Gaussian Quantum Discord Research Articles

Generation of stationary entanglement and quantum discord in an optomechanical system through three-level atoms

In this paper, we investigate the stationary entanglement and quantum discord between the cavity and mechanical oscillator mode of an optomechanical system whose cavity contains three-level atoms. We examine how sharing entanglement and correlations would be affected by increasing the level of atoms injected into the cavity. In particular, using the appropriate preference of injected atoms to the cavity and optical cavity detuning, we found the impact of atoms and couplings on the degree of steady-state entanglement and quantum discord. Consequently, the stationary entanglement and quantum discord together rise to a certain range of normalized detuning and atom injection levels. Furthermore, both entanglement and Gaussian quantum discord are enhanced when three-level atoms are present, and the maximum entanglement manifests closest to the ringing case. Moreover, we are aware that the system’s physical parameters affect the generation of stationary entanglement and quantum correlation. Therefore, these results may provide a platform for a valuable asset in the practical realization of continuous variable entanglement and quantum information processing.

Investigating entangled photons to quantify quantum correlations in dual optomechanical cavities.

Quantum correlations that go beyond quantum entanglement have a significant role in the fields of quantum information processing and quantum computation. In essence, when we describe a quantum system using pure states, quantum entanglement and quantum correlation are essentially indistinguishable. However, this equivalence breaks down when dealing with general mixed states. To contribute to understanding this distinction, we have considered a straightforward model for both generating and measuring these quantum correlations. We focus on two macroscopic mechanical resonators situated in separate Fabry–Perot cavities and coupled through the photon hopping process. Our model allows us to conduct a comprehensive examination and quantification of quantum correlations that extend beyond entanglement between these mechanical modes. Our approach begins with the determination of the global covariance matrix, serving as the foundation for calculating two key metrics: the Entropy of Formation and the Gaussian quantum Discord. These metrics enable us to quantify the extent of quantum entanglement and quantum correlations, respectively. Our analysis, based on these quantifiers, reveals that quantum discord serves as a more appropriate metric for characterizing the quantum correlations between the mechanical modes in an optomechanical quantum system, especially in the presence of robust photon hopping.

Quantifying quantum correlations beyond entanglement via robust photon hopping in an optomechanical system

Quantum correlations beyond quantum entanglement represent vital resources in quantum information processing as well as in quantum computation. In fact, both quantum entanglement and quantum correlation are the same when the quantum system is described by pure states. However, this is not exactly the case when general mixed states are considered. In order to clarify this, a simple model has been proposed for the production and quantification of these quantum correlations between two mechanical resonators that are macroscopic in two Fabry–Pérot cavities optomechanical coupled by the photon hopping process. In this model, we analyze and investigate the quantification of the quantum correlation beyond the entanglement between the mechanical modes. We determine the global covariance matrix of the model from which we derive the expression of the entropy of formation ([Formula: see text]) as well as the Gaussian quantum discord ([Formula: see text]), which quantify the amount of quantum entanglement and quantum correlations, respectively. The analysis based on these two quantum correlations quantifiers shows that quantum discord is more appropriate to characterize the quantum correlations between the mechanical modes in an optomechanical quantum system in the presence of robust photon hopping.

Feedback Control of Quantum Correlations in a Cavity Magnomechanical System with Magnon Squeezing.

We suggest a method to improve quantum correlations in cavity magnomechanics, through the use of a coherent feedback loop and magnon squeezing. The entanglement of three bipartition subsystems: photon-phonon, photon-magnon, and phonon-magnon, is significantly improved by the coherent feedback-control method that has been proposed. In addition, we investigate Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering under thermal effects in each of the subsystems. We also evaluate the scheme's performance and sensitivity to magnon squeezing. Furthermore, we study the comparison between entanglement and Gaussian quantum discord in both steady and dynamical states.

Quantum correlation of microwave two-mode squeezed state generated by nonlinearity of InP HEMT

This study significantly concentrates on cryogenic InP HEMT high-frequency circuit analysis using quantum theory to find how the transistor nonlinearity can affect the quantum correlation of the modes generated. Firstly, the total Hamiltonian of the circuit is derived, and the dynamic equation of the motion contributed is examined using the Heisenberg-Langevin equation. Using the nonlinear Hamiltonian, some components are attached to the intrinsic internal circuit of InP HEMT to address the circuit characteristics fully. The components attached are arisen due to the nonlinearity effects. As a result, the theoretical calculations show that the states generated in the circuit are mixed, and no pure state is produced. Accordingly, the modified circuit generates the two-mode squeezed thermal state, which means one can focus on calculating the Gaussian quantum discord to evaluate quantum correlation. It is also found that the nonlinearity factors (addressed as the nonlinear components in the circuit) can intensely influence the squeezed thermal state by which the quantum discord is changed. Finally, as the primary point, it is concluded that although it is possible to enhance the quantum correlation between modes by engineering the nonlinear components; however, attaining quantum discord greater than unity, entangled microwave photons, seems a challenging task since InP HEMT operates at 4.2 K.

Coherence controlled generation of Gaussian quantum discord in a quantum beat laser

Quantum discord, an appropriate measure of quantum correlation, is analyzed in a two-mode Gaussian state of the cavity field evolved by a system of quantum beat laser. In the laser system, two arbitrary single-mode Gaussian states of the cavity fields and an external classical field couple to the atomic lasing medium. We calculate the time-dependent expression for the quantum discord both analytically and numerically, by following the reduced density matrix equation of the resulting cavity field. In this framework, we investigate the generation and control of Gaussian quantum discord in the two-mode Gaussian state of the cavity field at the output in terms of the purity and non-classicality of the two input cavity modes, the Rabi frequency of the classical driving field, the relative phase of the coupling parameters, and the damping rates of the cavity modes. The behaviour of quantum discord appears oscillatory due to the quantum beats in the output cavity field developed by the classical driving field in the medium as time passes. Moreover, we find that quantum discord switches on and off while adjusting the relative phase of the coupling parameters. Analysis of the analytical results agrees well with our numerical simulations.

Quantum coherence versus quantum correlations in a double cavity magnomechanical system

In this paper, we investigate a system composed of two spatially separated cavities, each with a magnon mode of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere coupled to a microwave (MW) cavity and phonon modes, respectively, via linear beam splitter and magnetostrictive interactions. In addition, two-mode squeezed vacuum fields drive the two cavities. We investigate and compare the behavior of three nonclassicality indicators in two subsystems (i.e., magnon–magnon and phonon–phonon) under the influences of the temperature, the cavity–magnon damping rate, and the magnomechanical coupling rate. We use the entanglement of formation (EoF) to measure the degree of entanglement, the Gaussian quantum discord (GQD) to characterize the quantum correlations beyond entanglement and Gaussian quantum coherence (GQC) to quantify coherence. Considering that the quantifiers share the same entropic definition, we compare the three quantifiers and test the validity of the hypothesis that quantum states with nonzero discord are inherently entangled. We find, on the one hand, that both GQC and GQD exhibit freezing behavior and that they are more robust to the decoherence effect than the EoF. On the other hand, the EoF and the GQD are always upper bounded by GQC, and there is no simple dominance relationship between EoF and GQD; hence these two quantifiers should not be compared. The effect of other parameters is also discussed in detail.

Gaussian quantum discord and the monogamy relation in de Sitter space

Gaussian quantum discord and the monogamy relation in de Sitter space

Continuous variable quantum discord in a cavity electrooptical down-conversion quantum system

In this paper, we explore continuous variable quantum discord for the stationary microwave–optical output fields in an electrooptical system. We drive the covariance matrix of the system using the quantum Langevin equations for the intera-cavity microwave and optical modes. Employing the input–output theory, we obtained the output microwave and optical resonator variables in the Fourier frequency domain. The properties of the Gaussian quantum discord with respect to electrooptical cooperativity, the normalized cavity wave guides for microwave and optical resonators, and the thermal mean photon number for microwave and optical modes have been analyzed. Henceforth, we obtained that the Gaussian quantum discord can be enhanced by increasing the electrooptical cooperativity and microwave and optical wave guides. The thermal mean photon numbers of the microwave and optical modes have reduction effects on the Gaussian quantum discord.

Robustness of quantum correlations in driven cavity optomechanical system interacted with squeezed light

In this paper, we investigate the robustness of quantum correlations in a typical optomechanical quantum source. In particular, we consider two spatially separable optomechanical systems composed of Fabry–Perot cavities. We provide analytic expressions for the covariance matrix of the whole system involving two mechanical modes and two optical modes. We used the logarithmic negativity to quantify the degree of entanglement and the Gaussian quantum discord which is considered to be a witness of the quantumness of correlations in a pairwise system. The behavior of the degrees of the Gaussian quantum discord and entanglement have been analyzed according to the thermal mean photon number, squeezing parameter, and optomechanical cooperativity. With the proper choice of these parameters, it is possible to enhance the quantum correlations in the system. Henceforth, we obtained that the Gaussian quantum discord captured more non-classical properties in comparison with entanglement in various partitions of the optomechanical system under consideration.

Observation of Gaussian quantum correlations existence of photons under linear beam splitter

In this paper, we investigate the creation of quantum correlations such as entanglement, the Gaussian quantum discord and quantum steering in a quantum system under consideration via the linear beam splitter with squeezed thermal and a single-mode Gaussian states at the inputs. This quantum system generates bright entangled output two-mode light. Specifically, the quantum entanglement can be enhanced through increasing the purity of the Gaussian state and the squeezing parameter at the input states. The quantum correlations reveal similar characteristics for each case. That means when we increase the non-classicality, purity and squeezing parameter, the quantum correlations show enhanced profile. On the other hand, upon increasing the mean thermal photon number at the input, the quantum correlations indicate inverse relation.

Quantum information transfer between optical and microwave output modes via cavity magnonics

The transfer of quantum information between the output propagating microwave mode and the radiation that emerges out from the hybrid quantum source through cavity magnonics has been investigated in detail. To examine the quantum optical properties of the system, we employed the input–output theory. We note that significant amounts of quantum entanglement, coherent information-distillable entanglement bits transfer and the Gaussian quantum discord between the output optical and microwave modes are obtained from the proposed quantum source. It is found that the Gaussian quantum discord bounds the quantum entanglement and coherent information. Furthermore, we found that the Gaussian quantum discord is the best quantifier of the source to capture the quantum correlations of the source other than the quantum entanglement and coherent information.

A Computable Gaussian Quantum Correlation for Continuous-Variable Systems.

Generally speaking, it is difficult to compute the values of the Gaussian quantum discord and Gaussian geometric discord for Gaussian states, which limits their application. In the present paper, for any -mode continuous-variable system, a computable Gaussian quantum correlation is proposed. For any state of the system, depends only on the covariant matrix of without any measurements performed on a subsystem or any optimization procedures, and thus is easily computed. Furthermore, has the following attractive properties: (1) is independent of the mean of states, is symmetric about the subsystems and has no ancilla problem; (2) is locally Gaussian unitary invariant; (3) for a Gaussian state , if and only if is a product state; and (4) holds for any Gaussian state and any Gaussian channels and performed on the subsystem A and B, respectively. Therefore, is a nice Gaussian correlation which describes the same Gaussian correlation as Gaussian quantum discord and Gaussian geometric discord when restricted on Gaussian states. As an application of , a noninvasive quantum method for detecting intracellular temperature is proposed.

Quantum correlations under the effect of a thermal environment in a triangular optomechanical cavity

We quantify the stationary correlations between the optical mode and the relative mechanical mode of a ring cavity composed of a fixed mirror and two movable ones in a triangular design. Using a ring cavity configuration not only enhances the optomechanical coupling by the displacement of the two movable mirrors, but also the circulation of the optical power inside the cavity enhances the intensity of the pumping power, not as in the case of a linear cavity. The bipartite covariance matrix is used to evaluate the logarithmic negativity as a measure of entanglement, the Gaussian quantum discord as a measure of total quantum correlations, and the mutual information as a measure of the overall correlations. The behavior of these quantities with respect to the environment’s temperature as well as other parameters, such as the laser pumping power and mass of the movable mirrors, is discussed.

Dynamics of classical-quantum correlations between two movable mirrors in optomechanics

We study the dynamics of classical-quantum correlations in the nonadiabatic regime, using the rotating wave approximation (RWA), between two movable mirrors of two spatially separated Fabry–Pérot cavities, each of the two cavities having a movable end-mirror and coupled to a two-mode squeezed light from spontaneous parametric down-conversion. This work completes our previous work [M. Amazioug, M. Nassik and N. Habiballah, Eur. Phys. J. D 72, 171 (2018)] where we have studied the transfer of quantum correlations in steady state. The Bures distance is used to quantify the amount of entanglement of the symmetrical squeezed thermal state, and the Gaussian quantum discord is considered to quantify the quantumness of the quantum correlations even though the two movable mirrors are separable. Furthermore, total correlations are quantified using quantum mutual information. Indeed, these three indicators depend mainly on the temperature of the movable mirror and the squeezing parameter in strong coupling regime.

Creating mirror–mirror quantum correlations in optomechanics

We study the transfer of quantum correlations between two movable mirrors of two Fabry-Perot cavities separated via broadband squeezed light and coupled via photon hopping process. We investigate the transfer of quantum correlations from EPR entangled squeezed light to the movable mirrors. We show that Gaussian quantum steering remains lower than entanglement. We employ Gaussian quantum steering to characterize the steerability between the two mechanical modes. The logarithmic negativity is used as the witness of quantum entanglement and Gaussian quantum discord gives the measure of all non classical correlations including entanglement. We conclude that the transfer of quantum correlations is optimal for a strong optomechanical coupling and decreases with the thermal effects. We also conclude that steering, entanglement and discord are directly related to photon hopping coupling and the squeezing parameter.

Quantum coherence versus nonclassical correlations in optomechanics

Coherence arises from the superposition principle, where it plays a central role in quantum mechanics. In Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 210401 (2015), it has been shown that the freezing phenomenon of quantum correlations beyond entanglement is intimately related to the freezing of quantum coherence (QC). In this paper, we compare the behavior of entanglement and quantum discord with quantum coherence in two different subsystems (optical and mechanical). We use respectively the entanglement of formation (EoF) and the Gaussian quantum discord (GQD) to quantify entanglement and quantum discord. Under thermal noise and optomechanical coupling effects, we show that EoF, GQD and QC behave in the same way. Remarkably, when entanglement vanishes, GQD and QC remain almost unaffected by thermal noise, keeping nonzero values even for high-temperature, which is in concordance with Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 210401 (2015). Also, we find that the coherence associated with the optical subsystem is more robust — against thermal noise — than those of the mechanical subsystem. Our results confirm that optomechanical cavities constitute a powerful resource of QC.

Gaussian multipartite quantum discord from classical mutual information

Quantum discord is a measure of non-classical correlations, which are excess correlations inherent in quantum states that cannot be accessed by classical measurements. For multipartite states, the classically accessible correlations can be defined by the mutual information of the multipartite measurement outcomes. In general the quantum discord of an arbitrary quantum state involves an optimisation of over the classical measurements which is hard to compute. In this paper, we examine the quantum discord in the experimentally relevant case when the quantum states are Gaussian and the measurements are restricted to Gaussian measurements. We perform the optimisation over the measurements to find the Gaussian discord of the bipartite EPR state and tripartite GHZ state in the presence of different types of noise: uncorrelated noise, multiplicative noise and correlated noise. We find that by adding uncorrelated noise and multiplicative noise, the quantum discord always decreases. However, correlated noise can either increase or decrease the quantum discord. We also find that for low noise, the measurements that maximise the classically accessible correlations are single quadrature measurements. As the noise increases, a dual quadrature measurement becomes optimal.

Quantum Correlation Based on Uhlmann Fidelity for Gaussian States.

A quantum correlation for -mode continuous-variable systems is introduced in terms of local Gaussian unitary operations performed on Subsystem A based on Uhlmann fidelity F. This quantity is a remedy for the local ancilla problem associated with the geometric measurement-induced correlations; is local Gaussian unitary invariant; is non-increasing under any Gaussian quantum channel performed on Subsystem B;and is an entanglement monotone when restricted to pure Gaussian states in the -mode case. A concrete formula for -mode symmetric squeezed thermal states (SSTSs) is presented. We also compare with other quantum correlations in scale, such as Gaussian quantum discord and Gaussian geometric discord, for two-mode SSTSs, which reveals that has some advantage in detecting quantum correlations of Gaussian states.

Measure of general quantum correlations in optomechanics

In this paper, we analyze nonclassical correlations between bipartite states in two optomechanical systems. The first system (Sec. 2) consists of two nanoresonators spatially separated by broadband squeezed light, where each cavity has a fixed mirror and a movable one. The second system (Sec. 3) is an atom-optomechanical system consisting of an atomic ensemble placed inside an optical nanoresonator with a vibrating mirror. For both optomechanical systems, we give the Hamiltonian and the explicit expression of covariance matrix leading to the quantum equations describing the dynamic evolution of the system. Then, the nonclassical correlations are quantified using the logarithmic negativity and Gaussian quantum discord. We propose also a scheme for examining the evolution of Gaussian quantum steering and its asymmetry in each system. We show that the entanglement of the two mechanical modes is very strongly related to the parameters characterizing the environment where the movable mirrors evolve, in particular the squeeze parameter, the optomechanical cooperativity and thermal bath temperature.