GC-MS Analysis Research Articles

Process and quality evaluation of different improved composts made with a smart laboratory pilot plant

This study monitored the process and investigated the quality of compost obtained from different biomasses. Five blends of agri-food waste were composted by a laboratory pilot plant named COMPOSTER, that is designed to optimize biodegradation, and produce compost efficiently. The COMPOSTER consists of two 35-liter nearly adiabatic, aerated bioreactors that simulate an industrial process involving the typical sequence of mesophilic-thermophilic-mesophilic phases. It continuously monitors and records temperature, internal pressure, and biomass weight, while controlling and quantifying oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from aerobic biodegradation. All composts were characterized for their main chemical, physical, and molecular features, as well as their suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), tested on tomato seedlings. Optimized biodegradation yielded 50–60 % mature compost with a cumulative oxygen consumption ranging from 282 to 456 gO2 per kg of dry matter, with peaks of 2.55 gO2 per kg of volatile solids per hour, and carbon dioxide emissions of 22–36 % of the initial carbon content, with peaks of 5.89 g CO2 per kg of volatile solids per hour. Blends containing more ligno-cellulosic ingredients showed higher yields and lower CO2 emissions. Most of the nitrogen present initially was retained in the final compost; indeed, all mixtures exhibited an apparent nitrogen concentration increase due to carbon loss. Composting determined deep modifications in the molecular structure of the organic matter. 13C CPMAS-NMR and off-line thermochemolysis GC-MS analyses highlighted decomposition degree of polysaccharides and peptidic moieties, selective preservation of aliphatic and aromatic recalcitrant compounds, and optimal ongoing humification. All composts were non-phytotoxic, except for that including pepper crop residues, and all resulted rich in macro- and micro-elements for plant nutrition and proved to be active in controlling FOL disease. Compost comprising 81.2 % tomato crop waste exhibited the best growth performance and pathogen control on tomato. Mature, non-phytotoxic, nutrient-rich, and suppressive composts represent promising by-products that can be successfully recycled in agriculture, including high-value applications, leading to lower use of fertilizers and pesticides.

In Vitro and In Silico Biological Evaluation of the Essential Oil from Syzigium cumini Leaves as a Source of Novel Antifungal and Trichomonacidal Agents

As microbes develop resistance to various drugs, the treatment of infections becomes increasingly challenging, leading to prolonged illness, heightened severity of infections, elevated mortality rates, and increased healthcare costs. Essential oils are lipophilic and volatile mixtures of compounds that have gained attention in research for novel antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the present study evaluated the essential oil of Syzygium cumini leaves (EOSC) in order to prospect its antifungal and trichomonacidal activities. The essential oil from the leaves was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the serial microdilution method. Additionally, the potential of the EOSC as an enhancer of fluconazole (FCZ) action was tested at subinhibitory concentrations. To assess anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity, concentrations ranging from 15.6 to 500 μg/mL of EOSC were tested. Finally, the SwissADME platform was employed to analyze the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the major component of EOSC. The GC-MS analysis identified 94.24% of the components of EOSC, with α-pinene (51.11%) and nerol (8.25%) as major constituents. EOSC exhibited low antifungal activity against the evaluated Candida strains. However, the combination of EOSC and FCZ reduced the IC50 against Candida krusei from 45.29 to 0.30 μg/mL. EOSC also demonstrated significant activity against T. vaginalis (IC50 = 88.2 μg/mL). In silico prediction with α-pinene showed low toxic action and important physicochemical aspects for drug production. The essential oil of Syzygium cumini emerges as a promising candidate for the discovery of molecules with potential antifungal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis applications.

Phytochemical assessment, elemental composition, and biological kinetics of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. stalks

IntroductionThe essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) has been extensively studied for phytochemical and elemental compositions, biochemical significance, and biological activities. However, the literature has a dearth of information on the Fennel stalk as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and elemental composition of Fennel stalks and also, to investigate the kinetic DPPH scavenging property and antibacterial activity of Fennel stalk extracts. MethodsFennel aqueous extract (FVAE) was prepared by mixing of powdered fennel stalks with sterile distilled water, followed by heating and filtration. Methanol (FVME) and ethanol (FVEE) extracts of F. vulgare were prepared by macerating the stalk with respective solvents, followed by filtration. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), determination of total phenols, and X-ray fluorescence were conducted to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts. Biological activities, including DPPH scavenging and antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli, were evaluated through spectrophotometric methods and well diffusion assay, respectively. ResultsThe GCMS analysis revealed 15 compounds including anozol, myristyl iodine, flexiricin, dutadrupine, cycloheptaciloxane, neophytadiene, phthalic acid, and ribitol. Some of these compounds have not been reported from this plant before. FTIR analysis suggested hydroxyl (OH), alkane (CH), carbonyl (C = O), aromatic (C = C), and ether (CO) functional groups in the Fennel extracts. X-ray fluorescence identified elements including titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, rubidium, and strontium. The ethanol extract had higher total phenolic content (72.45±0.01 mg GAE/g) than the aqueous (54.3 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g) and methanol (51.3 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g) extracts. In addition, a high% DPPH scavenging activity was observed in the ethanol extract (85.1 %) compared to that of ascorbic acid (96.2 %). Fennel's stalks methanol extract showed significant inhibition against the growth of E. coli 0157 and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus B-4420, having zones of inhibition diameters of 16 mm and 13 mm, respectively. This is similar to what was observed for chloramphenicol and azithromycin. ConclusionThe current study has demonstrated that Fennel stalks contain potentially useful antioxidant and antibacterial properties, in addition to the well-studied essential oil of its fruits and seeds.

Antioxidant, anthelminthic, and antimicrobial activities and GC-MS analysis of methanolic stem extract of Memecylon accedens

Antioxidant, anthelminthic, and antimicrobial activities and GC-MS analysis of methanolic stem extract of Memecylon accedens

Effect of environmental conditions and seasons on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of Foeniculum vulgare L.

Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) oils have an essential function in the food and therapeutic industries. The study’s purpose was to describe how different environmental circumstances and locations in Egypt affected the fennel oil yields and compositions. To assess the growth, yield, and essential oil constituents of F. vulgare at four differing agro-ecological regions in Egypt (El-Minia Governorate, Bahariya Oasis, El-Sharkia Governorate, and Aswan Governorate) at two different planting dates, in-field study was performed throughout the seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. According to the data, there are highly significant differences between locations and sowing dates; the second date (15th November) is the best date for planting fennel plants. Plants grown in the Bahariya Oasis location had the maximum oil yield in mL/plant and L/acre, whereas the Aswan location had the highest percentage of EO. Eight EO samples underwent GC-MS analysis and chemometric analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), yielding identification of a total of 22 compounds. EOs from plants grown in various environments varied significantly in terms of their chemical composition, mainly components‘ concentrations. The main components were identified as estragole (66.62-89.73%), D-limonene (5.76-17.04%), and fenchone (2.02-9.23%). In samples gathered on November 15, 2020-2021, at the Bahariya Sekem Farm, anethole was found at a high concentration (12.79%), despite the compound’s absence or minimal presence in the other EOs. According to the current study findings, modulation of the cultivation and ecological circumstances can be used for the improvement of funnel EO.

Chemical constituents of the essential oils from Uvariodendron mbagoi

Several Uvariodendron species are known for their scented leaves and stem bark, hence this study. The leaves, twigs, stem and root barks of the newly described Uvariodendron species, U. mbagoi Dagallier and Couvreur from Kwedijela forest (KF) and Kimboza Forest Reserve (KFR) collected in dry and wet seasons, were steam distilled to yield essential oils that was more abundant in the root bark (2.07-3.85%) than in the leaves, twigs and stem bark (0.09-0.71%). The essential oils from the root bark collected from KF in the wet season (2.07%) was slightly lower than that obtained from the plant part collected from the same locality during the dry season (3.85%). GC-MS analysis indicated that linalool was the most prominent constituent of the leaf (82.18%, KF) and (98.86%, KFR), twig (89.66%, KFR), and stem bark (97.97%, KFR) oil while methyl eugenol (41.08%, KFR) and elemicin (39.28%, KFR) were the major constituents of the root bark oil. The essential oil from the leaves, stem bark, twigs and root bark of U. mbagoi exhibited mild to moderate potency when screened for antioxidant, antibacterial, and protease (trypsin) inhibitory activities. KEY WORDS: Uvariodendron mbagoi, Annonaceae, Essential oil, Linalool, Elemicin, Methyl eugenol Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 1027-1035. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.17

Unveiling the Role of Nano-Formulated Red Algae Extract in Cancer Management.

Cancer is one of the major causes of death, and its negative impact continues to rise globally. Chemotherapy, which is the most common therapy, has several limitations due to its tremendous side effects. Therefore, developing an alternate therapeutic agent with high biocompatibility is indeed needed. The anti-oxidative effects and bioactivities of several different crude extracts of marine algae have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we synthesized the aqueous extract (HA) from the marine algae Amphiroa anceps, and then, a liposome was formulated for that extract (NHA). The extracts were characterized using different photophysical tools like dynamic light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and GC-MS analysis. The SEM image revealed a size range of 112-185 nm for NHA and the GC-MS results showed the presence of octadecanoic acid and n-Hexadecanoic acid in the majority. The anticancer activity was studied using A549 cells, and the NHA inhibited the cancer cells dose-dependently, with the highest killing of 92% at 100 μg/mL. The in vivo studies in the zebrafish model showed that neither the HA nor NHA of Amphiroa anceps showed any teratogenic effect. The outcome of our study showed that NHA can be a potential drug candidate for inhibiting cancer with good biocompatibility up to a dose of 100 μg/mL.

Phytochemical profiling, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and antibacterial activities of Cometes abyssinica

This study aims to complete my chemical and biological studies on Cometes abyssinica (CA). The chemical profile was reported by LC-ESI-TOF-MS and GC-MS analyses. Antidiabetic (α-Glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activity assay), antiobesity (Lipase inhibitory activity assay), and antibacterial activity (agar well diffusion assay) were determined. The GC-MS analysis led to the identification of 27 hydrocarbons representing 93.4% of the total hydrocarbon content in hexane extract. 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (28.07%), citronellol (9.31%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.64%), phytol (5.93%), and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (4.91%) were the major components. The LC-ESI-TOF-MS analyses of aqueous-methanolic extract led to the identification of 99 secondary metabolites including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and vitamins. The percentages of inhibition of the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of CA were evaluated against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase enzymes at different concentrations. Hexane extract showed the most powerful α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.22 and 0.27 mg/ml comparing with acarbose (IC50 0.43 and 0.38), respectively. Among all CA extracts, only ethyl acetate extract revealed potent antiobesity as a lipase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.079 mg/ml comparing with orlistat (IC50 0.11 mg/ml). CA extracts showed mild-weak antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. KEY WORDS: Cometes abyssinica, Chemical constituents, α-Amylase inhibitors, α-Glucosidase inhibitors, Lipase inhibitors Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 1051-1067. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.19

Comparing The Catalytic Activity of Mg-BTC Metal Organic Framework and Post Synthetically Modified (TiO2 @ Mg-BTC) Metal Organic Framework for Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of porous crystalline hybrid materials synthesised by the coordination of inorganic connectors and organic linkers, which has numerous potential applications in various fields. Here we report a comparative study on Mg-BTC MOF and TiO @Mg-BTC MOF as a heterogeneous catalyst. Mg-BTC MOF was synthesised by solvothermal method and subjected to comparative study with its post synthetically modified (PSM) counterpart to understand their catalytic behaviour for cyanosilylation of aldehydes. The synthesised Mg-BTC MOF and TiO @Mg-BTC MOF were characterised by powder XRD, BET surface area, SEM, FT-IR, TGA techniques. A detailed characterization study was performed to understand the correlation between catalytic activity and morphology of the assynthesized MOF and PSM-MOF. The catalytic activity of the hybrid materials were evaluated by GC-MS analysis. The results of the catalytic reactions revealed that post synthetically modified (TiO @Mg-BTC) MOF exhibited significantly higher catalytic activity compared to Mg-BTC MOF. The enhanced catalytic efficiency is due to the incorporation of TiO nanoparticles, which provides active sites for catalytic reactions under heterogeneous conditions. Even after repeated recycling and reuse, the catalytic ability of the catalyst retains. The impact of TiO on the framework shows variation in texture, surface area, thermal stability and catalytic behaviour on the MOF materials. Thus, our study emphasizes

Uncovering the flavor differences between black rice wine and glutinous rice wine by GC-MS, GC-IMS, HPLC, and electronic sensory analysis

The black rice bran component (BRBC) is the main difference between black rice and glutinous rice, but its influence on the flavor of rice wines brewed from them is ambiguous. To address this, the flavor profiles and compounds of four rice wines — brewed from glutinous rice (B), glutinous rice with BRBC (added), polished black rice (without BRBC), and whole black rice (HH) — were analyzed using e-nose, GC-MS and GC-IMS. The e-nose revealed significant aroma profile differences between B and HH, with 47 and 49 volatile compounds detected by GC-MS and GC-IMS, respectively. Orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination and fold change analysis highlighted the significant impact of BRBC on the aroma differences between HH and B. Chemometrics and odor activity values identified isoamyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, (E)-2-octenal, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, 2,4-heptadienal, and 1-octen-3-ol as key contributors to the fresh and fruity aroma in B, while ethyl butanoate, ethyl isoiautyrate, benzene acetaldehyde, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, guaiacol, and heptanal were predominant in HH, contributing to its rich and complex aroma. The e-tongue indicated significant taste distinctions between HH and B, potentially due to the influence of the black rice bran component on the regulation of organic acid and free amino acid content. This study provides new insights into the regulation of rice wine flavor through raw materials.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BENTONITE CLAY CATALYSTS FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE COOKING OIL INTO BIODIESEL

The development of low-cost green catalytic materials is crucial for the conversion of non-edible vegetable oils or waste materials into biodiesel. The research focuses on the preparation and characterization of aluminium pillared clay and NaOH-doped bentonite clay catalysts for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using XRF, XRD, FTIR and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. The molecular profile and functional group assessment of the biodiesel were done using GC-MS and FTIR respectively. XRF analysis revealed the presence of oxides in all samples. The amount of SiO2 in all samples was within the range of 35.303–39.199 wt%. Al2O3 increased from 15.560 to 19.11 wt%, while the interlayer cations decreased after pillaring. FTIR revealed the appearance of peaks which are characteristic of bentonite. The pillaring and impregnation of NaOH with bentonite led to a distortion of certain peaks' intensity, as evidenced by FTIR results. The pillaring caused an increase in BET surface area and pore volume compared to bentonite from 302.1 to 366.4 m2/g, and 0.186 to 0.189 cc/g respectively, while a decrease in surface area and pore volume was observed in NaOH/bentonite due to impregnation. The XRD data have shown the increase of basal d-spacing of pillared clay from 12.65 to 16.49 Å relative to bentonite with a decrease to 12.45 in the case of NaOH/bentonite. The catalysts prepared outperformed neat bentonite with NaOH/bentonite, resulting in the highest yield of (83 ± 1.80). GC-MS, FTIR, and physicochemical analyses confirmed the production of fatty acid methyl esters.

Synthesize and Characterization of Pt-supported Co-ZIF for Catalytic Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane

Zeolitic Imidazole Frameworks (ZIFs) are prospective porous materials as catalyst support due to their relatively large surface area, and tunability in size, structure, and porosity. Recent studies have also shown that ZIF is the best candidate for various catalytic redox reactions such as the oxidation of benzyl aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the synthesized Pt catalyst supported on Co-ZIF was varied by the organic ligands: imidazole, benzimidazole, and 1-(3-aminopropyl) imidazole, then followed by impregnation of Pt precursor. The catalysts were characterized its physical and chemicals properties such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET), Temperature-Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD and CO2-TPD). The prepared catalysts were evaluated for catalytic hydrocracking and hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane in a 100 ml-batch reactor. GC-MS analysis presented that the Pt/ZIF catalyst with imidazole ligands has better performance than others. Hence, the optimization of n-Hexadecane conversion was carried out by the Pt/ZIF-imidazole catalyst varying the amount of metal loading, time and temperature reaction. The results showed that the reaction temperature of 350 ºC using 20 bar H2 for 4 h and the addition of 15 wt% Pt successfully achieved 90.77% conversion and produced the highest yield of isomers and alkanes, 4.04% and 35.75%, respectively. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

GC-MS Analysis of Antlions (Myrmeleon formicarius L.) Ethanol Extract with The Potential to Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Infection Causes Diabetic Ulcers Infection

GC-MS Analysis of Antlions (Myrmeleon formicarius L.) Ethanol Extract with The Potential to Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Infection Causes Diabetic Ulcers Infection

Environmentally friendly swift and perfect extraction procedures for analysing the phytochemistry and proximate nutritional biochemistry of biomaterial processed from Avicennia marina leaves

Conventional extraction methods have mislaid their best possible performance because of the slow extraction process using demand in inexperienced and innovative technologies. Concerning this view, several eco-friendly novel techniques alienate to develop by us for the entire extraction of nutrients and phytocompounds from plant sources. The specific organic, inorganic chemical compounds have been explored using ultra sonication and GC-MS assisted techniques. The results are evident to facilitate the ultrasonic and GC-MS supported extraction descent that is less solvent consumed, green analytical methods suitable for complete speedy bioactive compounds drawing out. This study has revealed the occurrence of nutrients, phytochemicals, with biological value, and also the GC-MS analysis exposed 20 peaks through 20 individual chemical compounds, and all the compounds are deliberated as energetic medicinal bioactive compounds. Likewise the FE-SEM is used to find out the topographical characteristics of biomaterial and the FTIR analysis.

GC-MS analysis of hospital waste soil and isolation of antimicrobial agent producing bacteria

The current study, deals with the GC-Mass analysis of soil and antibiosis activity of soil bacteria, isolated from district hospital at Kabir Chaura, Varanasi, India. Standard serial dilution plate procedures were used to isolate the bacteria. Gram staining was used to identify the isolates morphologically. Strain KC14 was Gram-negative and all other isolates were Gram-positive. Isolated bacteria were tested against six human pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Bacillus subtilis. Primary and secondary screening were done by perpendicular streaking and seed overlay techniques. Based on the results most potential isolates were selected for tertiary screening. The GC-MS of soil samples revealed some major medical pollutants such as para-hydroxy acetanilide, 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole and 2-acetoxybenzoic acid. The KC14 isolate was chosen for further studies after demonstrating positive results against S. aureus with a maximum antagonistic activity of 17.3 ± 0.5 zone of inhibition. The molecular identification of KC14 isolate was determined by using 16S rRNA sequencing. The obtained nucleotide sequences were subjected to BLASTN in NCBI, and found similar to the available sequence of Acinetobacter junii. The nucleotide sequences have been deposited in GenBank with accession no. OP265396. The active compound was partially purified by ethyl acetate and tested its activity against S. aureus. This study defines the composition of hospital waste soil and identified a Gram-negative bacterium producing antibacterial activity against important human pathogens.

Enhanced Aquathermolysis of Water-Heavy Oil-Ethanol Catalyzed by B@Zn(II)L at Low Temperature.

In order to study the synergistic effects of exogenous catalysts and in situ minerals in the reservoir during heavy oil aquathermolysis, in this paper, a series of simple supported transition metal complexes were prepared using sodium citrate, chloride salts and bentonite, and their catalytic viscosity reduction performances for heavy oil were investigated. Bentonite complex catalyst marked as B@Zn(II)L appears to be the most effective complex. B@Zn(II)L was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Under optimized conditions, the viscosity of the heavy oil was decreased by 88.3%. The reaction temperature was reduced by about 70 °C compared with the traditional reaction. The results of the group composition analysis and the elemental content of the heavy oil indicate that the resin and asphaltene content decreases, and the saturated and aromatic HC content increases. The results of TGA and DSC of the heavy oil show that the macromolecular substances in the heavy oil were cracked into small molecules with low boiling points by the reaction. GC-MS examination of water-soluble polar compounds post-reaction indicates that B@Zn(II)L can diminish the quantity of polar substances in heavy oil and lower the aromatic nature of these compounds. Thiophene and quinoline were utilized as model compounds to investigate the reaction mechanism. GC-MS analysis revealed that C-C, C-N and C-S bonds were cleaved during the reaction, leading to a decrease in the viscosity of heavy oil.

Nutritional/Chemical Constituents and Free Radical Scavenging Potentials of the Aqueous Extract of Phoenix dactylifera Fruit

Aims: Phoenix dactylifera fruit, grown majorly in northern part of Nigeria is acclaimed to possess numerous nutritional and medicinal properties. The study was carried out to investigate the nutritional/chemical constituents and the free radical scavenging potentials of the aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera fruit. Methods: The aqueous extract of the fruit was subjected to standard analytical test to assay for the amino acids, phytochemicals and free radical scavenging potentials: Phytochemicals and amino acids screening was carried out via High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses. The antioxidant effects of the extract on free radicals were determined on radicals 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) , 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl , Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical. Results: Results revealed the presence of seven secondary metabolites with a high steroid and flavonoid content and low Coumarins, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Saponin, and Terpenoid concentration. The HPLC analysis of the phytochemical showed that it contained fifteen phytocompounds, seventeen amino acids while GCMS analysis reveals eleven fatty acids. For the free radical scavenging activity, it was able to inhibit ABTS, DPPH, NO, and OH-, in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusions: The results indicate that the fruit possess good nutritional properties and abundant secondary plant metabolites constituents and this might provide evidence which corroborates with the free radical scavenging potentials of the fruit.

Evaluating Extraction Methods for Caffeine Content in Gayo Arabica Coffee Oil through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy

This study aims to determine physicochemical properties, and caffeine analysis of green bean coffee essential oil (GBCEO) and roasted bean coffee essential oil (RBCEO) by maceration and soxhlet extraction methods. The results indicated that RBCEO by maceration method have higher percentage of yield compared to GBCEO. By the same to soxhlet extraction method, RBCEO also showed higher percentage of yield compared to GBCEO. The refractive index of the GBCEOm and GBCEOs have a lower acid value compared to RBCEOm and RBCEOs. The specific gravity obtained for GBCEOm, RBCEOm, GBCEOs, and RBCEOs ranged from 0.87 to 0.97. The results showed that GBCEOm has the highest saponification value followed by RBCEOs. GBCEOm has the highest iodine value followed by RBCEOs, while RBCEOm and GBCEOs have a similar iodine value. The peroxide value showed that GBCEOs, and RBCEOs by soxhlet extraction method have higher peroxide value. The GC-MS analysis revealed that GBCEOm has higher caffeine followed by GBCEOs with the percentages area of 9.31% and 7.36% respectively. Meanwhile RBCEOm has lower caffeine followed by RBCEOs with the percentages area of 7.36% and 4.28% respectively. This finding showed that GBCEO shows higher caffeine compound compared with RBCEO.

In silico andnetwork pharmacologyanalysis of fucosterol: a potent anticancer bioactive compound against HCC.

The Fucaceae family of marine brown algae includes Ascophyllum nodosum. Fucosterol (FSL) is a unique bioactive component that was identified through GC-MS analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract of A. nodosum. Fucosterol's mechanism of action towards hepatocellular cancer was clarified using network pharmacology and docking study techniques. The probable target gene of FSL has been predicted using the TargetNet and SwissTargetPred databases. GeneCards and the DisGNet database were used to check the targeted genes of FSL. By using the web programme Venny 2.1, the overlaps of FSL and HCC disease demonstrated that 18 genes (1.3%) were obtained as targeted genes Via the STRING database, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with 18 common target genes was constructed. With the aid of CytoNCA, hub genes were screened using the Cytoscape software, and the targets' hub genes were exported into the ShinyGo online tool for study of KEGG and gene ontology enrichment. Using the software AutoDock, a hub gene molecular docking study was performed. Ten genes, including AR, CYP19A1, ESR1, ESR2, TNF, PPARA, PPARG, HMGCR, SRC, and IGF1R, were obtained. The 10 targeted hubs docked with FSL successfully. The active components FSL of ASD, the FSL, are engaged in fatty liver disease, cancer pathways, and other signalling pathways, which could prove beneficial for the management of HCC.

Anatomical and Metabolome Features of Haloxylon aphyllum and Haloxylon persicum Elucidate the Resilience against Gall-Forming Insects.

Globally, gall-forming insects significantly contribute to the degradation of desert ecosystems. Recent studies have demonstrated that Haloxylon persicum suffers less damage from gall-formers compared to Haloxylon aphyllum. However, the mechanisms driving the long-term metabolic responses of these species to gall-forming biotic stress in their natural environment remain unclear. The current study comparatively analyzes the anatomical features and metabolomic changes in H. aphyllum and H. persicum damaged by gall-forming insects. This research aimed to uncover potential metabolic tolerance mechanisms through GC-MS analysis. The study findings indicate that gall-forming insects cause a reduction in nearly all the anatomical structures of Haloxylon shoots, with the effects being less severe in H. persicum than in H. aphyllum. Thus, the metabolic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of biologically active substances that enhance resistance to gall inducers were different, specifically in H. aphyllum-the biosynthesis of fatty acids (+their derivatives) and γ-tocopherol (vitamin E) and H. persicum-the biosynthesis of fatty acids (+their derivatives), dialkyl ethers, carbohydrates (+their derivatives), aromatic acid derivatives, phytosterols, γ-tocopherol (vitamin E), phenols, and terpenoids. The results suggest that the modulation of metabolic pathways under biotic stress plays a crucial role in the enhanced survival and growth of H. persicum.