GC-Mass Analysis Research Articles

The physicochemical properties of the spirulina-wheat germ-enriched high-protein functional beverage based on pear-cantaloupe juice.

The formulation of a novel functional juice, enriched with wheat germ powder and spirulina algae and based on cantaloupe and pear juice, was optimized by D-optimal combined design. Firstly, sensory evaluation was performed by hedonic test to evaluate the organoleptic properties, and organoleptically desirable samples were screened for further experiments. Various chemical experiments including PH, acidity, formalin index, total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, mineral contents (Fe, Zn, Ca, P, K, Mg, and Cu), and fatty acids profile were evaluated. The steady shear flow rheological test also was performed on the screened samples. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the samples containing 1% spirulina and wheat germ had the highest organoleptic score. The results of physicochemical tests on the selected samples showed that the addition of spirulina and wheat germ powder had little effect on pH, acidity, and formalin index but they affected brix, dry matter, and protein content. Also, the addition of spirulina and wheat germ powder, changed the amounts of antioxidant capacity (from 90 to 98%), total phenol (from 4 to 22 mg GAE/g), and flavonoid content (from 5 to 15 mg/L) in the functional beverages. Furthermore, the results of rheological tests showed that the addition of wheat germ powder in the functional fruit juices increased apparent viscosity however; spirulina did not affect important change in rheological properties. The GC-Mass analysis presented fatty acid profiles of the functional beverages and confirmed the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (for example decanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid) in the samples.

Sustainable journey toward the biosynthesis of bioactive pimelic acid functionalized ZnO@CuO@Fe[formula omitted]O[formula omitted] NCs from the essential oil of Hypericum amblysepalum: Isolation of pimelic acid from the smoke of the plant

In this research, through a series of methods, the aerialparts of Hypericum amblysepalum plant was considered to assessment of its smoke constituents and compared to essential oil of the plant obtained by clevenger apparatus. The GC-Mass analysis of both the plant smoke and essential oil demonstrated a good level of pimelic acid especially in smoke. The pimelic acid crystals was isolated and identified using 1H and 13C-NMR analysis then was used to functionalize the ZnO@CuO@Fe3O4NCs biosynthesized using plant essential oil. The functionalized ZnO@CuO@Fe3O4@PA NCs was structurally elucidated using XRD (X-ray crystallography), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) equipped with EDS, TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis), and VSM (Vibrating-sample magnetometry). The analysis showed the well formation of magneto-nanostructure (15–85 nm)​ and anchoring nanoparticles on each other. Investigation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of functionalized NCs and isolated pimelic acid showed very considerable ability against common pathogenic bacteria and DPPH radicals.

Bioprospecting endophytic fungi for bioactive metabolites and use of irradiation to improve their bioactivities

The search for new bioactive compounds with innovative modes of action and chemistry are desperately needed to tackle the increased emergence of drug-resistant microbes. With this view, this paper was conducted for the isolation, identification, and biological evaluation of fungal endophytes of eleven different plant species. A total of 69 endophytic strains were isolated and tested for the presence of bioactive metabolites with antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties in their extracts. Upon screening, two promising strains were found to have all the before-mentioned activities. These strains were Aspergillus sydowii isolated from the bark of Ricinus communis and Aspergillus flavus isolated from the twigs of Psidium guajava. Major compounds present in extracts of the two strains were identified by GC-Mass analyses. Several well-known bioactive compounds as well as unreported ones were identified in the fungal extracts of the two strains. Furthermore, gamma irradiation (at 1000 Gy) of the fungal cultures resulted in improved bioactivities of extracts from the two strains. These findings recommend the two fungal strains as sources of antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant compounds which may aid in the development of novel drugs. The presented research also explains the high-value of fungal endophytes as untapped sources of bioactive metabolites.

In-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of reed as a sustainable method for production of porous carbon as VOCs adsorbents

In this work, preparation of carbon adsorbents for recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by in-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis was investigated. Less emission of carbon gases, less consumption of energy and being fast and facile make the process as a green and sustainable method for production of the carbon adsorbents. Carbon nanostructures were prepared by fast pyrolysis of NiCl2 impregnated reed at 600℃. The porosity of the carbon product was improved by ZnCl2 post activation. Moreover, a highly porous carbon was synthesized by fast pyrolysis of the reed contained NiCl2 and ZnCl2 at 600℃. The carbon products were studied by different analysis methods including FE-SEM, TEM, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy, BET and TGA. Also, the biogas and the bio-oils obtained as by-products were characterized using GC and GC-Mass instruments. FE-SEM and TEM images showed that the biochar obtained from fast pyrolysis of NiCl2 impregnated reed is a hybrid of carbon nanofibers and graphene (CNFs/G). By post-activation of the CNFs/ G hybrid using ZnCl2, the specific surface area was increased from 34.58 m2/g to 105.68 m2/g. However, by in-situ activation process using NiCl2 and ZnCl2, a product with a specific surface area of 1544.5 m2/g was produced. Adsorption/ desorption of VOCs on the commercial activated carbon and also the post activated CNFs/G hybrid and the in-situ activated product were (122.8/ 74.49), (64.5/ 63.1) and (643.6/ 428.1) mg/gadsorbent, respectively. GC-mass analysis of the bio-oils revealed that they contained invaluable chemicals including furfural (30.63—56.22%wt.) and acetic acid (35.51–51.44%wt.).

Antitumor Effect of Methanolic Extract of Echinaceapurpureas leaves and Determination of Anti-microbialactivity of plant extract in vitro

The modern-day study objectives at assessing the in-vitro usage of extracts of Echinacea to evaluate their inhibitory effect on pathogenic microorganisms (7 species) were isolated from different environments The methanolic crude extract of leaves of Echinacea purpurea were prepared using soxhlet apparatus. These extracts were examined to inhibited microbial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli, Streptococcus epidermidis, Aspergillus niger, and C. albicans using the disc diffusion method. Methanol extract is more effective against resistance zone 14 mm against streptococcus. Against the MCF7 cell line, this percentage was increased after 48 hours. To consider the cytotoxic properties of herbal extract alongside human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines with a concentration range of Echinacea purpurea extracts (6.25,12.5, 25,50,100,400 g/ml). With the maximum percentage increase resistance (97%) observed in treatment with 400mg / ml against the MCF7 cell line. The lowest ratios were discussed with MCF7 having a permanent cure (20%) at 12.5 mg/ml. Finally, GC mass analysis was performed for crude extracts to identify the most active chemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea extract, resulting in the existence of 26 biologically dynamic composites, including nine composites with antioxidant and anticancer activity.

Simultaneous Production of Antibacterial Protein and Lipopeptides in Bacillus tequilensis, Detected by MALDI-TOF and GC Mass Analyses.

As antibiotic resistance is nowadays one of the important challenges, efforts are crucial for the discovery of novel antibacterial drugs. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial/anticancerous activities of halophilic bacilli from the human microbiota. A spore-forming halotolerant bacterium with antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from healthy human feces. The antibacterial protein components of the extracted supernatant were identified by SDS-PAGE and zymography. The MALDI-TOF, GC mass, and FTIR analyses were used for peptide and lipopeptide identification, respectively. The stability, toxicity, and anticancerous effects were investigated using MTT and Flow cytometry methods. According to the molecular analysis, the strain was identified as Bacillus tequilensis and showed potential probiotic properties, such as bile and acid resistance, as well as eukaryotic cell uptake. SDS-PAGE and zymography showed that 15 and 10-kDa fragments had antibacterial effects. The MALDI-TOF mass analysis indicated that the 15-kDa fragment was L1 ribosomal protein, which was the first report of the RpL1 in bacilli. GC-mass and FTIR analyses confirmed the lipopeptide nature of the 10-kDa fragment. Both the extracted fractions (precipitation or "P" and chloroform or "C" fractions) were stable at < 100°C for 10min, and their antibacterial effects were preserved for more than 6months. Despite its non-toxicity, the P fraction had anticancer activities against MCF7 cells. The anticancer and antibacterial properties of B. tequilensis, along with its non-toxicity and stability, have made it a potential candidate for studying the beneficial probiotic properties for humans and drug production.

Effects of dietary Arthrospira platensis nanoparticles on growth performance, feed utilization, and growth-related gene expression of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The utilization of nanoparticle-based microalgae as aquaculture feed additives is a growing research trend. The present study examines the effect of conversion of Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003 (AP) to nano-form on its phytochemical constituents, followed by a feeding experiment to investigate the dietary effect of nanoparticles of A. platensis, NAP (NAP0.25%, NAP0.5%, and NAP1%) on growth, feed utilization, and growth-related gene expression of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, comparing with negative (non-supplemented diet) and positive control (supplemented diet with normal Arthrospira). The shrimp postlarvae (0.124 ± 0.002 g) were allocated into glass aquaria (40 L; three aquaria per group) and fed the experimental diet for 90 days. The GC-Mass analysis revealed that the conversion of A. platensis to its nano-form induced notable phytochemical changes. The main phytochemicals of NAP were milbemycin B (66.68%), docosanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (22.26%), and copper etioporphyrin (11.06%). The dietary supplementation of NAP in different levels improved all growth indices, survival, and feed utilization parameters compared to the negative and positive control at the same supplementation level. The weight gain, survival, and feed conversion ratio were improved by 66.11%, 23.51%, and 13.60%, respectively in group fed NAP1% supplemented diet compared to the negative control. The expression of IGF-I and IGF-II were upregulated with NAP supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the present study recommended the use of 1% NAP as dietary supplementation for improving growth, survival, and feed utilization of Pacific white shrimp.

Pharmacological Activities and Characterization of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia cuneata Vahl Aerial Parts.

Euphorbia cuneata Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation, although the biological basis for these effects has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties and characterization of phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the aerial parts of E. cuneata. E. cuneata aerial parts were tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH), antibacterial activity, cell viability and cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents (HPLC), and volatile constituents (GC-MS) were also characterized. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity, while the ether extract had the lowest. The antioxidant activity of E. cuneata extract increased from (21.11%) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL to (95.53%) at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL. S. aureus was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition and lowest MIC, with acetone extract; whereas C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with the lowest inhibition zone. MTT assay revealed that the methanol extract of E. cuneata had significant cytotoxic effects on the A549, Caco-2, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. Lower concentrations of methanolic extract gave anti-inflammatory activity, and those effects were compared with indomethacin as a positive control. Pyrogallol was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic, and gallic acids, respectively. The 7-hydroxyflavone and rutin flavonoids were also found in the extract. GC-mass analysis showed that aerial parts of E. cuneata were rich in methyl 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate. The volatile components were also composed of considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl chloride, and methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate as well as a little amount of hexanal dimethyl acetal. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of E. cuneata could be used as an available source of natural bioactive constituents with consequent health benefits.

GC-mass determination for the biodegradative products of 2,6-dimethylpyridine using Dead-Sea bacterial isolate

Dead sea soil is known for its hypersaline environment and it is a promising location for isolating extremophilic bacteria with interesting metabolic features. In the current study, we isolated a gram-positive bacterium with the ability to degrade 2,6-dimethyl pyridine (2,6-DMP), also known as 2,6-lutidine, a chemical pollutant. The isolated bacteria were identified using the automated Microscan Walkaway system and the different biochemical reactions were determined. In minimal media using the 2,6-DMP as a sole carbon source, the bacterial isolate showed the ability to convert approximately 40 % of 2,6-DMP within 5 days. The GC-Mass analysis for the degradation products indicated that mono- and dihydroxylation for the pyridine ring and oxidation of one or both of the terminal methyl groups have occurred. Based on this finding, this isolated bacterial can further be utilized for bioremediation purposes.

Comparing photocatalytic activity consisting of Sb2S3 and Ag2S on the TiO2–SiO2/TiO2 nanotube arrays-support for improved visible-light-induced photocatalytic degradation of a binary mixture of basic blue 41 and basic red 46 dyes

In the present study, a TiO2 nanotube (TNAs) supported Sb2S3–TiO2–SiO2 (STS/TNAs), and Ag2S–TiO2–SiO2 (ATS/TNAs) hybrid novel photocatalysts were prepared and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, X-ray mapping and, DRS. EIS was employed, and an equivalent circuit model is proposed. Flat-band potential and free carrier concentration were determined by Mott–Schottky plots. The obtained catalysts were used in the photodegradation of a binary mixture of Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 46 (BR46) dyes. Compared with ATS/TNAs, STS/TNAs photocatalyst showed the highest apparent rate constant for BB41 dye, about two times higher, and BR41 dye more than 1.5 times. EIS results agreed with the photodegradation results, so the STS/TNAs system with higher charge transfer ability than the ATS/TNAs system showed the best photodegradation activity. The optimization effect of the amount of Sb2S3, TiO2, and SiO2 doped on the TNAs on the photocatalytic activity of the STS/TNAs was done using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) based response surface methodology (RSM). Results have shown catalyst containing 12.2% Sb2S3 and 27.1% SiO2/TNAs (S3TS3/TNAs) the best photodegradation activity was obtained. The GC-Mass analysis was done to detect the degradation intermediates formed during the photodegradation process.

Novel catalytic degradation of Diazinon with ozonation/mg-Al layered double hydroxides: optimization, modeling, and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.

In this study MgAl- layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) nanoparticles were prepared by a simple and fast co-precipitation method and used as a catalyst in the ozonation process to degrade diazinon from aqueous solutions. The structure of the synthesized MgAl-LDH was investigated by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of different parameters including of reaction time, initial diazinon concentration, pH, and LDH dose on the removal of diazinon by MgAl-LDH catalytic ozonation process. Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed for the optimization and modeling of the process. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was used to extract diazinon from aqueous samples. The GC-Mass analysis was performed to determine intermediate compounds during diazinon degradation reactions. To evaluate the process performance, TOC and COD removal were measured under optimum conditions. The highest removal efficiency of 92% was observed in optimum conditions as follow; initial diazinon concentration: 120mg/L, pH: 8.25, LDH dose: 750mg/L, and reaction time: 70min. The quadratic model was obtained with a good fit. The removal of COD and TOC were 80% and 74%, respectively. This process can be suggested and used in the treatment of various industrial wastewaters. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00687-w.

Cu(II)/Z4A as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Oxidative Degradation of Indole and Optimization of Effective Factors via RSM Procedure

One of the aromatic contaminants in the oil and fuel is indole, which is toxic even at low doses and is considered as air and water pollutant. In this research, the surface of Zeolite 4A (Z4A) was modified by Cu(II)nanoparticles to introduce a desirable nanocomposite (Cu(II)/Z4A) for indole oxidative degradation. Catalysts characterization was carried out by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET/BJH techniques. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed for studying several effective factors influences in indole oxidation process, including pH, weight percentage of loaded copper (Cu(wt %)), mass of composite, and indole initial concentration (IND concentration). The obtained results by BBD revealed the solution pH was the most pivotal factor in indole oxidative degradation and predicted that under the optimum experimental conditions, the efficiency should be 98.91%. Moreover, GC-mass analysis was applied for evaluating side products, of which results led to some mechanisms and new productions to be found by using indole oxidative degradation. The results also demonstrated that due to indole oxidation and applying the proper solvent (ethanol), some side products were generated capable of acting as a fuel octane number enhancer, which may play a significant role in obtaining more valuable fuels.

Evaluation of dietary inclusion of Bunium persicum, Bunium persicum essential oil on growth, immune components, immune‐related gene expressions and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila , in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The immune-enhancing and antibacterial properties of Black cumin, Bunium persicum have been reported in the literatures. The present work examined the effects of black cumin essential oil (BEO) administration on immunity and resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss against the pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. To this end, fish were fed different levels of BEO [0%, 1% (10 g/kg diet), 2% (20 g/kg diet) and 3% (30 g/kg diet)] for 60 days. At the end of feeding trial, the growth parameters and immunological components of mucus and serum assayed and then fish challenged with A. hydrophila for an additional 10 days. No significant changes were observed in growth parameters (FCR, total weight gain, total final weight) between experimental groups after feeding period (p > 0.05). The BEO in 2% and 3% levels enhanced the serum and mucosal levels of lysozyme and bactericidal activity (p < 0.01). The serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, alternative complement activity (ACH50) and peroxidase activity elevated in fish administered 3% BPO (p < 0.01). Total albumin in blood, total protein in mucus and blood increased in all BPO-administered fish (p < 0.01). The mucosal protease and ALP activities elevated in fish fed 2% and 3% BPO (p < 0.01). The immune-related genes (iNOS and C3) were up-regulated in BEO-administered fish, with maximum expression in fish fed 3% BEO (p < 0.01). After the challenge with A. hydrophila, the IL-1b and TNFα expression significantly elevated in all groups (p < 0.01), although it was less pronounced in the EBO administrated fish. The diets containing 2% and 3% BEO significantly decreased the fish mortality following the challenge with A. hydrophila. In addition, less hepatocyte necrosis was observed in these treatments compared with the control group. Based on GC–Mass analysis of the essential oil, some components with antioxidant and antibacterial properties such as cuminaldehyde, ρ-cymene, limonene and γ-terpinene were recognized. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that dietary BEO can enhance immunity and increase the resistance of the rainbow trout against A. hydrophila.

In vitro identification of antimicrobial hemolytic lipopeptide from halotolerant Bacillus by Zymogram, FTIR, and GC mass analysis.

Objective(s):The multi-drug resistant bacteria and clinical infections are some of the biggest global concerns, so new drugs are needed. Antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides are new bioactive agents with great potential that can become a new strategy for clinical applications.Materials and Methods:Some Bacillus strains were isolated based on hemolytic antimicrobial production from the soil. The extracellular proteins were extracted by acidic precipitation and chloroform/methanol method and analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and stained with Sudan black. The black fragment was purified and characterized by FTIR, GC/MS, and HPLC analysis to demonstrate the presence of lipids and proteins. The anti-microbial ability and stability of the purified lipopeptide were assayed by the Kirby-Bauer method. Also, it was examined for metal removal.Results:A new Bacillus halotolerans strain SCM 034 with hemolytic antimicrobial production was isolated. According to GC/MS (detecting C16, C17) and HPLC (detecting leucine, glutamic acid, valine, arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid) data, the black fragment was lipopeptide. Polyacrylamide hydrogel containing lipopeptide and gel purified lipopeptide showed anti-microbial activities against S. aureus and S. cerevisiae that were stable for a few months. Also, the lipopeptide was useful for cation removal and decreased cobalt, nickel, and calcium by 10.81 %, 24.39 %, and 34 %, respectively.Conclusion:Production of antibacterial lipopeptide hemolysin from this strain is reported for the first time and according to the results, lipopeptides have unique properties with biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Also, polyacrylamide hydrogel lipopeptide is a promising candidate for wound healing.

Optimization of Crude Oil Biodegradation by Brevibacterium sp. Isolated from the Native Sponges of the Persian Gulf.

Background: The native sponges of Persian Gulf are unique species facing difficult climate conditions and environmental contamination. It is necessary to investigate these native sponges because global warming most probably destroyed many of these creatures. Therefore, the study of the microorganisms associated with sponges will introduce new bacterial strains with various industrial and environmental applications and, in this way, a part of the Persian Gulf biodiversity will be preserved for posterity.Objective: The aim of this study was the isolation and molecular identification of bacteria associated with the ability of biodegrading crude oil from the native sponges of the Persian Gulf. Also, optimization of crude oil biodegradation was done for one of the most efficient bacterial strains.Materials and Methods: Isolated species were compared in terms of E24 index and growth rate in a culture medium containing at least 2% of oil as the sole carbon source. Molecular identification was done for five bacterial strains. Using the Taguchi experimental design, the effects of 4 factors, namely, carbon source auxiliary, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, salinity and pH, were evaluated at 3 levels. GC-Mass analysis was performed on the remaining oil in the culture medium.Results: In the initial screening of two native species of sponges, 22 bacterial strains were isolated which were capable of decomposing oil. Five bacterial strains showed the best results and were recorded in NCBI with access numbers KY283126, KY283128, KY285290, KY285289, and KY285288. Brevibacterium sp. (KY283128) showed the highest level of oil degradation (about 97%) and growth rate. The results showed that the optimal oil degradation occurs in the absence of carbon source auxiliary, at 0.5% of salinity, with NH4Cl as the nitrogen source and at a pH of 6.5.Conclusions: This bacterial strain can be used for biodegradation in oil-contaminated areas and oil refineries. By isolating the oil degrading gene in this bacterial strain and cloning it in other bacterial strains, the efficiency of eliminating oil contamination can be increased.

Bio-removal of phenol by the immobilized laccase on the fabricated parent and hierarchical NaY and ZSM-5 zeolites

This study was performed to synthesize and characterize NaY and ZSM-5 zeolites and their hierarchical forms (HR-Y and HR-Z) through dealumination and soft templating procedure. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed significant increase in the average pore diameter (DP) size for HR-Y (2.43 nm) and HR-Z (5.07 nm) compared to those of the parent types (NaY and ZSM-5: 1.85 and 2.01 nm, respectively). The mesoporous pore volumes (Vmeso) exhibited notable enhancement for HR-Y (114%) and HR-Z (566%) compared to their parent forms. Laccase (Lac) was subsequently immobilized on NaY and ZSM-5 zeolites, and their hierarchical forms by immobilization efficiency of 74.4 ± 1.4%, 71.6 ± 1.0%, 98±2.9%, and 94±1.8% for Lac@NaY, Lac@ZSM-5, Lac@HR-Y, and Lac@HR-Z, respectively. Thermal and pH stability of the immobilized laccases were enhanced compared with the free enzyme. The relative activity for the immobilized laccases was kept over 50% of its original activity after about 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Moreover, reusability of Lac@HR-Z and Lac@HR-Y was considerably higher (68% and 92%, respectively) than those of Lac@ZSM-5 and Lac@NaY (6% and 5.6%, respectively) after 10 cycles of reuse. Lac@HR-Z and Lac@HR-Y exhibited higher efficiency (80.5% and 89.3%, respectively) in phenol bio-removal compared with those of ZSM-5 (67.5%) and NaY (76.5%). Besides, 90.4 ± 1.3% of phenol was practically removed under optimal conditions including 12 U/mg of Lac@HR-Y, 2.6 mM of phenol, and 70 min of the reaction time. Lac@HR-Y also exhibited 56% efficiency after 10 cycles of phenol removal. Furthermore, three phenolic compounds were detected by GC-mass analysis due to phenol bio-removal in the optimal conditions after removing the dark brown precipitate of polymerized metabolites. Therefore, Lac@HR-Y could be suggested for the elimination of phenol-containing pollutants that merits further investigations.

Immobilized some of vanadium compounds on modified graphene oxide as nanofiber network for epoxidation of allyl alcohols

VO(acac)2 and the in situ generated VO(Salen) complex were immobilized on the covalently modified graphene oxide (GO) with ethylenediamine (en) and designated as VO(acac)2@en‐GO and VO@Salen@en‐GO, respectively. Characterization of the prepared compounds was carried out with FT‐IR, XRD, ICP, CHN, Raman, SEM, TEM, and BET techniques. The SEM results confirmed the formation a nanofiber network and nanointerconnected needles. The prepared immobilized complexes were then used as heterogeneous catalysts for epoxidation of some allyl alcohols such as geraniol, trans‐2‐hexene‐1‐ol, and 1‐octen‐3‐ol. Based on the results obtained by GC and GC–mass analyses, epoxidation of geraniol with 97% conversion and 100% selectivity seemed promising. Readily recycling of the catalyst and reusing for four successive catalytic runs without significant loss of activity revealed that this catalysis system deserves nomination for practical application.

An aerobic oxidation of alcohols into carbonyl synthons using bipyridyl-cinchona based palladium catalyst.

We have reported an aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to respective aldehydes and ketones using a bipyridyl-cinchona alkaloid based palladium catalytic system (PdAc-5) using oxygen at moderate pressure. The PdAc-5 catalyst was analysed using SEM, EDAX, and XPS analysis. The above catalytic system is used in experiments for different oxidation systems which include different solvents, additives, and bases which are cheap, robust, non-toxic, and commercially available on the industrial bench. The obtained products are quite appreciable in both yield and selectivity (70–85%). In addition, numerous important studies, such as comparisons with various commercial catalysts, solvent systems, mixture of solvents, and catalyst mole%, were conducted using PdAc-5. The synthetic strategy of oxidation of alcohol into carbonyl compounds was well established and all the products were analysed using 1H NMR, 13CNMR and GC-mass analyses.

CHEMICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE ICLUSION OF AMARANTHACEAE AND CHENOPODIACEAE INTO ONE FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE JUSS. (s.l.)

In this study, separation of chemical compounds using Thin layer chromatography technique revealed close relationship between the studied members of the newly constructed family Amaranthaceae Juss. (s.l.). 68% of the calculated affinities between the studied species are above 50% which is an indication for close relationships. 90% is the chemical affinities reported between Chenopodium murale and three species of the genus Amaranthus despite of their great morphological diversity. Among the selected members of the chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium murale and Suaeda monoica are the most closely related species to all of the studied Amaranthaceae . 60%-88% and 54%-88% chemical affinities were reported for the two species with the Amaranthaceae members respectively. GC-Mass analysis of methanolic extracts of the studied species identified 20 compounds common between different species. 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2-hydroxy-1 and 7-Hexadecenal,(Z)- are the major components common between Amaranthus graecizans, Digera muricata Aerva javanica Gomphrena celosioides of the historical family Amaranthaceae and Suaeda monoica Salsola vermiculata Chenopodium murale Cornulaca monocantha of the historical family Chenopodiaceae, Most of the identified compounds are of pharmaceutical importance such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory , and Anti-cancerous. KEYWORDS: Chemical affinity; TLC; GC- Mass analysis; Amarancaceae; Chenopodiaceae

The effect of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (NGEO) on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation

The study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the effects of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (NGEO) on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation. The essential oil (EO), obtained by steam distillation from Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/L), was investigated in an in vitro culture medium using sheep rumen fluid and artificial saliva. A fattening diet was used as the substrate in the culture medium and gas production was measured. The profile of NGEO was determined by GC-mass analysis. The 1, 8-cineole (23.2%), α-pinene (15.3%), limonene (9.1%), and β-pinene (3.5%) were the major components in NGEO. Ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations did not change when NGEO was added to the culture medium, whereas TVFA tended to increase at the higher concentration of NGEO (p <0.1). The pH value of the culture medium linearly and quadratically decreased with increasing NGEO (p <0.05). The potential of gas production (bgas; linear, and quadratic, p <0.05) increased with increasing NGEO, however, the constant rate decreased linearly and quadratically (p <0.05). Dry matter (DMD) and organic matter degradability (OMD) were increased (linear and quadratic) with increasing NGEO in the culture medium. The partitioning factor (PF), microbial mass yield (MMY), and efficiency of microbial mass synthesis (EMMS) linearly and quadratically decreased when the concentration of NGEO increased. It seems that NGEO affected the fermentation process in vitro partly via improving TVFA production or by increasing DMD and OMD. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm that NGEO in the diet has no adverse effects on the health and production in ruminants.