Gaussian Monocycle Pulse Research Articles

A Marx-Based Gaussian Monocycle Pulse Generator With Low Ringing Level for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications

The Gaussian pulse generator is the core component of the pulse ground penetrating radar (GPR) system, which requires high amplitude, narrow pulse width, and low ringing levels. Marx circuits are widely used to generate Gaussian pulses. However, due to the complex pulse-forming process, the high-amplitude pulses generated by conventional Marx circuits suffer from oscillation and severe ringing. In this study, a refined model of the Marx circuit based on lossy transmission line theory is proposed, which effectively reduces the oscillation and ringing level of the generated Gaussian pulses. Furthermore, a monocycle pulse-shaping network is proposed based on the short-circuit stub. The unipolar Gaussian pulse is converted into a Gaussian monocycle pulse for antenna radiation. Waveform experiment results show that the peak-to-peak value of the output pulse is 428 V, the pulse width is about 0.8 ns, and the ringing level is low at about 9%. The profile imaging result of the sand tank detection experiment further shows that the generated high-quality Gaussian monocycle pulse can provide good detection performance of underground buried targets for the pulse GPR system.

Design and Analysis of Impulse Radio (IR) Based UWB Transmitter with Antenna

The use of ultra-wideband (UWB) in target detection, radar and wireless connectivity, specifically in the medical world, has attracted a lot of attention. The concept that the IR-UWB system does not necessarily require carrier signals is one of its most appealing features. IR-UWB can transmit information using short Gaussian monocycle pulses. In light of these advantages, this paper proposes a novel UWB transmitter system which consists of UWB signal generating circuits and UWB antenna, which work together to create entire UWB transmitter. It is based on impulses and has a simple architecture with low power consumption. The proposed transmitter is realized in Cadence tools with 90nm CMOS technology and proposed UWB antenna is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) simulator software. In addition, the transmitter circuit and the antenna are co-simulated using ADS software. The illustrated UWB transmitter uses a low-power supply and generates pulse amplitude with pulse duration of for the Gaussian monocycle pulse. Due to its increased output voltage swing and reduced power consumption when comparing to other circuits, the proposed architecture is functional and suitable for use in short-range wireless networks and medical applications.

CMOS Gaussian Monocycle Pulse Transceiver for Radar-Based Microwave Imaging

A single-chip Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) transceiver was developed for radar-based microwave imaging by the use of 65-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. A transmitter (TX) generates GMP signals, whose pulse widths and -3 dB bandwidths are 192 ps and 5.9 GHz, respectively. A 102.4 GS/s equivalent time sampling receiver (RX) performs the minimum jitter, input referred noise, signal-to-nose-ratio (SNR), signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) effective number of bits (ENOB) of 0.58 ps, 0.24 mVrms, 28.4 dB, 26.6dB and 4.1 bits, respectively. The SNR for the bandwidth of 3.6 GHz is 36.3 dB. The power dissipations of transmitter and receiver circuits are 19.79 mW and 48.87 mW, respectively. The GMP transceiver module can differentiate two phantom targets with the size of 1 cm and the spacing of 1 cm by confocal imaging.

Manipulation of Gaussian derivative pulses and vector solitons in fiber lasers with analytic modeling by the coupled complex Ginzburg–Landau equations

Both positive- and negative-polarity Gaussian monocycle and doublet pulses, for which the pulse shapes are the first and second derivatives of Gaussian functions plus some continuous-wave backgrounds respectively, are generated in a ring-cavity erbium-doped fiber laser from polarization-locked vector solitons by using passive optical technology. The pulse states are switchable and are found to be the superposition of bright and dark solitons with different widths, amplitudes, time delays, polarizations, and wavelengths. Qualitative analysis of the properties of vector solitons are performed by solving coupled complex Ginzburg–Landau equations, and analytic modeling of the fiber laser is presented. By representing the envelopes of bright soliton by sech- and dark soliton by tanh-based functions, the incoherent superposition of these two soliton components have simulated the experimental observations, and the underlying mechanisms for the formation of monocycle and doublet pulses are attributed to the polarization locking of bright and dark solitons. The theoretical modeling is used to calculate the pulse parameters of the fiber laser, and the intracavity birefringence can be estimated. The results of tunable optical vector solitons are compared with atomic solitons in the system of Bose–Einstein condensation. Since the governing equations for soliton generation in fiber lasers and Bose–Einstein condensation have many properties in common, thus the simulation and propagation of pulsating waves may open a new route to explore the classical solitary dynamics in nonlinear optics and its quantum analogy in ultracold fields.

Abstract P6-02-17: Hand-held impulse-radar detector for breast cancer: development and a pilot study

Abstract Background: Microwave breast imaging, which using the difference in the dielectric properties between breast cancer and normal breast tissue, is a painless and non-radiation method. We have created a novel hand-held prototype of breast cancer detector using impulse-radar based imaging system, and conducted a pilot clinical study. Methods: The detector consists of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits covering the ultrawideband width from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, which enable the generation and transmission of Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) trains and single port eight throw switching matrices (SP8T-SW) for controlling a 4×4 cross-shaped dome antenna array. The size of the detector was 19.1 × 17.7 × 18.8 cm. After evaluation using a breast tumor phantom and the resected breast specimens obtained through mastectomy, we recruited 5 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancers in the clinical study. The detector was placed on the breast with the patient in a supine position. The primary endpoint was a detection rate of breast cancers, and the secondary endpoints were positional accuracy and adverse event. This study was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000026181). Results: The three-dimensional positions of the tumors in the imaging results using a phantom and resected specimens are consistent with the results of histopathology analysis. In the clinical study, all 5 targeted breast cancers were detected and were visualized at the sites confirmed by other diagnostic modalities. Among 5 tumors, one was not detected via mammography because of heterogeneously dense breast and another was a microinvasive carcinoma of invasive tumor size 0.5 mm. No study-related adverse events occurred. Conclusions: We succeeded in creating a new device of hand-held impulse-radar detector for breast cancer. The detector has sufficient detective capability, is safe for clinical use, and might detect an early stage breast cancer. In the future, we will proceed with the development to clinical application. Citation Format: Sasada S, Masumoto N, Song H, Goda N, Kajitani K, Emi A, Kadoya T, Arihiro K, Kikkawa T, Okada M. Hand-held impulse-radar detector for breast cancer: development and a pilot study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-17.

Transmit/receive 3–20 GHz 1.2 mW packaged double-pole-16-throw switching matrix for radar-based target detection

A 3–20 GHz transmit/receive (T/R) double-pole-16-throw (DP16T) switching matrix has been developed on a printed circuit board (PCB) to control sixteen antennas in a radar-based portable breast-cancer detection system. The DP16T switch consists of four 65 nm CMOS 0.01–20 GHz double-pole-four-throw (DP4T) switches. The proposed switch increase the number of T/R combinations to 224 from the 196 of a conventional switching matrix in order to construct high-resolution images. Using this switch and a 4 × 4 slot antenna array, a 10 × 10 mm2 aluminum target was detected with an 8-GHz-center-frequency Gaussian monocycle pulse. The power consumption of the switch is only 1.2 mW. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first T/R radio frequency (RF) DP16T switching matrix, which was realized with four CMOS DP4T switches on a PCB and was measured with RF PCB connectors.

Detectability of Breast Tumor by a Hand-held Impulse-Radar Detector: Performance Evaluation and Pilot Clinical Study

In this report, a hand-held impulse-radar breast cancer detector is presented and the detectability of malignant breast tumors is demonstrated in the clinical test at Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. The core functional parts of the detector consist of 65-nm technology complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits covering the ultrawideband width from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, which enable the generation and transmission of Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) with the pulse width of 160 ps and single port eight throw (SP8T) switching matrices for controlling the combination of 4 × 4 cross-shaped dome antenna array. The detector is designed to be placed on the breast with the patient in the supine position. The detectability of malignant tumors is confirmed in excised breast tissues after total mastectomy surgery. The three-dimensional positions of the tumors in the imaging results are consistent with the results of histopathology analysis. The clinical tests are conducted by a clinical doctor for five patients at the hospital. The malignant tumors include invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The final confocal imaging results are consistent with those of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), demonstrating the feasibility of the hand-held impulse-radar detector for malignant breast tumors.

A New Time-Domain Model for Multiple Scattering of UWB Signals Through Lossy Obstacles

In this paper, a new time-domain (TD) model is proposed for multiple scattering of ultra wideband (UWB) signals through lossy obstacles. Propagation through structures like wedge, single building, and double buildings is presented where buildings are supposed to have rectangular cross sections. Considering two-dimesnional (2-D) and realistic three-dimensional (3-D) scenarios, first an accurate path-tracing algorithm is proposed for multiple scattering of UWB signals through different 2-D and 3-D scenarios and then, TD solution is presented for realistic multiple scattering problems where a single ray-path can undergo diffraction, transmission, and reflection successively. Results are shown for both soft and hard polarizations. Considering Gaussian doublet pulse, the accuracy of the presented TD solution is confirmed by comparing the TD results with the numerical inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the corresponding frequency-domain (FD) results. It has been found that the field strength at the receiver (Rx) undergoes significant attenuation and distortion for different multiple scattering scenarios. For an in-depth analysis of pulse distortion at Rx, the UWB channel impulse response is analyzed for multiple scattering scenario. Power profile for multiple scattering scenario is also observed to signify the received power at the Rx. To characterize the multipath propagation, UWB multipath is analyzed in terms of time dispersion parameters like mean excess delay and root mean square delay spread. Further to confirm the generality of the proposed TD solution, the results are shown for a variety of other UWB pulses like monocycle and fourth-order Gaussian monocycle pulses. Finally, the computational efficiency of the TD and IFFT-FD methods is compared.

UWB over fiber transmission to multiple radio access units using all-optical signal processing

An ultra-wideband over fiber architecture is proposed where multiple coherent pulsed optical signals are used for transmitting high data rate signals to five different radio access units (RAUs). The RAUs are placed in a star topology to form a broadcast distributive antenna system architecture. The architecture transmits $$5 \times 1.25$$5?1.25 Gbps data from control unit to the RAUs using a wavelength division multiplexed signal. The multiple pulsed optical carriers forming the wavelength division multiplexed signal are generated using a single continuous wave optical source. The data modulated coherent optical pulsed signals are all-optically converted to electrical Gaussian mono-cycle pulses at the RAUs. The proposed architecture is cost-efficient and gives good bit-error rate results.

Low‐power implantable CMOS bipolar Gaussian monocycle pulse generator

A novel CMOS bipolar Gaussian monocycle pulse generator consisting of single to differential circuit, narrow pulse generator and Gaussian pulse-shaping circuit is presented. Without traditional LC filtering or multi-channel pulses combination, the proposed generator can be low power and low complexity. Fabricated in a 180 nm standard CMOS process, the test results show that the bipolar Gaussian monocycle pulse can be generated correctly, the power consumption is 1 mW at 200 MHz pulse repeating frequency and the chip core area is only 0.08 mm2under the power supply of 1.8 V, demonstrating the proposed generator with the advantages of low power and low complexity is suitable for implantable IR-UWB transmitter.

Microwave Imaging Using CMOS Integrated Circuits with Rotating 4 × 4 Antenna Array on a Breast Phantom

A digital breast cancer detection system using 65 nm technology complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits with rotating 4 × 4 antenna array is presented. Gaussian monocycle pulses are generated by CMOS logic circuits and transmitted by a 4 × 4 matrix antenna array via two CMOS single-pole-eight-throw (SP8T) switching matrices. Radar signals are received and converted to digital signals by CMOS equivalent time sampling circuits. By rotating the 4 × 4 antenna array, the reference signal is obtained by averaging the waveforms from various positions to extract the breast phantom target response. A signal alignment algorithm is proposed to compensate the phase shift of the signals caused by the system jitter. After extracting the scattered signal from the target, a bandpass filter is applied to reduce the noise caused by imperfect subtraction between original and the reference signals. The confocal imaging algorithm for rotating antennas is utilized to reconstruct the breast image. A 1 cm3 bacon block as a cancer phantom target in a rubber substrate as a breast fat phantom can be detected with reduced artifacts.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF INDOOR DS-UWB COMMUNICATION USING PSD ESTIMATION AND PULSE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION

Ultra-wideband system offers a great substitution for short-range, high-speed Personal Wireless Area Network, as well as for detection and ranging applications. IR-UWB technology can also be used in the military for radar and image sensing as well as localization of objects. In spite of this tremendous usefulness of UWB, some bandwidth interfering issues with the coexisting narrowband system can also be arises due to the huge bandwidth of UWB (> 500 MHz). This spectrum interference makes a huge pressure and lot of regulations to restrict the use of UWB in different environment. Consequently, the trait of UWB is not fully utilized. In this paper, we proposed the modified seventh order derivative of Gaussian monocycle and presented the performance analysis of pulse in an indoor environment with AWGN and the Rayleigh noise distributions. The aim of pulse shape optimization is for detection and ranging application of UWB to spectral interference. We recommended that higher order derivative of the Gaussian monocycle pulse offers an excellent reliability for the detection and ranging purpose in an indoor environment with co-existing narrowband communication. The pulse is windowed with a rectangular window function in the time domain to bind the pulse into the finite time interval. The pulse is analyzed for the interference with co-existing narrowband communication by fulfilling the power spectral density (PSD) masks provided by regulatory bodies of different countries.

DC–17-GHz CMOS single-pole-eight-throw switching matrix for radar-based image detection

A new 65-nm-thick single-pole-eight-throw CMOS integrated switching matrix has been developed to control a multiple-input–multiple-output radar-based imaging system, and it can replace the conventional mechanical switching system. The switch has a minimum input and output matching bandwidth of 0–17 GHz with an average insertion loss of 3 to 10 dB from 2 to 17 GHz. A wide bandwidth was designed for the transmission of the 8-GHz-center-frequency, 16-GHz-bandwidth Gaussian monocycle pulse with low distortion. A bandwidth from 0–20 GHz of the switch on the printed circuit board was achieved by flip chip mounting, quarter-wave (λ/4)-length microstrip line impedance matching, and optimization of the board dielectric constant and thickness. With the utilization of two of these switching matrices on the PCB, it became possible to control 16 antennas in a 16-antenna-array breast cancer detection system to detect an aluminum target of 10 × 10 mm2 at a depth of 20 mm.

A radar-based breast cancer detection system using CMOS integrated circuits

An ultrawideband (UWB) radar-based breast cancer detection system, which is composed of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuits, is presented. This system includes Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) generation circuits, switching (SW) matrix circuits, equivalent-time sampling circuits, and a compact UWB antenna array. During the detection process, the GMP signal with the center frequency of 6 GHz is first generated and transmitted with a repetition frequency of 100 MHz. The GMP signal is sent to a selected transmitter antenna by the SW matrix module, and the reflected signal is captured by the receiver antennas. Next, the high-speed equivalent-time sampling circuits are employed to retrieve the reflected GMP signal. A confocal algorithm is used to reconstruct the breast image. The total size for the prototype module is $45~\textrm {cm} \times 30~\textrm {cm} \times 14.5$ cm in length, width, and height, respectively, which is dramatically smaller than the conventional detection systems. Using our proposed system, we demonstrate a successful detection of 1-cm cancer target in the breast phantom.

A very low complexity IR‐UWB transmitter with BPSK modulation for balanced antenna

A very low complexity impulse radio‐ultrawideband (IR‐UWB) transmitter suitable for balanced antenna is presented. This all‐digital transmitter employs the binary phase‐shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme and eliminates the need for a balun. Also, a new Gaussian monocycle pulse generator is proposed which is used as impulse transmitted signal. The transmitter circuit was designed in 0.18‐μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. The post‐simulation results show that the core chip size was only 0.02 mm2. The output amplitude pulse yielded 150 mV peak‐to‐peak under a supply voltage of 1.8 V. Simulation results show that the transmitter consumes 8.5 pJ/pulse for 200‐MHz pulse repeating frequency. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5-Gb/s and 10-GHz Center-Frequency Gaussian Monocycle Pulse Transmission Using 65-nm Logic CMOS With On-Chip Dipole Antenna and High-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\kappa \) </tex-math></inline-formula> Interposer

Interchip data transmission was demonstrated using impulse radio ultrawideband complementary metal- oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transmitter integrate circuits with on-chip dipole antennas. A differential pseudorandom binary sequence of 2 7 data of Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) was formed by 65-nm CMOS logic circuits using upand downpulses with certain gate delays. The CMOS transmitter generated 5-Gb/s GMP with the center frequency of 10 GHz. To improve transmission gains, an interposer with the high dielectric constant (e r = 38) and optimized thickness was inserted under the CMOS chips as a dielectric slab waveguide. 2-Gb/s GMP signals were transmitted and received in the distance of 10 mm by use of the CMOS on-chip antennas and the high-κ interposer.

A GAUSSIAN MONOCYCLE PULSE GENERATOR/MODULATOR FOR UWB RADIOS APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we present, at transistor level, a very low complexity Gaussian monocycle pulse generator/modulator for DPSK low voltage and low power tunable ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The pulse generator, simulated in a SMIC 0.13 μm CMOS technology, provides a tunable, both in pulse width duration and repetition time, Gaussian monocycle compliant with the sub-GHz ETSI band and suitable to be used in UWB radio applications. The preliminary IC simulation results show a pulse duration from 1 ns up to 20 ns with good pulse symmetry and with the DPSK modulation capability. The circuit power consumption is about 1 mW from a 1.8 V power supply.

Three-dimensional confocal imaging for breast cancer detection using CMOS Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter and 4 × 4 ultra wideband antenna array with impedance matching layer

A time-domain reflectometry breast cancer detection system was developed, which was composed of a Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) transmitter circuit fabricated by complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 65 nm technology and an ultra wide-band (UWB) planar slot antenna array. The center frequency and bandwidth of the antenna were 6 and 9.2 GHz, respectively. The GMP train having the pulse width of 160 ps was generated by the 65 nm CMOS logic circuit with a core area of 0.0017 mm2 and was emitted by the 4 × 4 planar slot antenna array. The fabricated planar 4 × 4 antenna array with the matching layer could resolve the two separate 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 breast tumor phantoms, which were located at the depth of 22 mm with the spacing of 8 mm.

A photonic ultra-wideband pulse generator by employing two paralleled Mach–Zehnder modulators

A scheme to generate ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses is presented and demonstrated. The key characteristic is that two paralleled Mach–Zehnder modulators are employed. The two Mach–Zehnder modulators are biased at full point and null point, respectively. By adjusting time delay difference between the output optical pulses at two Mach–Zehnder modulators, the UWB pulses can be generated. Firstly, theoretical analysis of this method is done; then, we verify the approach by simulation with commercial software. The results show that three category UWB pulses can be obtained as follows: Gaussian doublet pulse, negative Gaussian monocycle pulse and positive Gaussian monocycle pulse. The RF spectrum fulfill Federal Communication Commission (FCC) requirement.

A novel 7 Gbps low-power CMOS ultra-wideband pulse generator

In this study, a novel low-power high data rate ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse generator circuit is presented, which can be fully integrated in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The basic part of the circuit generates a UWB Gaussian monocycle pulse using the triangular pulse generation technique. A new bipolar phase shift keying pulse modulator is designed to control the polarity of the output pulses. The design includes additional functionality to make the pulse generator also applicable for transmitted reference (TR) signalling system. The circuit can generate pulses at a maximum rate of 7 giga pulse per second (Gpps) without TR pulse (TRP) and 3.5 Gpps with TRP. The generated pulses are symmetrical, each having a width of 142 ps and a peak-to-peak swing of 500 mV. The −3 dB bandwidth of the pulse spectrum is 9 GHz. The pulse generator consumes only 1.13 pJ per pulse from 1.2 V supply. The circuit is designed and simulated in 90 nm CMOS technology.