Scalar Gauge Research Articles

Topological string as massive spinning particle in three dimensions

A model is proposed for a classical bosonic string in d=3 Minkowski space with an action functional that includes Gauss and mean world-sheet curvature. The Lagrangian is invariant under 3d Poincaré transformations modulo total divergence. In addition to the diffeomorphism, the action enjoys the extra gauge symmetry with the second derivatives of the scalar gauge parameter. This symmetry gauges out all the local degrees of freedom (d.o.f.), while some global d.o.f. survive. The Hamiltonian constrained analysis confirms that the model does not have any local d.o.f.. The world sheet of the string turns out to be a cylinder with timelike axis. The global d.o.f. of this string describe one single irreducible massive 3d particle with spin. The particle momentum is a conserved vector directed along the cylinder axis while the momentum square is a fixed constant determined by the parameters in the action. The total angular momentum is a conserved vector that defines the position of the axis of the cylinder whose specific value is defined by initial data, while the spin, being the product of momentum and angular momentum is fixed by the parameters in the string Lagrangian. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Quantum states and spectra of small cylindrical and toroidal lattices

Abstract We examine the spectrum and quantum states of small lattices with cylindrical and toroidal topology subject to a scalar gauge potential that introduces a position dependent phase in the inter-site coupling. Equivalency of gauges assumed in infinite lattices is generally lost due to the periodic boundary conditions, and conditions that restore it are identified. We trace the impact of various system parameters including gauge choice, boundary conditions and inter-site coupling strengths, and an additional axial field. We find gauge dependent appearance of avoided crossings and persistent degeneracies, and we show their impact on the associated eigenstates. Smaller lattices develop prominent gaps in spectral lines associated with edge states, which are suppressed in the thermodynamic limit. Toroidal lattices have counterparts of most of the features observed in cylindrical lattices, but notably they display a transition from localization to delocalization determined by the relation between the field parameter and the number of lattice sites.

Early change in specific depression symptoms and later outcome in internet-delivered psychotherapy for depression: A cohort study and cross-lagged network analysis

BackgroundSymptom reduction occurring early in depression treatment is associated with favourable post-treatment outcome, but it is not known how early reduction in specific depression symptoms affect treatment outcome. We aimed to determine the impact of symptom-specific change from pre-treatment to week four during internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) on overall and symptom-specific depression severity at post-treatment. We hypothesized that change in mood and emotional involvement would be most strongly associated with later overall depression severity. Methods1300 participants with Major Depressive Disorder were followed over 12 weeks of ICBT using the self-report Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale gauging nine symptoms. Linear models, informed by causal inference and cross-lagged network analysis methods, were used to estimate associations between early symptom-specific change and post-treatment depression severity, controlling for register-based and self-reported pre-treatment confounders. ResultsEarly reduction in all symptoms was associated with lower overall and symptom-specific depression severity post-ICBT. Seven symptoms showed similar associations between early change and overall depression severity post-treatment: mood (standardized beta [β] = 0.44), feelings of unease (β = 0.39), ability to concentrate (β = 0.46), initiative (β = 0.43), emotional involvement (β = 0.42), pessimism (β = 0.44), and zest for life (β = 0.42). Change in sleep (β = 0.27) and appetite (β = 0.27) had weaker associations with overall depression severity at post-treatment and were the only symptoms showing the hypothesized difference compared with mood and emotional involvement. ConclusionsThe impact of early symptom-specific reduction on post-treatment depression severity in ICBT for MDD may be similar across most symptoms, but less for the sleep and appetite symptoms, although causal interpretations rests on several assumptions.

Conformal symmetry in quantum gravity

We study the problem of how to derive conformal symmetry in the framework of quantum gravity. We start with a generic gravitational theory which is invariant under both the general coordinate transformation (GCT) and Weyl transformation (or equivalently, local scale transformation), and then construct its BRST formalism by fixing the gauge symmetries by the extended de Donder gauge and scalar gauge conditions. These gauge-fixing conditions are invariant under global GL(4) and global scale transformations. The gauge-fixed and BRST invariant quantum action possesses a huge Poincaré-like IOSp(10|10) global symmetry, from which we can construct an extended conformal symmetry in a flat Minkowski background in the sense that the Lorentz symmetry is replaced with the GL(4) symmetry. Moreover, we construct the conventional conformal symmetry out of this extended symmetry. With a flat Minkowski background ⟨gμν⟩=ημν\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\langle g_{\\mu \ u } \\rangle = \\eta _{\\mu \ u }$$\\end{document} and a non-zero scalar field ⟨ϕ⟩≠0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\langle \\phi \\rangle \ e 0$$\\end{document}, the GL(4) and global scale symmetries are spontaneously broken to the Lorentz symmetry, thereby proving that the graviton and the dilaton are respectively the corresponding Nambu–Goldstone bosons, and therefore they must be exactly massless at nonperturbative level. One of remarkable aspects in our findings is that in quantum gravity, a derivation of conformal symmetry does not depend on a classical action, and its generators are built from only the gauge-fixing and the FP ghost actions. Finally, we address a generalized Zumino theorem in quantum gravity.

Metric perturbations of Kerr spacetime in Lorenz gauge: circular equatorial orbits

We construct the metric perturbation in Lorenz gauge for a compact body on a circular equatorial orbit of a rotating black hole (Kerr) spacetime, using a newly-developed method of separation of variables. The metric perturbation is formed from a linear sum of differential operators acting on Teukolsky mode functions, and certain auxiliary scalars, which are solutions to ordinary differential equations in the frequency domain. For radiative modes, the solution is uniquely determined by the s=±2 Weyl scalars, the s = 0 trace, and s=0,1 gauge scalars whose amplitudes are determined by imposing continuity conditions on the metric perturbation at the orbital radius. The static (zero-frequency) part of the metric perturbation, which is handled separately, also includes mass and angular momentum completion pieces. The metric perturbation is validated against the independent results of a 2+1D time domain code, and we demonstrate agreement at the expected level in all components, and the absence of gauge discontinuities. In principle, the new method can be used to determine the Lorenz-gauge metric perturbation at a sufficiently high precision to enable accurate second-order self-force calculations on Kerr spacetime in future. We conclude with a discussion of extensions of the method to eccentric and non-equatorial orbits.

Effective action approach for preheating

We present a semiclassical non-perturbative approach for calculating the preheating process at the end of inflation. Our method involves integrating out the decayed particles within the path integral framework and subsequently determining world-line instanton solutions in the effective action. This enables us to obtain the effective action of the inflaton, with its imaginary part linked to the phenomenon of particle creation driven by coherent inflaton field oscillations. Additionally, we utilize the Bogoliubov transformation to investigate the evolution of particle density within the medium after multiple inflaton oscillations. We apply our approach to various final state particles, including scalar fields, tachyonic fields, and gauge fields. The non-perturbative approach provides analytical results for preheating that are in accord with previous methods.

Pseudospectra of holographic quasinormal modes

Quasinormal modes and frequencies are the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a non-Hermitian differential operator. They hold crucial significance in the physics of black holes. The analysis of quasinormal modes of black holes in asymptotically Anti-de Sitter geometries plays also a key role in the study of strongly coupled quantum many-body systems via gauge/gravity duality. In contrast to normal Sturm-Liouville operators, the spectrum of non-Hermitian (and non-normal) operators generally is unstable under small perturbations. This research focuses on the stability analysis of the spectrum of quasinormal frequencies pertaining to asymptotically planar AdS black holes, employing pseudospectrum analysis. Specifically, we concentrate on the pseudospectra of scalar and transverse gauge fields, shedding light on their relevance within the framework of gauge/gravity duality.

Systematic classification of aGUT models in five dimensions: the SU(N) kinship

Asymptotic Grand Unification theories (aGUTs) in five dimensions provide a valid alternative to standard quantitative unification. We define the pathway towards viable models starting from a general unified bulk gauge symmetry. Imposing the presence of ultra-violet fixed points for both gauge and Yukawa couplings strongly limits the possibilities. Within the SU(N) kinship, we identify and characterise only two realistic minimal models, both based on a bulk SU(6) symmetry. Both models feature the generation of either up or down-type Yukawas via gauge scalars, two Higgs doublets with build-in minimal flavour violation at low energies, and conservation of baryon number. We also propose interesting avenues beyond the minimality criterion.

Probing a dark sector with collider physics, direct detection, and gravitational waves

We assess the complementarity between colliders, direct detection searches, and gravitational wave interferometry in probing a scenario of dark matter in the early universe. The model under consideration contains a B−L gauge symmetry and a vector-like fermion which acts as the dark matter candidate. The fermion induces significant a large dark matter-nucleon scattering rate, and the Z′ field produces clear dilepton events at colliders. Thus, direct detection experiments and colliders severely constrain the parameter space in which the correct relic density is found in agreement with the data. Nevertheless, little is known about the new scalar responsible for breaking the B-L symmetry. If this breaking occurs via a first-order phase transition at a TeV scale, it could lead to gravitational waves in the mHz frequency range detectable by LISA, DECIGO, and BBO instruments. The spectrum is highly sensitive to properties of the scalar sector and gauge coupling. We show that a possible GW detection, together with information from colliders and direct detection experiments, can simultaneously pinpoint the scalar self-coupling, and narrow down the dark matter mass where a thermal relic is viable.

Abelian Constructivist Lagrangian

Constructivist lagrangian propiates a diverse approach to field theory. Introduce the set action. Consider fields families under a same symmetry group. The resulting fields set extends the standard atomist field theory to a whole field theory. An associative physics is proposed. The grouping physics. The relationship between the part and the whole is considered. A third quantum type beyond Planck granularity and quantum mechanics wave-particle is obtained. The quantum inserted in the whole. Differentiated energy packets are formed. A quantum system is constituted. The abelian grouping physics is considered. The simplest whole unity. Set action in terms of U(1) symmetry. The correspondent constructivist lagrangian is studied. A new type of individuation called whole quantum is derived.An abelian quantum system is constituted. The usual atomist gauge symmetry is preserved, but, constructivist properties are generated. Quantum system with own norm is a necessary theoretical argument. More is different, once time said P.W. Anderson. Physics is challenged to make the passage from an isolated particle to a quantum system. A theory to describe the physics of part in the whole. A challenge to be interpreted under gauge symmetry. A symmetry of difference is proposed. Quantum diversities enlarging the meanings of interaction, induction, connectivity. A quantum system is introduced. Its elementarity is identified as a third quantum type. It is called whole quantum or variety. This quantum of a many particles system appears with a new physicality. The correspondingset action derives antireductionist physical laws under gauge symmetry. Ruled by associativity, set transformation, evolution. Associativitity providing quantum under set, diversity, interdependence, nonlinearity, chance. Set transformations performing a whole determinism with directive conducted by gauge parameter and circumstances under lagrangian free coefficients. Generating a set physics with growth, evolution, emergence, complexity. An evolving quantum transforming their quantum numbers. The abelian constructivist lagrangian is explored. A quantum system assembled by fields families and gauge scalars is performed. It arises an environmental physics. Gauge scalars form substrutures with realities and potentialities. The volume of circumstances for each gauge scalar is calculated. Nonvirtual relationships are derived. Physical entities as masses, charges, coupling constants are expressed under constructivist properties. Functionalities will lead them to a physical behaviour beyond four interactions.

Dark matter and [formula omitted] in ISS(2,3) based Gauged [formula omitted] symmetric model

We proposed a model which can explain the neutrino phenomenology, dark matter and anomalous magnetic moment (g−2) in a common framework. The inverted seasaw (ISS)(2,3) mechanism has been incorporated, in which we get an extra sterile state and this state act as a viable dark matter candidate. The right handed neutrino mass is obtained in TeV scale, which is accessible at LHC. The anomaly free U(1)Le−Lμ gauge symmetry is introduced to explain the anomalous magnetic moment of electron and muon because it provides a natural origin of (g−2) in a very minimal setup. The corresponding MeV scale gauge boson successfully explain the anomalous magnetic moment of electron and muon (g−2)e,μ, simultaneously. Thus obtained neutrino phenomenology and relic abundance of dark matter are compatible with experimental results.

Asymptotically nonlocal gravity

Asymptotically nonlocal field theories interpolate between Lee-Wick theories with multiple propagator poles, and ghost-free nonlocal theories. Previous work on asymp- totically nonlocal scalar, Abelian, and non-Abelian gauge theories has demonstrated the existence of an emergent regulator scale that is hierarchically smaller than the lightest Lee-Wick partner, in a limit where the Lee-Wick spectrum becomes dense and decoupled. We generalize this construction to linearized gravity, and demonstrate the emergent regula- tor scale in three examples: by studying the resolution of the singularity (i) at the origin in the classical solution for the metric of a point particle, and (ii) in the nonrelativistic gravitational potential computed via a one-graviton exchange amplitude; (iii) we also show how this derived scale regulates the one-loop graviton contribution to the self energy of a real scalar field. We comment briefly on the generalization of our approach to the full, nonlinear theory of gravity.

Reconfigurable refraction manipulation at synthetic temporal interfaces with scalar and vector gauge potentials

Photonic gauge potentials, including scalar and vector ones, play fundamental roles in emulating photonic topological effects and for enabling intriguing light transport dynamics. While previous studies mainly focus on manipulating light propagation in uniformly distributed gauge potentials, here we create a series of gauge-potential interfaces with different orientations in a nonuniform discrete-time quantum walk and demonstrate various reconfigurable temporal-refraction effects. We show that for a lattice-site interface with the potential step along the lattice direction, the scalar potentials can yield total internal reflection (TIR) or Klein tunneling, while vector potentials manifest direction-invariant refractions. We also reveal the existence of penetration depth for the temporal TIR by demonstrating frustrated TIR with a double lattice-site interface structure. By contrast, for an interface emerging in the time-evolution direction, the scalar potentials have no effect on the packet propagation, while the vector potentials can enable birefringence, through which we further create a "temporal superlens" to achieve time-reversal operations. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate electric and magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effects using combined lattice-site and evolution-step interfaces of either scalar or vector potential. Our work initiates the creation of artificial heterointerfaces in synthetic time dimension by employing nonuniformly and reconfigurable distributed gauge potentials. This paradigm may find applications in optical pulse reshaping, fiber-optic communications, and quantum simulations.

Gauging Fractons and Linearized Gravity

We consider the covariant gauge field theory of fractons, which describes a new type of quasiparticles exhibiting novel and non-trivial properties. In particular, we focus on the field theoretical peculiarities which characterize this theory, starting from the fact that, if we accept the paradigm that quantum field theories are defined by their symmetries, fractons unavoidably come together with linearized gravity. The standard Faddeev–Popov procedure to gauge fix the theory leads to a scalar gauge condition, which has two important drawbacks: it is frozen in the Landau gauge and linearized gravity cannot be obtained as a limit. In this paper, we adopt a tensorially alternative gauge fixing, which avoids both problems. In particular, this allows to show that important physical features, such as counting of the degrees of freedom, do not depend on a particular gauge choice, as expected. Moreover, the resulting gauge fixed theory contains both fractons and linearized gravity as a limit, differently from the standard scalar choice.

Effect of radiofrequency in de Quervain's tenosynovitis: A randomized control trial

Background. De Quervain's tenosynovitis is mucoid degeneration of the tendon sheaths of the two tendons that regulate the mobility of the thumb. As a result, the wrist's thumb side is painful and uncomfortable. Objectives. To assess radiofrequency's effectiveness in patients with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Design. A prospective randomized controlled trial. Setting. physical therapy department, Rail Way Hospital. Methods. 40 participants with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Participants were divided into two groups at random: group A (control group), which received an ultrasound, transverse friction massage, and strengthening exercises; and group B (study group), which received radiofrequency plus ultrasound, transverse friction massage, and strengthening exercises. Pain intensity, hand grip strength, and pinch strength were all measured at the baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment by using the visual analog scale, Jamar dynamometer, and pinch gauge, respectively. Results. All outcome indicators in both groups improved statistically significantly (P < 0.05), according to within-group comparisons. The between-group comparisons showed significant improvement in all outcome measures for both groups (P < 0.05), with the study group showing superior improvement to the control group; the study group's VAS improvement percentage was 28.7%, its grip strength improvement percentage was 6.71%, and its pinch strength improvement percentage was 28.6%. Conclusion. In comparison to ultrasound, transverse friction massage, and strengthen exercise, radiofrequency plus ultrasound, transverse friction massage, and strengthen exercise resulted in greater improvements in de Quervain's tenosynovitis patients' pain intensity, hand grip strength, and pinch strength.

B-anomalies in a twin Pati-Salam theory of flavour including the 2022 LHCb {R}_{K^{left(ast right)}} analysis

We perform a comprehensive phenomenological analysis of the twin Pati-Salam theory of flavour, focussing on the parameter space relevant for interpreting the B-anomalies via vector leptoquark U1 exchange. This model provides a very predictive framework in which the U1 couplings and the Yukawa couplings find a common origin via mixing of chiral quarks and leptons with vector-like fermions, providing a direct link between the B-anomalies and the fermion masses and mixing. We propose and study a simplified model with three vector-like fermion families, in the massless first family approximation, and show that the second and third family charged fermion masses and mixings and the B-anomalies can be simultaneously explained and related. The model has the proper flavour structure to be compatible with all low-energy observables, and leads to predictions in promising observables such as τ → 3μ, τ → μγ and Bto {K}^{left(ast right)}nu overline{nu} at Belle II and LHCb. The model also predicts a rich spectrum of TeV scale gauge bosons and vector-like fermions, all accessible to the LHC. In this updated version we have included an extended analysis considering the new 2022 LHCb data on {R}_{K^{left(ast right)}} , which has slightly shifted the preferred parameter space with respect to the 2021 case. The model can still explain the {R}_{D^{left(ast right)}} anomalies at 1σ in a narrow window, however we expect small deviations from the SM on the {R}_{K^{left(ast right)}} ratios, to be tested in the future via more precise measurements by the LHCb collaboration. We also predict RD = {R}_{D^{ast }} , with future measurements shifting the world averages to slightly smaller central values.

Quantum Physical Observables with Conjectural Modeling: Paradigm shifting Formalisms II: A Review

In continuation with the previous Review Force General Conjectural Modeling Transforms Formalism PHYSICS33 (Physics & Astronomy International Journal under publication), the current review article will try to develop quantum gravity gage transforms Algorithm Graphical Equation of micro-blackhole force to gauge fields-wavefunctions algorithm transforms equations. Theoretical derivations of experimental observable measurable parameters having scalar quantum gauge field as function in terms of Laplacian, Fourier, and the Legendre transform gaging the spin, rotation, revolution, and rotational angular velocity have been shown. These transforms appear only as a function of time, and that makes the formulation independent of assumptions of invariability of fundamental universally known constants. We consider examples of universal eonic parametric observables as well. The question of whether the time is a linear operator has been answered by employing Correspondence Principle’s linear operator four-vector time matrix spatial range algorithm equivalence and is estimated to be about ¼ mile. Theoretically derived algorithm physics designs enable prototype testing by utilizing experimental instrumentations measuring observables. A flowchart has been configured simplifying theoretical to experimental mathematical physical sciences to profile signal/noise intensity and the density matrix. Additionally, estimation of Hod PDP mechanistic probability, grand unifying physics operations, schematics of potential scalar gauge field alongside incorporating typical wavefunction general quantum computing signal/noise matrix graphing, simple lab-top prototype sound and light profiling intensity, and spectral density point-to-point matrix oscilloscopic observational measurement techniques have been schematically sketched out to enhance facilitation of future implementations of state-of-the-art physics techniques practically!!

Axiomatic de Sitter quantum Yang-Mills theory with color confinement and mass gap

The analyticity property of de Sitter's quantum Yang-Mills theory in the framework of Krein space quantization, including quantum metric fluctuation, is demonstrated. This property completes our previous work regarding quantum Yang-Mills theory in de Sitter's ambient space formalism, and we can construct an axiomatic quantum field theory similar to Wightman's axioms. The color confinement is proven for the general case, which was previously approved in the early universe. It is shown by using the interaction between gluon fields and the conformal sector of the gravitational field, which is a massless minimally coupled scalar gauge field. The gluon mass results from the interaction between the gluon fields and the massless minimally coupled scalar field as a conformal sector of the gravitational field and then the symmetry-breaking setting due to the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field.

Scalar and vector gauges unification in de Sitter ambient space formalism

We consider the massless minimally coupled scalar field in the de Sitter ambient space formalism as a gauge potential or connection field. We construct the scalar gauge theory by helping an arbitrary constant five-vector field Bα analogous to the standard gauge theory. The Lagrangian density of the interaction between the scalar and spinor fields is presented in this framework. The Yukawa potential can be extracted from this Lagrangian density at the null curvature limit by an appropriate choice of a constant five-vector field. It is shown that the de Sitter ambient space formalism permits us to unify the scalar and vector gauge fields. By choosing a matrix form for the constant five-vector field Bα, the unification of scalar and vector gauge fields in the spectral action of noncommutative geometry can be rewritten. We discuss that if the scalar gauge field is considered as a conformal sector of the background metric field, it may be interpreted as the connection field between the different de Sitter hyperboloids in the quantum geometry from the classical point of view.

The final model building for the supersymmetric Pati–Salam models from intersecting D6-branes

All the possible three-family {mathcal N}=1 supersymmetric Pati–Salam models constructed with intersecting D6-branes from Type IIA orientifolds on T^6/(mathbb {Z}_2times mathbb {Z}_2) are recently presented in arXiv:2112.09632. Taking models with largest wrapping number 5 and approximate gauge coupling unification at GUT scale as examples, we show string scale gauge coupling unification can be realized through two-loop renormalization group equation running by introducing seven pairs of vector-like particles from {mathcal N}=2 sector. The number of these introduced vector-like particles are fully determined by the brane intersection numbers while there are two D6-brane parallel to each other along one two-torus. We expect this will solve the gauge coupling unification problem in the generic intersecting brane worlds by introducing vector-like particles that naturally included in the {mathcal N}=2 sector.