including dysentery, Persistent diarrhea, arthritis and other pain, inflammation related diseases, may benefit in the future from the use of plant-derived pharmacological agents due to their antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.

GC-MS profiling of anticancer and antimicrobial phytochemicals in the vegetative leaf, root, and stem of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Withania somnifera has been used for a long time in traditional medicine. Its crude extract, dried powder, and purified metabolites from mature plants have shown promising therapeutic potential. To further investigate its potential, the detection of phytochemicals with anticancer and antimicrobial properties in the vegetative stage is essential. Hence, this study was done to identify phytochemical constituents using GC-MS analysis for anticancer and antimicrobial activities in the vegetative stage from methanolic extracts of stem, leaf, and root in W. somnifera. The air-dried plant parts were extracted with methanol at low pressure to concentrate using a rotary evaporator at 40°C. To identify phytochemicals, Shimadzu GCMSQP2010, Japan, was used with the NIST107.LIB database. The GC-MS identified 35 unique phytochemical peaks at the vegetative stage in W. somnifera. In leaves, the antibacterial phytochemicals included cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl, with a high abundance, and cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl, with the least abundance. In roots, the phytochemicals 2,2-dimethoxybutane, with high abundance, and cathinone, with least abundance, were found to have antibacterial properties, whereas trans-2,3-epoxyoctane, with high abundance, and 2,2-dimethoxybutane, with least abundance, were found to have anticancer properties. In stem, the antibacterial phytoconstituents octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl, and benzenemethanol, alpha.-(1-aminoethyl), were found to be the most abundant and least abundant, respectively, while arabinitol and pentaacetate had both anticancer and antibacterial activities. At the vegetative stage, GC-MS studies of stem, leaf, and root parts revealed the occurrence of potential phytochemicals for antibacterial and anticancer activities in W. somnifera.