GC-MS Studies Research Articles

Evaluation of antiulcer activity and GC-MS studies of Curcuma neilgherrensis Wt. on pyloric ligation induced wistar albino rats

Evaluation of antiulcer activity and GC-MS studies of Curcuma neilgherrensis Wt. on pyloric ligation induced wistar albino rats

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Solanum nigrum Linn leaves

Solanum nigrum Linn, belonging to the family Solanaceae, is a flowering species native to Australia, South Africa, and Asia. In the present study, the dried S. nigrum leaves were extracted with benzene, diethyl ether, and ethanol by Soxhlet’s extraction and screened qualitatively and quantitatively to determine their total phytoconstituent content and their potential antioxidant evaluation, followed by the GCMS analysis to predict the hit compounds. The highest amounts of phenols (120.50 mg), alkaloids (90.50 mg), and flavonoids (108.75 mg) were present in the diethyl ether extract of the Solanum nigrum leaves. In contrast, saponins (42.50g) are abundant in ethanol extract. The GCMS analysis of diethyl ether extract reported the top compounds with area %, height %, and specific retention times. The major compounds in the GCMS analysis are isopropyl myristate, octadecanedioic acid, and hexadecanedioic acid. Antioxidant assays such as the DPPH assay and reducing power assay revealed that the diethyl ether extract has more antioxidant activity than the standard itself. The two compounds from the GCMS study were then docked against an oncogene BRAF V600E and a mutated tumour suppressor gene p53 Y220C mutant. The results showed that the interaction was good and had higher negative binding energies. We report that S. nigrum leaves have potent antioxidant and anticancer properties.

Phytochemical evaluation and Chemical characterization of Bauhinia variegata L. bark extract by TGA/ DSC, FT-IR and GC-MS analytical techniques: Pharmaceutical Aspects

Bauhinia variegata (Linn.), Caesalpiniaceae, known as Kachnar in Ayurvedic texts has been shown to have promising anticancer potential. The presence of bioactive molecules in plants which can be commercialized has led to research in knowing their chemical properties. Previous studies from our laboratory have validated the claim of anticancer property of Bauhinia variegata by providing biochemical evidence for the effect of petroleum ether bark extract (PEBE) and chloroform bark extract (CBE) on A549 and H460 lung cancer cell lines respectively. This work aimed at the application of various analytical techniques (thermal analysis, Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy and GC-MS) in the characterization of dried extracts of Bauhinia variegata with medicinal properties. TG-DSC-FTIR-GC-MS was applied to monitor the thermal stability and chemical properties of Bauhinia variegata bark extracts. The TG analysis of PEBE and CBE showed mass loss within three steps in different temperature ranges. The DSC curves for the dried extracts of Bauhinia variegata showed that thermal processes occur between 50 – 100°C for PEBE and 50-70°C for CBE. The FTIR spectroscopic studies of petroleum ether and chloroform bark extracts of Bauhinia variegata revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional groups in the extracts. The GC-MS study of PEBE revealed 18 compounds and CBE revealed 8 compounds. Thus, we have been successful in narrowing down to very few probable anticancer compounds from Bauhinia variegata bark extracts and also through this study, it was possible to substantiate the possibility of applying these techniques for use in the herbal medicines production from medicinal plants.

Investigating the effect of dipropylene glycol and mixed-surfactant concentrations on perfume release

HypothesisThe solubilization and release of perfume from aqueous micellar solutions are to a large extent dependent on the geometric, surface and electrostatic properties of the micelle. These properties are influenced by the molecular structure of the surfactant, the solvent properties, and additives (hydrotropes). Both surfactant and co-solvent are expected to affect solvent polarity, hence addition of a co-solvent of lower polarity than water should reduce the size of micelles, whereas addition of surfactant should increase the size of micelles. ExperimentThe effect of dipropylene glycol and surfactant concentration on micelle size and perfume release were systematically studied on (a) branched-chain sodium trideceth-2 sulfate (ST2S)/cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), and (b) linear-chain sodium laureth-1 sulfate (SLE1S)/CAPB mixed-surfactant systems. Combined small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and GC-MS studies were conducted to elucidate the impact of co-solvent and surfactant on fractional charge/size of micelle and perfume release from formulations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was done to determine if the 12-PRM perfume accord could be simplified into smaller groups of PRMs. Statistical analysis was performed to determine if perfume release was significantly correlated to any aspects of the colloidal domain as a function of DPG or surfactant concentration. FindingsThe micelles shrank, aggregation numbers decreased, and fractional charges increased with increasing DPG concentration, whereas the opposite occurred with increasing surfactant concentrations. These trends were largely consistent for both mixed-micelle systems. GC-MS headspace concentration results further demonstrated that although the perfume headspace concentrations typically follow certain trends, performance is largely dependent on surfactant and DPG concentration. PCA showed that the 12-PRM accord could be treated as two components of perfume molecules, with florol strongly contributing to the second component. Statistical analysis showed that the first component significantly correlated to the micelle size and volume fraction as a function of DPG and surfactant concentration in both mixed-surfactant systems. This is the first time the release of a multi-component perfume accord was systematically studied as a function of DPG and surfactant concentration, and how DPG and surfactant variation affect the colloidal domain in the presence of a multi-component perfume accord.

GC-MS studies and anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic leaf and stem extracts of Leucas biflora (Vahl) R. Br. on lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in swiss albino rats

The bioactive compounds present in Leucas biflora (Vahl) R.Br. leaf and stem methanolic extract was analyzed using GC-MS studies. GC-MS analysis was carried out using GC Clarus 500 perkin Elmer system interfaced to a Mass spectrometer instrument. The study was carried out to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic leaf and stem extract of Leucas biflora (Vahl) R.Br. on Endotoxin induced uveitis in Swiss Albino rats. Clinical signs including miosis, flares, hyperemia and iris were pursued for and counted in 1.0mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced uveitic mice treated orally with methanolic leaf and stem extract (200mg/kg), Dexamethasone (5mg/kg) or normal saline (0.1ml/kg). The protein concentration as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor – α (TNF- α) in the aqueous humor were also determined after various methods. The Methanolic extract of Leucas biflora(Vahl) R.Br. compounds studied using GC-MS were compared with the database stored in NIST library. The compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-Ethylacridine were analysed form the plant samples. The methanolic leaf and stem extract of Leucas biflora (Vahl) R. Br. and dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced several signs of uveitis such as hypermia, flare, anterior chamber, pus and miosis.

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF THE METHANOL FRACTION OF AILANTHUS EXCELSA ROXB. FRUIT

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical compounds present in the methanolic fruit extract of Ailanthus excelsa. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out using the GC-MS instrument following the standard protocol. Results: GC-MS studies revealed the presence of 65 compounds in fruit extract of Ailanthus excelsa. Among them, highest peak area (37.67%) was obtained for Mome Inositol (Six hydroxyl group polysaccharide) (Retention time 14.873). Conclusion: This study identifies the presence of pharmacologically active compounds which can be constructive for the formulation of novel drugs.

Studies of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Pinus gerardiana and Pinus roxburghii Seed Extracts.

Pine seeds are considered as nonwood forest products (NWFP) with regularly increasing market's demand. They can be eaten in various ways such as roasted or raw. In addition, they are included in various traditional dishes like in cookies, sauces, candies, cakes, breads, and other bakery items and, moreover, for medicinal purposes. GC-MS study is performed to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in the seed extracts of Pinus roxburghii (Chir) and Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza). In total, 25 compounds were identified each in Chir and Chilgoza. In Chir seeds, abundantly present compounds were 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (16.6%), followed by ç-Terpinene (9.9%) and cyclohexanol, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1à,3à,4á) (9.8%), whereas in Chilgoza seeds, the maximum amount of compound was 1-hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane (17.3%), followed by phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (15.4%), and heptadecane, 2-methyl (8.4%). The total phenolic content of Chir seed sample was 1536 ± 4.35 (mg GAE/100 g), whereas in the Chilgoza seed extract was 642.66 ± 2.08 (mg GAE/100 g). The application of RP-HPLC-DAD system revealed that Chir and Chilgoza seeds have maximum quantity of catechin (15.77 ± 0.16 μg/mg and 17.49 ± 0.32 μg/mg, respectively). Both Chir and Chilgoza seed extracts exhibited significant antioxidant (radical scavenging) potential, through H2O2 (618.94 ± 21.45 μg/mL and 575.16 ± 19.88 μg/mL) and DPPH (552.60 ± 13.03 μg/mL and 429.15 ± 3.80 μg/mL) assays, respectively. Additionally, a well-known antibacterial potential was also found in both plants' dichloromethane extracts, with 64 to 256 μg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentrations. As a whole, result shows the importance of both plants as a naturally occurring phytochemical source with significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis, Molecular Docking Study and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Sapindus emarginatus Seed Kernel

Objectives: The present study was designed to identify and screen phytochemicals present in methanolic extract of Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel, to evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and to search for dihydropteroate synthase (3TYE) enzyme inhibitors through molecular docking study. Methods: Phytochemicals present in methanol extract were screened using standard protocol. Identification of phytochemicals was carried out using GC-MS. DPPH assay and Microbroth dilution assay were used to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity respectively. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) was used for molecular docking. Results: Preliminary phytochemicals screening of extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols and tannins, terpenoids, saponins and fat & oil. GC-MS study was showed 12 peaks indicating the presence of 12 different phytoconstituents. The extract exhibited very good inhibition (MIC= 200µg/mL) against S. pyogenus compared with inhibition of standard drug ampicillin (MIC= 100µg/mL). Molecular docking result revealed that 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-[3,4-dihydroxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy bind effectively to the active site residues of dihydropteroate synthase (3TYE) with docking score of -6.53kcal/mol. Conclusion: Phytochemicals were investigated (Phytochemicals screening and GC-MS analysis) are responsible of antimicrobial or antioxidant activity of Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel.

Pyrolysis of low-value waste miscanthus grass: Physicochemical characterization, pyrolysis kinetics, and characterization of pyrolytic end products

The current study explored the bioenergy potential of waste miscanthus grass (WMG). The kinetic study of WMG was evaluated via two model-free methods, in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), at dynamic heating rates under an inert ambiance. The pyrolysis was performed in a semi-batch fixed bed reactor at 500 oC, 80 oC min heating rate, and 1 mm particle size. The evolution of hot vapours during pyrolysis was explored using a TGA-FTIR analyzer. Finally, the bio-oil and biochar were characterized by their physicochemical properties. The kinetic results established that WMG followed a multi-step decomposition process, and the average activation energy gained from KAS and ST was found to be 197.66 and 179.64 kJ mol-1, respectively. TGA-FTIR study revealed the foremost release of carbon dioxide (28.22%), followed by a carbonyl (25.40%), and ether (19.12%). Further, the pyrolysis of WMG yielded 29.32 wt% of bio-oil at the optimized condition whereas, physicochemical results of bio-oil established; 65.16% carbon content, 26.16 MJ kg-1 HHV, 34.15 cP viscosity, and 812 kg m-3 density. GC-MS study of bio-oil confirmed the maximal release of hydrocarbons and phenols. Finally, characterization results of miscanthus grass biochar (MGB) demonstrated an excellent feedstock for industrial and domestic applications.

Hydroprocessing mixed waste plastics to obtain clean transport fuel

Energy from synthetic plastic waste is still elusive as pyrolysis alone could not deliver an environmentally friendly fuel. Hydroprocessing of pyrolysis oil from post-consumer mixed plastics had been attempted earlier; however, demonstration of the performance of the processed fuel through analysis of its properties, composition and engine performance has not been reported yet. High-density polyethylene, Low-density polyethylene and polypropylene were the chosen feedstock for this study and they were individually pyrolyzed utilizing ZSM-5 catalyst. The produced pyrolysis oil of each feedstock was mixed in a 1:1:1 ratio and hydroprocessed utilizing Nb/SBA-16 catalyst at various hydroprocessing parameters. The process hydrogen pressure (70 bar), reaction temperature (350 °C) and reaction time (6 h) delivered a fuel that matched diesel. The physicochemical properties matched EN590 (European diesel standards), and the GC-MS study facilitated the comparative analysis of the fuel with diesel. The components n-alkanes, isoalkanes and aromatics of the produced fuel gave a competitive match with diesel (90%). The produced fuel was blended with diesel and trial-tested in a diesel engine. Analysis of the entire array of engine performance results demonstrated a match of 94% for combustion and 90% for emissions. Energy from waste plastics is viable when it satisfies the regulatory requirements, and the results of this study provide the possibility to pursue that path.

Molecular manipulation of the 1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one scaffold to obtain new human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors

Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a globular glycoprotein of about 30 kDa belonging to the chymotrypsin family, and it has been recognized as an important target for several inflammatory diseases, in particular related to the respiratory system. Here, we report the development of potent HNE inhibitors using a classic medicinal chemistry approach starting from our previously published pyrazolocyclohexanones. By contraction and enlargement of the cyclohexanone ring, we obtained pyrazolocyclopentanone and pyrazolocycloeptanone derivatives, respectively. Both nuclei were suitable for the synthesis of potent HNE inhibitors, and activity was maintained in the nanomolar range. The inhibitory activity was strongly dependent on the presence of an N-CO function as the point of attachment by HNE Ser195. Spectroscopic techniques, GC-MS, and crystallographic studies allowed us to univocally assign the correct structures to the pairs of isomers (N1 and N2) obtained in the alkylation/acylation reactions. The two isomers N1 and N2 exhibited a comparable potency. Finally, molecular modeling of the most active compound 8e (IC50 = 26 nM) demonstrated that orientation of the molecule was favorable for formation of a Michaelis complex, and the parameter values were in agreement with its potent inhibitory activity.

Bird’s eye view analysis of in situ cholesterol metabolic pathways in breast cancer patients and its clinicopathological significance in their subtypes

Obesity has been known to increase the risks of breast cancer (BC) development and also to be associated with adverse clinical outcome of the patients. Abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism are not only related to obesity but also to biological or clinical behavior of BC patients. However, which metabolites or pathways of cholesterol metabolism could represent the characteristics of BC patients have remained virtually unknown. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to perform bird’s eye view or comprehensive analysis of in situ or intra-tumoral cholesterol metabolic pathways using the multimodal approaches in order to elucidate the possible significance of cholesterol metabolites and its metabolic enzymes including CYP27A1, CYP7A1, and CYP46A1. GC-MS study using BC specimens was first performed in 60 BCE patients to evaluate cholesterol metabolism from cholesterol through oxysterols in both BC and normal tissues. Results of those analyses above lead to evaluating immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of CYP27A1, CYP7A1 and CYP46A1 in 213 and 153 BCE cases, respectively. Results of comprehensive GC-MS analysis did reveal that three oxysterols, 27-HC, 7α-HC and 24-HC were all related to malignant phenotypes in BC. 27-HC abundance was significantly associated with higher tumor stage (P = 0.0475) of BC patients. Luminal B type BC patients harboring high CYP27A1, the enzyme responsible for production of 27-HC were significantly associated with worse disease-free survival than those with low CYP27A1 (P = 0.0463). 7α-HC tended to be more abundant in HER2 positive and TNBC subtypes and higher levels of 7α-HC were also significantly associated with higher Ki-67 labeling index (P = 0.0022) and histological grade (P = 0.0286). CYP7A1, the enzyme involved in production of 7α-HC, was significantly more abundant in TNBC than other subtypes (vs Luminal A; P = 0.0321, vs Luminal B; P = 0.0048, vs HER2; P = 0.0103). The levels of 24-HC in BC were lower than normal breast tissues regardless of its subtypes. CYP46A1, the enzyme involved in the production of 24-HC, was detected only in 33 (15.5%) out of 213 BCE cases examined in this study. Results of our bird’s eye view analysis of in situ or intra-tumoral cholesterol metabolism in BC patients did firstly reveal BC subtype dependent involvement of its different pathways. Results also indicated the therapeutic possibility of subtype dependent modification of cholesterol metabolizing pathways in BC patients.

Thyme essential oil nano-emulsion/Tamarind starch/Whey protein concentrate novel edible films for tomato packaging

The aim of the present study was to prepare the thyme essential oil (TEO) nano-emulsion (5, 10, 15 and 20%) incorporated edible composite films using tamarind starch (TS), whey protein concentrate (WPC) at selected proportions. Impact on physical, mechanical and barrier properties of the composite films was investigated. The average particle size of nano-emulsions was found to be 18.88 nm and PDI value of 0.304. Carvacrol (41.29%), thymol (26.31%) and p-cymene (10.63%) were the main chemical compounds determined using GC-MS study. With the incorporation of WPC and TEO into film, water gain, and solubility of the films improved significantly to enhance the shelf life of tomato till 14 days. Synergistic effect of WPC and TEO significantly improved the tensile strength and elongation properties of the films. The inhibition zone was found to be (53.33 ± 2.60) mm for S.aureus and (39.86 ± 3.12) mm for E.coli at 20% TEO.

Thermal degradation kinetics and pyrolysis GC–MS study of curcumin

The objective of this work was to study kinetics of thermal degradation of curcumin in ambient–1023 K range and identify degradation products by GC–MS. No weight loss was observed up to ∼470 K and two major weight losses occurred beyond this. Sixteen degradation products were identified by GC–MS. Pharmacological properties, including LD50, LC50, gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeation and effect on cytochromes, of the products were calculated using standard software. The LD50 values indicated that the degradation products are more toxic than curcumin. All the decomposition products, except 2-methyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)-hept-2-en-4-one, have the potential to cross the blood–brain barrier that can affect brain functions. Twelve of the compounds showed the potential to inhibit the metabolism of xenobiotics and all the compounds appeared to be non-inhibitors of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in contrast to curcumin. Thus, this study suggests that the food materials containing curcumin when heated beyond 470 K will produce toxic substances.

Environmentally Benign <i>Solanum torvum</i> (Sw.) (Solanaceae) Leaf Extract in Ecofreindly Management of Human Disease Vector, <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Linn.)

<div>Mosquitoes play a key role in the transmission of diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, etc. Plant based compounds form alternate source of control measures against mosquitoes, in view of deleterious effects of chemical pesticides. In the present study, insecticidal activity of aerial part of <em>Solanum torvum</em> (Sw.) was studied against <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (L.) under laboratory conditions. GC-MS study was analysed in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of <em>S. torvum</em> and the leaf extracts yielded around 57 compounds. In the larvicidal and adulticidal tests against <em>A. aegypti,</em> mortality rate increased with the increased concentrations of <em>S. torvum</em> extract. Highest larval mortality was obtained with ethyl acetate 100% extract at the dose of 200 ?g/ml after 48 hrs experiment, followed by methanol 64% and hexane 42% leaf extract. The LC<sub>50</sub> values of leaf extract was observed as 159.594 ?g/mL, 182.272 ?g/mL at 24 hrs interval and 85.2833 ?g/mL, 138.472 ?g/mL 48 hrs interval for ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts, respectively. In adulticidal activity highest mortality rate was obtained in ethyl acetate extract at 92% for the dose of 2 mg/ml after 24 hrs, followed by methanol 74% and hexane 52% leaf extracts. The LC<sub>50</sub> values were 0.453 mg/mL, 0.790 mg/mL and 1.294 mg/mL with ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane extracts at 24 hrs interval against<em> Aedes aegypti</em>. In control treatment, no mortality rate was observed. Thus the present study showed the potential application of <em>S. torvum</em> leaf extract in the control of dengue mosquito under the laboratory conditions.</div>

Działanie olejku tatarakowego (Calami aetheroleum) na grzyby drożdżopodobne

Introduction. The rhizomes and leaves of calamus (Acorus calamus L.) contain essential oil, the composition of which varies depending on the variety. Characteristic are α- and β-azarones, other ingredients are, among others: acorin, spatulenol, borneol, isoazarone, caryophyllene, geranyl acetate, isoeugenol, eugenol, linalool, camphor and cineol. Extracts and essential oil have antimicrobial properties. Aim. Determination of sensitivity to calamus oil (Semifarm) of yeast-like fungi isolated from the oral cavity and estimation of the chemical composition of the oil. Material and methods. Strains of yeast-like fungi isolated from the oral cavity belonged to the species: Candida albicans (7 strains), C. glabrata (6), C. guilliermondii (1), C. krusei (4), C. lusitaniae (1), C. parapsilosis (4), C. tropicalis (3), C. utilis (1), Geotrichum candidum (1), Rhodotorula rubra (2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1). 8 reference strains were also included in the experiments. The susceptibility of fungi determined by the plate dilution method in Sabouraud agar. Concentration of the oil (Semifarm) were: 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 i 0.12 mg/ml. The inoculum, which contained 105 CFU/drop, was applied by a Steers apparatus to the medium with appropriate concentration of the oil or without of the oil (strain growth control). The incubation carried out at 37°C for 24-48 hrs in aerobic conditions. The MICs determined as the lowest concentration of oil inhibiting the growth of yeastlike fungi on the agar. The compositon of the tested oil was determined using the GC-MS method. Results. The results showed, that all tested strains of yeastlike fungi were susceptible to calamus oil in concentrations 0.5-≤ 0.12 mg/ml. The strains from genus of Candida albicans in 57% were susceptible to low concentrations the oil in ranges ≤ 0.12-0.25 mg/ml. The fungi from genus C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis were less sensitive (MIC ≤ 0.12-0.5 mg/ml). The oil showed the lowest activity (MIC = 0.5 mg/ml) against strains of the species C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae and C. utilis. The tested oil contains 66 chemical compounds. Conclusions. The yeast-like fungus strains of the genus Candida were highly sensitive to calamus oil. The oil showed the lowest activity against strains of C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae and C. utilis. The strains of the species Rhodotorula rubra and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were characterized by high sensitivity to calamus oil. The GC-MS study showed that α-asarone was dominant in the oil.

LC-MS, GC-MS and Hematological Profile of Mucuna pruriens Extracts in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rat

Mucuna pruriens also known as velvet beans is an annual climbing shrub that has been claimed traditionally to possess anti anemic potentials. The present study evaluated bioactive constituents and hematological profile of Mucuna pruriens seed and leaf extracts on alloxan induced diabetic male albino rat using standard analytical method. Result of LC-MS investigation on the seed shows the presence of Hydroxystreptozolin ( Oxazolidene) and Dihydrocapsaicin (Meltoxyphe.nol) while the leaf reveals the presence of four(4) bioactive compound: Furocoumurine acid, Epioxylubianin, Acetyllaustoinid and Quassin. The GC-MS studies on Mucuna pruriens seed indicates the presence of twelve bioactive compound. 2-methyl-z,z-3,13-octadecadienol cis-13-octadecadienoic acid, methylester hexadecanoic acid, methylester pentadecanoic acid, 9,12,octadecadienoic acid (z, z)-methylester, 11-octadenoic acid, methylester q-octadecenoic acid, Octadecanamide- N-(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide,N-(2-hydroxyethyl), urea,triethyl-Ethanamine, N, N-dimethyl (phenylmethoxy), 13-Hexyloxacyclotridec carbonitrile,3,5bis[C2dimethylamino]ethylthio, 12-octadecadienoic acid(z, z)-cis-13-octadecenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoicacid(z,z)-2-hydroxy-1(Hydroxymethyl) ethylester, cyclopentadecanane,2-hydroxy-9,12-octadeadienol,LE, etc while GC-MS analysis of the leaf reveals the presence of twenty bioactive compounds such as Nonyl alcohol, 3-Undecene, 1-Dodecene etc. Findings from this study indicates significant improvement on the hematological indices in treated groups relative to untreated. The restorative hematological efficacy of Mucuna pruriens extract is indicative of its traditional relevance in medicinal and therapeutic applications and hence may justify its local claims as having anti-anemic functionality.

Engineered Electroactive Solutions for Electrochemical Detection of Tuberculosis-Associated Volatile Organic Biomarkers.

Rapid screening of tuberculosis by evaluation of associated volatile organic biomarkers in breath is a promising technology that is significantly faster and more convenient than traditional sputum culture tests. Methyl nicotinate (MN) and methyl p-anisate (MPA) have been isolated as potential biomarkers for mycobacterium tuberculosis and have been found in the breath of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. A novel approach to detection of these biomarkers in liquid droplets (e.g. from breath condensate) using inexpensive screen-printed electrodes is presented. Previous modelling studies suggest that these biomarkers complex with certain transition metals of particular valence state. This interaction can be exploited by mixing the biomarker sample into an electroactive solution (EAS) containing the functional metal ion and observing the change electrochemically. The study focuses on low biomarker concentrations, determined to be clinically relevant based on preliminary GC-MS studies of the levels found in patient breath. It was found that both the cyclic voltammogram and square wave voltammogram of copper(II) change significantly when as little as 0.1 mM MN is added to the solution, with analysis times of less than 2 min. Copper(II) exhibits three separate peaks during square wave voltammetry. The location and area of each peak are affected differently as the concentration of MN increases, suggesting a reaction with specific oxidation states of the metal. In this way, a "fingerprint" method can be used to identify biomarkers once their known interaction is established.

Development of Transition-Metal-Free Lewis Acid-Initiated Double Arylation of Aldehyde: A Facile Approach Towards the Total Synthesis of Anti-Breast-Cancer Agent.

This work describes a mild and robust double hydroarylation strategy for the synthesis of symmetrical /unsymmetrical diaryl- and triarylmethanes in excellent yields using Lambert salt (0.2-1.0 mol%). Despite the anticipated challenges associated with controlling selective product formation, unsymmetrical diaryl- and triarylmethanes products are obtained unprecedentedly. A highly efficient gram scale reaction has also been reported (TON for symmetrical product=475 and for unsymmetrical product=390). The synthetic utility of the methodology is demonstrated by the preparation of several unexplored diaryl- and triarylmethane-based biologically relevant molecules, such as arundine, vibrindole A, turbomycin B, and certain anti-inflammatory agents. A total synthesis of an anti-breast-cancer agent is also demonstrated. Control experiments, Hammett analysis, HRMS and GC-MS studies reveal the reaction intermediates and reaction mechanism.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Thunbergia fragrans</i> Roxb Leaves Extract

Nowadays plants are the traditional product that has little or no side effects in modern medicine. The <em>Thunbergia fragrans</em> belong to the family <em>Acanthaceae</em> which contains more biologically active phytoconstituents. The plant leaves were extracted with different solvents including ethanol, aqueous, hexane and ethyl acetate. These extracts have been subjected to phytochemical study. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis indicate that the ethanol extracts provided more phytoconstituents. The phytochemical quantitative analysis showed that the ethanol had a higher amount of flavonoid. The ethanol extract of <em>Thunbergia fragrans</em> contained antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The GCMS study for the compound identification was studied for all four extracts. The result revealed the presence of various biologically active compounds in the ethanol extract.