Local Gauge Research Articles

Molecular Ωcc , Ωbb , and Ωbc states

We study the interaction of meson-baryon coupled channels carrying quantum numbers of $\Omega_{cc}$ , $\Omega_{bb}$ and $\Omega_{bc}$ presently under investigation by the LHCb collaboration. The interaction is obtained from an extension of the local hidden gauge approach to the heavy quark sector that has proved to provide accurate results compared to experiment in the case of $\Omega_{c}$ , $\Xi_{c}$ states and pentaquarks, $P_c$ and $P_{cs}$. We obtain many bound states, with small decay widths within the space of the chosen coupled channels. The spin-parity of the states are $J^P={\frac{1}{2}}^-$ for coupled channels of pseudoscalar-baryon (${\frac{1}{2}}^+$), $J^P={\frac{3}{2}}^-$ for the case of pseudoscalar-baryon (${\frac{3}{2}}^+$), $J^P={\frac{1}{2}}^-,{\frac{3}{2}}^-$ for the case of vector-baryon (${\frac{1}{2}}^+$) and $J^P={\frac{1}{2}}^-,{\frac{3}{2}}^-,{\frac{5}{2}}^-$ for the vector-baryon (${\frac{3}{2}}^+$) channels. We look for poles of the states and evaluate the couplings to the different channels. The couplings obtained for the open channels can serve as a guide to see in which reaction the obtained states are more likely to be observed.

Mapping Australia’s precipitation: harnessing the synergies of multi-satellite remote sensing and gauge network data

ABSTRACT Coverage, resolution, and accuracy in the spatial and temporal estimates of remotely sensed precipitation from space satellites, along with the number of instruments deployed to deliver these observations, are increasing. Of key interest in this study is the unsurpassed opportunity offered by their broad and continuous coverage to complement sparse, but more accurate, in situ rain gauge measurements for building climate resilience at the local, regional, and global scales. For many parts of the globe, this opportunity remains untapped. Australia is no exception and provides a unique challenge, given the small fraction of the continent that has rain gauges, the highly diverse climate due to its large size, and the apparent worsening of extreme weather events in both frequency and intensity. Notwithstanding this great impetus, a continent-wide record of multi-satellite-gauge fused precipitation data for Australia remains lacking. This missing data asset is a prerequisite for understanding the emerging spatiotemporal dynamics of precipitation, without which reliable forecasts would be difficult if not impossible. This study seeks to address this need. Here, we develop a method which can synergistically fuse precipitation data from different sources. More specifically, the aim of this study is to develop Precipitation Profiler-Observation Fusion and Estimation (PPrOFusE), a tool to deliver high-quality gauge and multi-satellite fused precipitation data. We test and apply this tool for Australia, but it is by no means limited in scope to this region. By design, PPrOFusE has a built-in capability to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each platform. In this case study, we fused data for a period of 22 years (2000–2022) using the rain gauge network data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) together with satellite data from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH). Our proposed precipitation data fusion method consists of two steps. Step 1, the relationship among the three sources of data is modeled by multiple linear regression at each rain gauge location, returning the least squares estimates for the associated regression coefficient vector. Step 2, such regression coefficient vector estimates for all rain gauge locations are fitted by a spatial autoregression model, whereafter the multiple linear regression coefficient vectors for those locations void of rain gauges are predicted by spatial interpolation. Key findings are twofold. First, CMORPH is more accurate for most regions of Australia than GSMaP. Second, a clustering analysis of the fused precipitation over the last 20 years suggests two key trends on Australia’s changing climate, relative to BOM’s six major climate zones, from the previous century: (a) increased spatial variability to the north, consistent with meteorological expectations, amid a southwards expansion of the wet summer dominant zones across the continent; (b) the edge of the arid region shifts southwards and pushes out Mediterranean climate and winter dominant rainfall zones across southern Australia.

Evaluation of a new observationally based channel parameterization for the National Water Model

Abstract. Accurate representation of channel properties is important for forecasting in hydrologic models, as it affects the height, celerity, and attenuation of flood waves. Yet, considerable uncertainty in the parameterization of channel geometry and hydraulic roughness (Manning's n) exists within the NOAA National Water Model (NWM), due largely to data scarcity; only ∼2800 out of the 2.7×106 river reach segments in the NWM have measured channel properties. In this study, we seek to improve channel representativeness by updating channel geometry and roughness parameters using a large, previously unpublished hydraulic geometry (HyG) dataset of approximately 48 000 gauges. We begin with a Sobol' sensitivity analysis of channel geometry parameters for 12 small, semi-natural basins across the continental U.S., which reveals an outsized sensitivity of simulated flow to Manning's n relative to channel geometry parameters. We then develop and evaluate a set of regression-based regionalizations of channel parameters estimated using the HyG dataset. Finally, we compare the model output generated from updated channel parameter sets to observations and the current NWM v2.1 parameterization. We find that while the NWM land surface model holds the most influence over flow, given its control over total volume, the updated channel parameterization leads to improvements in simulated streamflow performance relative to observed flows, with a statistically significant mean R2 increase from 0.479 to 0.494 across approximately 7400 gauge locations. HyG-based channel geometry and roughness provide a substantial overall improvement in channel representation over the default parameterization, updating the previous set value for most reaches of Manning's n=0.060 to a new range between 0.006 and 0.537 (median 0.077). This research provides a more representative, observationally based channel parameter dataset for the NWM routing module and new insight into the influence of the routing module within the overall modeling framework.

Investigation of Signals of the Range 10−3–10−4 Hz Registered by Water-Tube Tiltmeters in the Underground Geodynamic Laboratory in Książ (Sw Poland)

Abstract The Geodynamic Laboratory in Książ includes investigations of various kinds of geodynamic signals. Among others, we registered harmonic signals of the range 10−3–10−4 Hz. These signals had been found in the measurement series of the long water-tube (WT) tiltmeters. The discovered signals consist of two classes of harmonics associated with various kinds of phenomena. The first class of these signals belongs to viscoelastic vibrations of the Earth’s solid body, while the second class is produced possibly by the extremely long atmospheric infrasound waves. The signals of the vibrations of the Earth had been well recognized by the characteristic frequencies of the Earth’s free vibrations’ resonance, which occur mainly after strong earthquakes. The atmospheric pressure microvibrations affected the water level in the hydrodynamic systems of the WTs as a result of an inverse barometric effect. We observed that signals from both classes blend in the harmonics of similar frequencies and jointly affect the hydrodynamic systems of the WTs. We found that the amplitude of the second-class signals strongly depends on the location of water-tube gauges inside the underground, while the amplitudes of the first-class signals are similar for all the gauges. These observations clearly indicate the atmospheric origin of the second class of registered signals.

Vertical deformation and residual altimeter systematic errors around continental Australia inferred from a Kalman-based approach

HighlightsWe further developed a method to investigate time-variability of vertical land motion (VLM) and regionally-correlated altimeter systematic errors around Australia.Our approach confirms widespread subsidence of the Australian region, and this is not explained by glacial isostatic adjustment alone.We identified noise driven by likely different oceanographic signals between tide gauge and offshore locations as a limit to resolving time-variable VLM signals.The addition of non-reference missions improves spatial sampling and reduces the impact of differential oceanic signals.The average rate of absolute sea-level rise is higher than previously published estimates, suggesting an acceleration in sea-level.

A Puzzle Concerning Local Symmetries and Their Empirical Significance

In the last 5 years, the controversy about whether or not gauge transformations can be empirically significant has intensified. On the one hand, Greaves and Wallace developed a framework according to which, under some circumstances, gauge transformations can be empirically significant—and Teh further supported this result by using the constrained Hamiltonian formalism. On the other hand, Friederich claims to have proved that gauge transformation can never be empirically significant. In this article, I accomplish two tasks. First, I argue that there are strong reasons to resist Friederich’s proof because one of its assumptions is, at the very least, highly controversial. Second, I argue that despite criticism by Brading and Brown and Friederich, ‘t Hooft’s beam-splitter experiment is indeed a concrete example of a case where a local gauge symmetry has empirical significance. By shedding light on these two points, this article shows that recent arguments that claim gauge transformations cannot be empirically significant are not satisfactory.

Twisted C‐Brackets

We consider the double field formulation of the closed bosonic string theory, and calculate the Poisson bracket algebra of the symmetry generators governing both general coordinate and local gauge transformations. Parameters of both of these symmetries depend on a double coordinate, defined as a direct sum of the initial and T-dual coordinate. When no antisymmetric field is present, the C-bracket appears as the Lie bracket generalization in a double theory. With the introduction of the Kalb-Ramond field, the B-twisted C-bracket appears, while with the introduction of the non-commutativity parameter, the θ-twisted C-bracket appears. We present the derivation of these brackets and comment on their relations to analogous twisted Courant brackets and T-duality.

On thermodynamic and ultraviolet stability bounds for bosonic lattice QCD models in Euclidean dimensions d = 2,3,4

We prove thermodynamic and ultraviolet stable stability bounds for lattice scalar QCD quantum models, with multiflavor real or complex scalar Bose matter fields and a compact, connected gauge Lie group [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with Lie algebra dimension [Formula: see text]. Our models are defined on a finite hypercubic lattice [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text], even, sites on a side, [Formula: see text] sites, and with free boundary conditions. The models action is a sum of a minimally coupled Bose-gauge part and a Wilson pure-gauge plaquette action. We use local, scaled scalar multiflavor Bose fields. The scaling is global, [Formula: see text]-dependent and noncanonical, and corresponds to an a priori renormalization. The Wilson action is a sum over positive plaquette actions times a factor [Formula: see text], with the gauge coupling [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. By local gauge invariance, to eliminate the excess of gauge variables, sometimes we use an enhanced temporal gauge, leaving only [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], retained bonds. Fixing this gauge does not alter the value of the partition function. Considering the original physical, unscaled partition function [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the unscaled (bare) hopping parameter and [Formula: see text] are the boson fields bare masses, and letting [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we show that the scaled partition function [Formula: see text] satisfies the thermodynamic and ultraviolet stable stability bounds [Formula: see text], with finite constants [Formula: see text], independent of the lattice size [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] and the spacing [Formula: see text]. For the normalized finite-lattice free energy [Formula: see text], a finite thermodynamic limit ([Formula: see text]) for [Formula: see text], and then the continuum limit [Formula: see text], both exist in the sense of subsequences. They give the model normalized free energies [Formula: see text]. The finiteness of [Formula: see text] is the only question addressed here! The use of the Weyl integration formula is essential in showing these bounds. It allows us to replace the gauge integral over [Formula: see text] gauge bond matrix elements by the integration over its [Formula: see text] eigenvalues. A new global upper bound on the Wilson plaquette action is obtained, which is quadratic in the gluon fields. Our method bypasses the use of diamagnetic inequality and can be extended to treat more general lattices and Lie gauge groups.

Rotationally Symmetric Yang-Mills Gauge Theory and Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Recently, it has been of considerably high interest to introduce the notion of minimal length in quantum mechanics and quantum field theories to get a proper description of quantum gravity. In this paper, we have attempted to unify the notion of minimal length with R×S^3 topological field theories which were introduced by Carmeli and Malin in 1985 [14]. We have collectively called this (R×S^3 )_H topological field theories where the “H” in the sub-script stands for Heisenberg’s notion of minimal length. A proper description for equations like Schrodinger’s equation, Klein-Gordon equation and QED, QCD Lagrangian on (R×S^3 )_H topology is derived. HIGHLIGHTS It has been of considerably high interest to incorporate existing theories with the notion of minimal length because it is thought to unify theories at large scale with the quantum world In this paper, we have done a similar unification by incorporating Rotaionally symmetric field theories with the notion of minimal length The derived equations work consistently under local and global gauge transformations

Tunable Confinement-Deconfinement Transition in an Ultracold-Atom Quantum Simulator

The one-dimensional lattice Schwinger model has recently been realized by using bosons in optical lattices. This model contains both confinement and deconfinement phases, the phase diagram of which is controlled by the mass of the matter field and the topological angle. Since varying the mass of the matter field is straightforward experimentally, we propose how to tune the topological angle, allowing exploration of the phase diagram from both directions. We propose that direct experimental evidence of confinement and deconfinement can be obtained by measuring whether a physical charge is localized around a fixed gauge charge to screen it. We also discuss the PXP model realized in the Rydberg-atom array, which is equivalent to the lattice Schwinger model when all local gauge charges are fixed as zero. Although the gauge charges are fixed, we can alternatively probe confinement and deconfinement in the PXP model by studying the relative motion of a pair of a physical charge and an anticharge. Our scheme can be directly implemented in these two relevant experimental platforms of ultracold-atom quantum simulators.Received 15 April 2022Revised 6 June 2022Accepted 26 September 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.040317Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCold gases in optical latticesLattice gauge theoryQuantum simulationSynthetic gauge fieldsAtomic, Molecular & OpticalQuantum InformationCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied PhysicsGeneral PhysicsStatistical PhysicsParticles & Fields

Modeling the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at coastal stations in the China earthquake gravity network based on GOTL software

Abstract The gravitational effects of ocean tide loading, which are one of the main factors affecting gravity measurements, consist of three components: (1) direct attraction from the tidal water masses, (2) radial displacement of the observing station due to the tidal load, and (3) internal redistribution of masses due to crustal deformation. In this study, software for gravitational effects of ocean tide loading was developed by evaluating a convolution integral between the ocean tide model and Green’s functions that describe the response of the Earth to tide loading. The effects of three-dimensional station coordinates, computational grid patterns, ocean tide models, Green’s functions, coastline, and local tide gauge were comprehensively considered in the programming process. Using a larger number of high-precision coastlines, ocean tide models, and Green’s functions, the reliability and applicability of the software were analyzed at coastal stations in the China Earthquake Gravity Network. The software can provide the amplitude and phase for ocean tide loading and produce a predicted gravity time series. The results can effectively reveal the variation characteristics of ocean tide loading in space and time. The computational gravitational effects of ocean tide loading were compared and analyzed for different ocean tide models and Green’s functions. The results show that different ocean tide models and Green’s functions have certain effects on the calculated values of loading gravity effects. Furthermore, a higher-precision local ocean tide model, digital elevation model, and local tidal gauge record can be further imported into our software to improve the accuracy of loading gravity effects in the global and local zones. The software is easy to operate and can provide a comprehensive platform for correcting the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at stations in the China Earthquake Gravity Network.

Identification of the rain gauge stations for the participatory flood and landslide mitigation in the Serayu river basin, Central Java

Rainfall data is vital in analysing hydro-meteorological disasters, e.g., floods, landslides, or droughts. Currently, the location of climatological stations or rain gauges is preferred in areas that require climatological data, such as airports and near settlements. On the other hand, rainfall analysis for disaster mitigation purposes is more for remote areas, which are often far from the nearest rainfall station. This study aims to obtain accurate rainfall data through the placement of suited rain gauge locations and utilising community participation. The method used in this study is a literature review. This preliminary study was held upstream of the Serayu river basin, an area where it is usually challenging to access rainfall data. The references used are information about tropical rain, how to utilise a rain gauge network, and how to take advantage of community participation. The result shows that an Early Warning System should be developed in line with determining the location of the rain gauge because each location has a different rainfall threshold in each disaster. The placement of the rain gauge is strongly influenced by the landscape, the altitude of the place as well as the slope and aspect. For this study, the location of schools in remote areas is another parameter to determine the placement of a rain gauge since school children will be involved in the community participation.

The possibility of X(4014) as a D^*{bar{D}}^* molecular state

Within the framework of the local hidden gauge approach, we have studied the near-threshold D^* {bar{D}}^* interaction with quantum numbers I(J^{PC}) = 0(0^{++}), 0(2^{++}), 1(0^{++}), and 1(2^{++}), respectively. The contact term and vector meson exchange term in coupled channels are taken into account in this work. One pole, which is found in the case of the quantum numbers I(J^{PC}) = 0(0^{++}), could be associated to the X(4014) recently observed by the Belle Collaboration. Thus, we suggest that the X(4014) may be an D^* {bar{D}}^* molecular state with I(J^{PC}) = 0(0^{++}), and more precise information about X(4014), such as resonance parameters and decay properties, could be useful to shed light on its structure.

Assessment of hydrological changes in inland water body using satellite altimetry and Landsat imagery: A case study on Tsengwen Reservoir

Study regionTsengwen Reservoir, Taiwan. Study focusWater level (WL) and water volume (WV) are important indicators for analyzing surface water resources. Satellite remote sensing enables continuous monitoring of inland water bodies in human-inaccessible areas. We integrate Landsat imagery and satellite altimetry to derive long-term (2003–2020) WL and WV variations of Tsengwen Reservoir. First, water area (WA) was extracted from Landsat imagery by Modified Normalized Difference Water Index method and a second-order regression model is proposed to recover the entire WA from cloud-covered images to enhance the data usage. Then, WAs and WLs provided from satellite altimetry are utilized to build a linear regression model which is used to transfer WA into WL. Finally, WV was computed based on the WA and WL. New hydrological insights for the regionResults showed that the usage rate of Landsat-8 imagery utilized for conversion from WA to WL can be increased from 23% to 43%. Moreover, the root-mean-square error of the difference of WLs between the estimates and a local gauge is 2.95–5.56 m, with correlation coefficients (CC) of 0.93–0.99. In addition, the derived WV variations and ground truth showed a good agreement with CC in 0.88–0.97. The results indicated that the integration of multi-source remote sensing technologies can effectively provide long-term hydrological parameters to assist administrative agencies with an appropriate plan for water resources management.

Evaluation of IMERG Precipitation Products in the Southeast Costal Urban Region of China

The intensification of extreme precipitation has aggravated urban flood disasters, which makes timely and reliable precipitation information urgently needed. As the high-quality and widely used satellite precipitation products, Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), have not been well investigated in coastal urban agglomerations where damages from precipitation-related disasters are more severe. With precipitation measurements from local high-density gauge stations, this study evaluates three IMERG runs (IMERG ER, IMERG LR, and IMERG FR) in the southeast coastal urban region of China. The evaluation shows that the three IMERG products severely overestimate weak precipitation and underestimate heavy precipitation. Among the three runs, the post-corrected IMERG FR does not show a substantial improvement compared to the near-real-time IMERG ER and IMERG LR. The performance of IMERG varies depending on the precipitation pattern and intensity, with the best estimation ability occurring in the coastal urban region in summer and in the northern forests in winter. Due to the year-round urban effect on precipitation variability, IMERG cannot detect precipitation events well in the central high-density urban areas, and has its best detection ability on cultivated lands in summer and forests in winter. Within the urban agglomeration, IMERG shows a poorer performance in areas with higher urbanization levels. Thus, the IMERG products for coastal urban areas need considerable improvements, such as regionalized segmental corrections based on precipitation intensity and the adjustment of short-duration estimates by daily or sub-daily precipitation measurements.

Sequential Bayesian Update to Detect the Most Likely Tsunami Scenario Using Observational Wave Sequences

AbstractThis study presents a method for the detection of the most likely tsunami scenario among a set of possible scenarios using an observational wave sequence based on a sequential Bayesian update scheme. The proposed method consists of two phases: an offline preliminary learning phase and an online real‐time detection update phase. The innovation of this study is that proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Bayesian update are used together with an established tsunami simulation technique. In the offline reinforcement learning process, a series of tsunami simulations are carried out based on geophysically feasible scenarios, and the spatial modes of wave data calculated at predefined synthetic gauge locations are extracted through the application of POD. When a real tsunami event occurs and observational ocean data are obtained, the online process can then be performed as follows: using the stored spatial modes along with their component coefficients, pseudocoefficients are repeatedly estimated from the obtained wave data and used to sequentially update the most likely tsunami scenario according to the posterior probability through Bayesian update. A verification analysis is carried out to illustrate the procedure of the proposed method, and a validation analysis is conducted to demonstrate both the capabilities and applicability of the process with reasonable accuracy. A comprehensive discussion details the characteristic features of the proposed method in terms of the real‐time prediction of tsunami hazards and risks.

Z boson decays Z→li±lj∓ and Higgs boson decays h→li±lj∓ with lepton flavor violation in a U(1) extension of the MSSM

$U(1)_X$SSM is the extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and its local gauge group is $SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y \times U(1)_X$. We study lepton flavor violating (LFV) decays $Z\rightarrow{{l_i}^{\pm}{l_j}^{\mp}}$($Z\rightarrow e{\mu}$, $Z\rightarrow e{\tau}$, and $Z\rightarrow {\mu}{\tau}$) and $h\rightarrow{{l_i}^{\pm}{l_j}^{\mp}}$($h\rightarrow e{\mu}$, $h\rightarrow e{\tau}$, and $h\rightarrow {\mu}{\tau}$), in this model. In the numerical results, the branching ratios of $Z\rightarrow{{l_i}^{\pm}{l_j}^{\mp}}$ are from $10^{-9}$ to $10^{-13}$ and the branching ratios of $h\rightarrow{{l_i}^{\pm}{l_j}^{\mp}}$ are from $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-9}$, which can approach the present experimental upper bounds. Based on the latest experimental data, we analyze the influence of different sensitive parameters on the branching ratio, and make reasonable predictions for future experiments. The main sensitive parameters and LFV sources are the non-diagonal elements corresponding to the initial and final generations of leptons, which can be seen from the numerical analysis.

Gauge coupling unification in simplified grand gauge-Higgs unification

Grand gauge-Higgs unification of five dimensional SU(6) gauge theory on an orbifold $S^1/Z_2$ with localized gauge kinetic terms is discussed. The Standard model (SM) fermions on the boundaries and some massive bulk fermions coupling to the SM fermions on the boundary are introduced. Taking the power-law running contributions from the bulk fields into account, perturbative gauge coupling unification is shown to be realized at around $10^{14}$ GeV, which is a few order smaller than the unification scale of four dimensional grand unified theories.

Entanglement witnessing for lattice gauge theories

Entanglement is assuming a central role in modern quantum many-body physics. Yet, for lattice gauge theories its certification remains extremely challenging. A key difficulty stems from the local gauge constraints underlying the gauge theory, which separate the full Hilbert space into a direct sum of subspaces characterized by different superselection rules. In this work, we develop the theoretical framework of entanglement witnessing for lattice gauge theories that takes this subtlety into account. We illustrate the concept at the example of a U(1) lattice gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions, without and with dynamical fermionic matter. As this framework circumvents costly state tomography, it opens the door to resource-efficient certification of entanglement in theoretical studies as well as in laboratory quantum simulations of gauge theories.

Optimal Tide Gauge Location for Tsunami Validation in The Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi

DOI:10.17014/ijog.9.3.315-327The tsunami early warning system in Bitung does not work optimally, because there is no buoy as a marine equipment for tsunami validation before reaching the coastal area. The lack of buoy can be replaced by placing a tide gauge on the east coast of Lembeh Island. To determine the optimal tide gauge location, the simple additive weighting (SAW) method was used with three criteria. Those three criteria are the potential of tsunami detection, sufficient evacuation time, and an appropriate site for tide gauge installation. Numerical tsunami modeling is used to calculate the first two criteria. The third criterion is a limiting factor, because the tide gauge can only be installed on the dock. Therefore, there were only five candidate locations on the east coast of Lembeh, namely Dorbolang, Pancuran, Posokan, Motto, and Lirang. The result, Posokan is the best location for tide gauge placement with a total score of 2.884. Based on the simulation, an additional tide gauge in Posokan can detect tsunami at the average of 11.4 minutes earlier than use only the tide gauge currently available at Bitung port. It means that people on the coast of Bitung have more evacuation time before the tsunami hits the coastal area