Buddha Research Articles

Quality of life and its determinants among hypertensive patients in a rural area of district Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh - A community-based cross-sectional study.

Hypertension is the leading cause of mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) all over the world. World Health Organization defines quality of life (QOL) as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns. The study was aimed to compare the the QOL of adult hypertensive patients with healthy study subjects and to determine the factors associated with poor QOL among the hypertensive subjects. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 in Gautam Budh Nagar District. The study was carried out among 250 hypertensive patients and 50 healthy persons based on World Health Organization-Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire Manual. Data collected were entered and statistically analyzed using statistical software (SPSS-22). Overall QOL and general health scores were significantly lower among hypertensive subjects showing worsening of QOL among diseased persons (P value <0.001). Factors significantly associated with poor overall QOL were low educational status (P value <0.001), home makers (P value <0.001), lower socio-economic class (P value < 0.001), and subjects with co-morbidities (P value <0.001). The findings revealed that QOL was poor among the hypertensive subjects as compared to healthy subjects.

A cross-sectional study to assess the under-nutrition amongst the elderly population in a rural area of district Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Ageing is a universal process. It is influenced by a person's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Nutrition plays a significant role in modulation of ageing. In developing countries like India, the health and nutritional status of the elderly population is not satisfactory. The current study was done to assess undernutrition amongst the elderly population and to find the various associations with sociodemographic factors and social determinants. This cross-sectional study was done from February 2023 to July 2023 in rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The elderly participants who were 60 years of age and more and who met the inclusion criteria were selected by simple random sampling technique for the study. Undernutrition was assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool (MNA). Out of the total of 400 elderly persons, 18% were found to be undernourished and 38% were at risk of undernutrition. The association between undernutrition and age group, gender, occupation, family type, living arrangements that is staying with family or not, financial dependence, any co-morbid illness, smoking, and physical activity was found to be significant. The present findings reveal that undernutrition is not an uncommon problem in the elderly, and further studies are needed in this regard.

An Exploratory Research Comparing Oral Health, Pattern of Substance Abuse and Nicotine Dependence among LGBT, Female Sex Workers and Heterogenders.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), female sex workers (FSW), and heterogenders are those unconventional groups of the society who are identified with major unacceptance. Thus, the present study is conducted to assess and compare the oral health status, substance abuse pattern and nicotine dependence using Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scale (FNDP) among the LGBTQ, FSW, and heterogender in a defined location of Gautam Buddha Nagar, district in West U.P. The present exploratory research included three study groups, the LGBTQ, FSW, and heterogenders (HG) residing in the same habitat. Purposive snowball sampling was conducted for the accessibility of the unapproachable population in the defined geographical location at Gautam Budha Nagar, district in West Uttar Pradesh. The data collection of a total of 177 participants was done using a pre-validated, pretested proforma consisting of three different parts including WHO oral health assessment form for adults, 2013, questionnaire regarding pattern of substance abuse and FNDS. Data were recorded and statistically analyzed using SPSS. Prevalence of oral health disorders including dental caries, periodontal disease as well as oral mucosal lesions were more commonly found among the LGBTQ participants followed by FSW and the differences were found to be statistically significant. In context of altered habits, 100% of the participants in the present study were reported with smokeless tobacco habits whereas majority of the FSW were reported with a habit of smoking tobacco. In addition to belonging to ethnic and sexual minority, and having minimal or low education status, and low socioeconomic status, the present study groups are reported to have suboptimal access to quality healthcare and are further reported with high level of substance abuse as well as nicotine dependence. The present study is an attempt to provide base line data for further research and provide data to the policy makers so as to increase the healthcare access to the present groups. How to cite this article: Sharma S, Shukla S, Kamate SK, et al. An Exploratory Research Comparing Oral Health, Pattern of Substance Abuse and Nicotine Dependence among LGBT, Female Sex Workers and Heterogenders. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(12):991-997.

The effect of urbanization on the shrinkage of wetlands in the Noida-Greater Noida region and its surrounding sub-urban areas

Increasing urbanization has an adverse effect on the wetlands of Gautam Buddh Nagar and its surrounding region, so the study aimed to understand the impact of urbanization on the wetlands and its surrounding region, Landsat satellite data was used for the change detection study. This study deals with the inventorisation of wetlands of size greater than 10 ha in Noida-Greater Noida region and its adjacent areas and assess the impact of urbanization on these wetlands. Land-Use/Land-Cover (LULC) maps were developed using GIS tools. Temporal data analysis detected a loss of 16.36% wetlands of size more than 10 ha since 2010 in the Gautam Buddha Nagar district. LULC analyses revealed the high impact of urbanization on 5 out of the 8 sites. LULC change also detected shrinkage of wetlands and alternations of land use in the catchment area of most of the wetlands. The findings of this study were then used to suggest management recommendations for the conservation of wetlands at a local scale.

Concept Of OM And Relativity In Herman Hesse’s Siddhartha

Siddhartha, published in 1922, is a literary work authored by Hermann Hesse. The literary work in question explores the metaphysical odyssey of an individual named Siddhartha, who embarks on a quest for self-realization within the historical context of the Gautama Buddha's era. This article centers its attention on a specific artwork and engages in a critical examination of the notion of Om and the relative nature of the issues explored within the novel. The notion of Om, representing the interconnectedness and unity of all phenomena, serves as essential catalysts for Siddhartha's moments of enlightenment. The attainment of enlightenment by Siddhartha is facilitated by his eventual comprehension of the concept of Om. However, throughout his journey, he encounters this thought on multiple occasions, each instance provoking a transformative effect on his being. Siddhartha, feeling disillusioned with many religious doctrines, chooses to renounce all religious avenues in his pursuit of enlightenment. This article centers its attention on the philosophical notion of "om" and explores its thematic significance in the novel Siddhartha, particularly in relation to the concept of relativity.

Journey of Indian forestry and its development from past to modern era

The history of Indian forest is closely linked with political history. The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata give an attractive description of forests. The Dandakaranya, the Khanadavban and the Nandanvan come from them. Ancient Hindu culture is said to have evolved in Aryans. Literatures are not however scientific treaties. Nevertheless, they give a glimpse into dim and distant past. They are an indication of the level of significance the forests had in the cultural life of people. The dense forests of India have been found to have protected the land in the past, but population grew, the forest began to deplete. However, historically, the people of India have respected forests, and many religious ceremonies focused on trees and plants. Gautama Buddha preached that people should plant trees every five years, and sacred groves were marked around temples. Chandra Gupta Maurya and Ashoka also recognized the importance of forests and implemented polices for their protection and growth. During the British colonial period, the forests were gradually appropriated for revenue generation, but after India gained independence in 1947, a new Forest Policy was established to protect the forests and retain a third of India’s land area under forest cover. Forests have been playing a vital role in meeting the demands of domestic and in meeting the demand which ushered in a total mismatch between demand and supply. Over the following years, people’s attitudes towards forests changed, leading to significant development in forestry in India. More emphasis is given to conservation and management of forests, which contributes to sustainable development of forestry in India. A large number of forest-based industries were set up, which contributed immensely towards the economic growth of the country.

SYMBOLS ENGRAVED ON BUDDHIST PARASOL: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MATHURA MUSEUM

After the creation of the universe, the practice of consecration of statues and symbolic representation of gods-goddesses and nature as divinity began in civilizations across the world; proving its continued existence and practice across human history. These symbols serve the multiple purposes; from being an emblem representing the concept of religious faith, notions and beliefs in the psyche of the devotees to representing the desire for glory, protection and good fortune. These symbols communicate complicated human emotions through symbolic language in the simplest ways. From the prehistoric times to the contemporary age these symbols can be traced across the human civilizations with some variations in its physical form. These variations sometimes translate differently across religions and sometimes their expressions carry certain similarities. We find such instances in the iterations of some Buddhist symbols, when worshipping the idol of Gautama Buddha was prohibited in Pre-Sectarian Buddhist age. As a result, initially Lord Buddha was represented through the consecration of religious symbols. Gradually with the passage of time, due to cultural assimilation and the domination of Hinduism, Buddhism (Mahayana sect) came closer to Hinduism. We find early Buddhist sculptures in open natural spaces as the consecration of the statue of Gautama Buddha preceded the construction of temples. To protect these statues from Sun and Rain, these statues were soon covered by various forms of parasol like canopies (Umbrella) to the upper part of the idol as a unique feature on the upper side of the idol marking the influence of Kushan period. These parasols are engraved with various symbols like: Mangal Kalash, Swastika, Conch, Shrivatsa, Lotus, etc. The specimens of these parasols can be found protected in Mathura Museum. This paper studies the meaning of artistic and symbolic foundation of these engraved symbols.

Assessing and understanding diversity and foraging guilds of bird community structure in Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar and Jharkhand, India

This study was conducted between June 2017 and December 2018 to assess the bird community structure, diversity, feeding guilds, and the residential status of birds in Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary (GBWS). Avian diversity and guild organization in five different habitat types were classified according to the forest type present in the landscape. The results indicated a total of 99 avifauna that belongs to 48 families, distributed in 16 orders. Among the 99 species, 77 were residents, 17 were winter visitors, four were summer visitors, and only one was a passage migrant. Based on the feeding guild evaluation, the majority were insectivorous (47%), followed by omnivorous (24%), carnivorous (14%), granivorous (8%), frugivorous (4%), insectivorous (1%), and piscivorous (1%). The scrubland, among other forest types, represented the highest diversity value for the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (3.2), evenness was recorded highest in riverine habitat (0.63), whereas utmost Simpson’s dominance (0.98) and Fisher’s index value (41) were in human settlement. These findings of our study illustrate the outstanding potential of GBWS as an important protected site for mixed bird diversity and specific feeding guilds, precisely in terms of the insectivorous and omnivorous communities. Hence, the study outcomes set a notable landmark for understanding birds and their habitats.

Gender disparity in literacy in Uttar Pradesh: a spatial analysis

Literacy, being one of the most important demographic elements, is a crucial indicator used to measure human progress towards development. It acts as a catalyst for social progress, maximising return on investment in almost all developmental initiative areas. Moreover, female education contributes significantly to raising the state’s standard of living. This study delves into the prevalent gender disparity in literacy rates within Uttar Pradesh, India, with a particular focus on the enrolment of girl children in elementary schools. It assesses the spatial variation in gender disparity in literacy across the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh and finds a correlation between enrolment of girl children (x) and total elementary schools (y) across the districts. The Sopher Disparity Method is used to determine the spatial variation of gender disparity in literacy. Jaunpur, Bhadohi and Mathura are the states with the highest gender disparity level in literacy, while Amroha and Kanpur Nagar account for the lowest disparity level. The dot method is used to show the distribution of total number of elementary schools per district in Uttar Pradesh, presenting that Baghpat, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Mahoba, Shrawasti and Bhadohi are the districts with the lowest concentration of elementary schools, while Azamgarh, Bijnor, Sitapur, Hardoi and Jaunpur are those with the highest concentration. A correlation coefficient of 0.89 has been found between elementary schools and girl child enrolment, which shows a strong positive association. The research highlights the cultural, socio-economic, and infrastructural barriers that impede the enrolment and retention of girl children in elementary schools. By examining existing policies and their impact, the study aims to provide insights into the complexities of gender-based educational disparities. Furthermore, it explores the role of societal norms and economic constraints in shaping the educational landscape for girls in Uttar Pradesh. The ultimate goal is to inform targeted interventions that address the root causes of gender disparity in literacy, fostering a more inclusive and equitable educational environment in Uttar Pradesh.

AN IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM IN UTTAR PRADESH

Tourism encompasses the activities of individuals or societies who venture beyond their usual surroundings for a duration of less than a full year, primarily for leisure, business, or other non-migration-related purposes. When discussing religious tourism, Uttar Pradesh emerges as a renowned Indian state celebrated for its rich religious and cultural heritage, owing to the presence of sacred rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati, alongside various revered religious sites such as Varanasi, Vrindavan, Mathura, Sarnath, Chitrakoot, Ayodhya, Hastinapur, Allahabad, Vindhyachal, and more.Uttar Pradesh boasts a multitude of significant Hindu pilgrimage sites, with Varanasi, located on the banks of the Ganges, being particularly well-known. Allahabad is famed for its confluence of the mythical rivers Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati, while Mathura is renowned as the birthplace of Lord Krishna, and Ayodhya holds significance as the birthplace of Lord Rama. Uttar Pradeshs appeal is not limited to Hinduism it also holds significance for Buddhists. Sarnath, Kushinagar, and Saraswati, where Lord Buddha delivered his first sermon, are among the worlds most renowned Buddhist pilgrimage destinations.In the realm of Islamic religious destinations, Uttar Pradesh is known for the mausoleums of Sufi saints, with Hazrat Salim Chistis shrine in FatehpurSikri and Dewa Sharif in Lucknow being prominent religious tourist attractions.This paper sheds light on religious tourism in Uttar Pradesh, delving into its existing policies and frameworks centered around the states religious sites. It underscores how the religious tourism industry contributes revenue to the state by offering religious services, transportation options, accommodation facilities, and more. However, its essential to recognize that the religious tourism industry faces challenges due to inadequate understanding, insufficient policies, limited management, inadequate infrastructure, the absence of regulations, and a lack of environmental and cultural sustainability at these religious tourism destinations.

The Vedic Era: Indian Women And Spirituality

this monograph, an attempt has been made to ascertain the spiritual state and spirituality of women in the Vedic period. The socio-religious status of women, their contribution and involvement in philosophical-intellectual debates, along with a comparison of Gender spiritual rights have also been revisited. Since the concept of spirituality has changed and grown over time, various definitions coexist today. Saints or enlightened ones have shown higher degrees of spiritual growth than the common man. The word "spirituality" has been used here to refer to a religious reforming process that comprises the examination of some universal concepts, such as compassion, love, generosity, afterlife, enlightenment, and truth. The Vedic civilization is an intriguing exception to the norm concerning the general situation of women becoming unsatisfactory as the years progressed. The role of women is increasingly gratifying the further back we look, including the spiritual realm. As a period of great social and political stability, the early Vedic era is regarded as the "golden age" of women. In contrast, the later Vedic era marked a sharp and apparent decline in the social standing of women. This work emphasizes the spiritual empowerment of women and highlights the crucial role they had in forming religious and cultural traditions during this time through a review of Vedic texts, academic interpretations, and archaeological data. The approach used in this work is strictly descriptive, and the data needed was gathered from primary as well as secondary sources with reference to Vedic women in antiquity. KEYWORDS- Vedic Era, Religion, Society, and Women’s Spirituality.

Physicochemical and biological characteristics of River Hindon at Galheta station from 2009 to 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the physicochemical and biological attributes of water in the Hindon River, located in Northern India and traversing through the districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Gautam Buddha Nagar. The study specifically examined crucial parameters, including Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Alkalinity (TA), Sulphate (SO42−), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and the biological parameter, that is, Total Coliform. Data for these characteristics of the Hindon River were collected and analyzed based on measurements obtained at the Galheta station in District Baghpat, from 2009 to 2020. The study revealed significant yearly fluctuations in water quality parameters. DO (0.15–9 mg/L) and Total Coliform (319.09 MPN/100 mL to 23 × 106 MPN/100 mL) levels represented the most significant variations, while BOD (30.65–81.54 mg/L) and COD (80.08–170 mg/L) values consistently exceeded acceptable thresholds. TA (151.883–444.86 mg/L) had persistently fallen short of minimum standards, whereas SO42− (24.756–77.441 mg/L) remained within permissible limits. TDS (619–924.16 mg/L) consistently adhered to water quality standards. The findings indicated that the Hindon River's water quality consistently fell into the categories D or E as per Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 2296) and Class III or IV according to the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) standards and failed to meet the stipulated criteria outlined in BIS (IS: 2490) and had fallen short of the water quality standards established by the World Health Organization (WHO). A correlation coefficient matrix was generated to assess the relationships among the mentioned parameters. The research findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring of Hindon River water to protect the health of aquatic ecosystems and human well‐being.

Assessing the Sensitivity and Specificity of Toluidine Blue Staining in Oral Cancer Screening Among Inmates: A Prison-Based Study

Background: In the confined environment of correctional facilities, access to healthcare resources can be limited, making it crucial to identify early signs of oral diseases especially oral premalignant lesions and conditions. This study presents the results of an oral health screening camp conducted for jail inmates in Gautam Buddha Nagar (GB Nagar), Uttar Pradesh, India aimed at detecting potentially malignant lesions (PMLs) using Toluidine Blue staining. PMLs are precursor lesions that have the potential to transform into malignancies if left untreated. Objective: This study's major goal was to find out whether applying Toluidine Blue (TB) staining would help with the diagnosis of suspected premalignant lesions and oral cancer &amp; to use it as a routine chair side investigation and also to calculate specificity and sensitivity of TB staining in potentially malignant lesions (PMLs). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the prison; toluidine blue staining was performed on Eighty-four patients between the ages of 22 and 65 years made up the study for inmates at the G.B. Nagar jail. Males made up all eighty-four patients. The study included suspicious-appearing red and white lesions with &amp; without any tobacco use history. Results: In this study, eighty-four patients with malignant and potentially malignant lesions were studied, TB Stain showed 76.19% sensitivity and 47.62% specificity. Conclusion: TB staining conducted for jail inmates in GB Nagar demonstrated its potential as a cost-effective and efficient method for identifying Potentially Malignant Lesions. The results underscore the significance of proactive healthcare measures within correctional facilities and emphasize the need for comprehensive oral health programs targeting vulnerable populations. Further research and larger-scale implementation of such camps are recommended to better understand the implications and benefits of early detection and intervention.

Cultural Heritage Under Attack: Motives for Deliberate Destruction of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict in Swat

ABSTRACT This article aims to trace the Taliban’s motives behind the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage in Swat while also looking into the local’s reaction and their relationship with cultural heritage after the conflict. The Taliban insurgents deliberately defaced and dynamited the second largest seated statue of Lord Buddha after Bamiyan in Afghanistan and bomb-damaged Swat Museum. The findings are the outcomes of in-depth interviews and FGDs conducted with locals, key informants from the community, local journalists, NGO representatives, archeologists, and Swat Museum officials. This study demonstrates that the Taliban iconoclastic acts were motivated by their “conflict goal” – the introduction and imposition of Sharia Law in the region. The “specific targeting” of the seated statue of Lord Buddha and the bomb-damaged Swat Museum are considered the principal identifiers of differences, and instrumental in “signalling” strength and commitment to the resisting actors. The polarity in explanations among the locals indicates that the Taliban tactfully manipulated the equivocal understanding of idolatry in Islam. After the conflict, apart from the realization of ownership and pride among the locals, the utmost concerns for them are the protection of cultural heritage and the construction of a religious counter-narrative on the status of idols and statues in Islam.

Coronary Angiography in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients Presenting to Cardiac Hospital at Lumbini Province Nepal

INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the common cause of patients presenting with symptoms of heart failure. It is often treated as respiratory disease in the absence of specific evaluation. We wanted to evaluate the presence of coronary artery disease in dilated cardiomyopathy patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS It was a prospective observational study conducted at Gautam Buddha Community Heart Hospital. One hundred sixty patients with the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy were evaluated with coronary angiography. RESULTS Distribution of patients was males 68.1% and females 31.9%. Most patients (61.2%) were in the age group 45 to 65 years. Dyspnea (80.6%), fatigue (25%), cough (20%), chest discomfort (16.9%), edema (15%) and palpitation (11.9%) were common symptoms. Majority of patients were smoker 41.9%. Coronary artery disease was found in 44.4% with significant stenosis in36.3%. Among the patients with significant coronary artery stenosis two vessel disease was present in 54%, one vessel disease in 32% and three vessel disease in 14%. CONCLUSION Coronary artery disease was frequently present in dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Optimization of management becomes easier with thorough evaluation of DCM patients including coronary angiography.

Quality of Life and Its Determinants Among Diabetic Patients in A Rural Area of Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Context: Diabetes has become the largest health emergencies of 21st century. The burden of diabetes is increasing globally especially in developing economies like India. In the recent years, Physician’s interest has turned to the concept of quality of life (QOL) as an important treatment goal and an important component of therapy in the management of diabetes. The study was aimed to compare the quality of life of adult diabetic subjects with healthy subjects and to assess the factors affecting the quality of life among diabetic subjects. Methodology: A Community based cross sectional study was conducted among 250 diabetic subjects and 50 healthy subjects more than 18 years of age, based on WHO-Quality of Life-BREF (WHO-QOL-BREF) questionnaire manual in the rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar from Jan 2021-June 2022. Data collected were entered and statistically analyzed using statistical software (SPSS-22) Results: Overall quality of life and general health score was significantly poor among diabetic subjects as compared to healthy subjects. Quality of life was significantly lower in diabetic subjects ≥ 60 years of age, illiterate subjects and in diabetic subjects with presence of comorbidity. Conclusions: Overall QOL was poor among diabetic subjects as compared to healthy subjects.

고려시대 『佛頂心陀羅尼經』의 간행과 판본 분석

This study examined Chinese edition and records of a Korean institution based on previous studies and actual examination of the Sūtra of Great Dhāraṇī of the Uṣṇīṣa-cittā. In conclusion, following points have been discovered.&#x0D; First, the Sūtra of Great Dhāraṇī of the Uṣṇīṣa-cittā is categorized as Wigyeong(僞經) as it was established during the Tang Dynasty and its structure follows three volumes and one edition; different signatures were marked according to content of each volume.&#x0D; Second, there are Chinese character editions and Seoha editions discovered in Dunhuang, Xia, and Turpan. In particular, Gyeongdang(經幢; a sculpture with engraved scripts in a tower-style stone) style was popular in the 11th and 12th centuries during the Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty.&#x0D; Third, in the 12th century (year of 1150, 1156, and 1166) of Korea, Jumun(呪文) of ‘Buljeongsimjineon(佛頂心眞言)’ in Dharani Chongjijip(摠持集; compiled edition of Dharanis) is listed in Siddam characters. These records were discovered in Vairocana Buddha statue in Haeinsa Temple and the editions of the year of 1156 and 1166 consist of in 47 chapters engraved by ‘Jonsim(存心)’ and Eonpyeong(彦平)’, respectively. Among these editions, there is Beomseo Chongjijip prayed by Jahwa(資華) of Bupsoo Temple(法水寺) and the edition in 1150 was corrected and published by Sawon(思遠) in Gwangjaepo(廣濟鋪), a place where old Pyeong was.&#x0D; According to 『History of Goryeo(高麗史)』, Buljeongsimdoryang(佛頂心道場) was held frequently as a Buddhist event to protect the country from war and natural disasters. Three volumes structure can be witnessed in the early 13th century and most of the existing books are designed with portability. It is suggested that these books were created to hope for safety from the war against Mongolia and the military coup. Such practice reflects the background of the time, when esoteric Buddhism was popular among public.&#x0D; Fourth, in the early Joseon Dynasty, there are small-sized books created based on the Goryeo editions to treat and prevent individuals’ disease, disasters, and bad luck. In 1485, the royal kingdom published a woodblock edition with a plaque based on the edition of Ming Dynasty of China for the well-being of the royal family and prosperity of the descendants. During this time, Eonhae edition was printed with Eulhae metal type. This edition was published until the 17th century with slight variations in a myraid of local temples. However, the style on Eonhae portion remained the same.&#x0D; Fifth, the titles of the three volumes of the scripture are different and the marks in each volume appear differently by periods and editions. The first volume lists the virtues of Dharani as Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva pledges to Sakyamuni Buddha; the second volume mentions the virtues and protection gained by memorizing and offering this scripture all the time; and the third volume includes Dharani’s virtues with four spiritual examples. In other words, it includes stories about people eliminating their sins from their previous lives, woman born as a man, healing diseases, defeating evil, getting pregnant, protecting mothers and living in paradise through Dharani.&#x0D; Sixth, this Dharani was engraved and distributed not only in three volumes but also in the form of a single sheet with Jumun(呪文) since the Goryeo Dynasty, and was mainly engraved at local temples in response to the demand of the private sector in the late Joseon Dynasty. As the time goes by, Hanmuneum, Siddam character, and Hangeuleum were selectively applied to Jumun(呪文) as needed and its writing styles including but not limited to Hapja(合字; combined characters), Byeonggi(倂記; write both Hangeul and Hanja character sounds in orderly manner), Gujeolpyosi(句節表示; read by character segments), Jangdaneum(句節表示), Seongjopyosi(聲調表示; high and low character sounds) varied by the ed

The Study of an analytical interpretation of the Buddha’s midnight preaching: Special reference to pāli canonical literature

The Dhamma that Lord Buddha had preached to the people of that time for 45 years, was later compiled in the form of three Pitakas, called Vinaya, Suttanta, and AbhiDhammapitaka. Among them, the Vinayapitaka is the name given to a collection of the various Sikkhāpada, or precepts contained, beginning with the Pārājikasand ending with the seventy-five SekkhiyaDhamma. These precepts are solemnly read twice a month in every monastery. It contains two kinds of collections of precepts for monks and nuns, and of classification (Vibhanga), twenty-two divisions (Khandhaka), and sixteen acts of surrounding (Parivāra) contained. The second pitaka is Suttantapitaka and the third one is known as AbhiDhammapitaka. Buddha’s inner life was one of meditation and the experience of Nibbnasukha, while his outer life was one of selfless service for the moral upliftment of the world. He enlightened, and He did His best to enlighten others and release them from the miseries of life.After attaining enlightenment, Tathagata gave discourses on many occasions. He has given some discourses during the day, some in the afternoon, some in the evening and some at night. This paper mainly studies the analytical interpretation of the Suttas given by Lord Buddha at the time of midnight.

Read “Princess Bari” from a Gender Perspective

The application of gender theory to analyze Korean literary works is relatively new. This study uses gender theory as a foundation to examine the gender identity of the character Princess Bari in the Korean folk literature work "Princess Bari," exploring her relationships with her father (the King), Siddhartha Gautama(The Buddha), the benevolent elderly couple, her older sisters, Muchangsung, and other social connections. As a result, in each distinct relationship, the princess assumes different roles, and we also observe the evolution of these roles as they develop through various relationships.

Establishment of Herbal Garden in the Galgotias University Campus - An Ex-situ Conservation Approach

Herbal gardens are a rich source of plant-based medicines and their derivatives. Both in urban and rural locations, herbal plants have an important role in traditional medicine. The development of herbal garden includes propagation, multiplication, research, education, and extension activities as well. In the present study, we took herbal plants from different nurseries of Noida and Greater Noida of Gautam Buddha Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh and developed herbal garden in the Galgotias University campus. The herbal garden has approximately 45 different plants, including shrubs (22), trees (13), herbs (9) and grass (1) etc. The geotagged photographs of each herbal plant were captured using GPS map camera. The ex-situ conservation of herbal garden in Galgotias University would help and motivate faculties and students of the university, to undertake further research on medicinal plants.