Gate Valve Research Articles

Safety enhancement during deep well pump replacement

In Ukraine, as in other countries of the world, the majority of oil wells are operated using a mechanical method of production, such as rod well pumping method, containing above-ground and underground equipment. For repair or replacement of underground equipment (down hole pump), is brought to the surface. In this case, the well may have oil-water gas inflow caused by the «piston» effect, for example. (Substitution of volume between the pump and the pump rods by fluid from the formation). This could lead to an open flowing well. Many additional complex operations are used to perform safe well workover operations, such as well closure. These operations are performed to control well formation pressure, prevent gas-oil and damage to downhole equipment. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that disruptions in the process of well closure can lead both to a decrease in its productivity and to the complete termination of its operation. To prevent oil-water gas inflow various equipment and devices are used: Cameron ram-type blowout preventer, wellhead stuffing boxes, emergency washers with gate valves, downhole shutoffs, downhole check valves. All this increases safety when replacing downhole equipment, but does not guarantee the avoidance of additional complications in the operation of this equipment: the possibility of controlled shutdown of the well, recovery of oil production without performance of downhole operations, etc. To eliminate these complications, a downhole check valve design was developed. Its design allows: not to change the arrangement of elements in the well; to change the pump without well closure (it reduces repair time and costs); undercut tubing (does not allow the fluid from the formation to enter the well and create an emergency situation that could lead to open well flowing).

DAMAGE AND STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM OIL AND GAS CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT MATERIALS

Based on the analysis and examination of a number of failures, damage, destruction and accidents on equipment used in trunk pipelines for transporting and storing oil and oil products (pumps, valves, tees, pipelines, tanks), the need for a transition from normative calculations for calculations on the actual condition of the equipment, taking into account operational loading, temporary effects of aging and degradation of structural materials, crack resistance and concentration stresses is substantiated. As an example, the case of depressurization in 2019 of a DN300 wedge gate valve with a diameter of 300 mm at pig trap station is given. As the necessary studies, there are substantiated: determination of the chemical composition and structure of structural steels from which the equipment is made; determination of mechanical properties (strength, fluidity, ductility, impact strength - KCV, RCU, hardness); fractographic studies of fracture damage zones. It also substantiated the need, within the framework of strength calculations, of computer modeling (FEM-method) to determine the stress-strain state of equipment. The results of the analysis of the strength of long-term equipment presented in the article indicate the need to introduce in practice, in addition to the standard basic calculations, new calibration calculations for various combinations of ultimate states under cyclic, long-term, seismic and other influences with the formation of static, cyclic, brittle, corrosion failure. The main distinctive feature is the calculations take into account the presence of functional defects of different type in shell structures, change in stress conditions and mechanical properties of materials.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN GATE VALVE 2 9/16 3.000 PSI AKIBAT TEKANAN FLUIDA MENGGUNAKAN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS SOLIDWORKS 2018

<p><em>Valve (valve) as one of the industrial products, is needed by companies engaged in controlling fluid flow for efficiency. This need is widely used by power companies and the oil and gas industry. The purpose of using valves is to limit and control liquids under high pressure conditions. One valve that is often used is the gate valve, which is a valve with a type of motion fully open and fully close. The demand for this gate valve requires a product with certain specifications to have a design with a good level of strength. In other words, a good valve product (valve), must have a good strength, safe and in accordance with the needs to be tested. This study aims to analyze the gate valve 2 9/16 WP 3,000 psi to ensure the valve produced is according to specifications, strong and resistant to fluid pressure. The method used is Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with the 2018 Solidworks software. The analysis is performed on the gate valve with a full open, full closed state and with gradual loading starting at 1,000 psi, 2,000 psi and 3,000 psi resulting from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The analysis was carried out at 300C, Based on the results of the analysis with FEA, it was stated that the gate valve 2 9/16 WP 3,000 psi was strong and safe to use. The safety factor value is significantly higher than the minimum permissible safety factor value.</em></p>

Water Network Partitioning into District Metered Areas: A State-Of-The-Art Review

A water distribution network (WDN) is an indispensable element of civil infrastructure that provides fresh water for domestic use, industrial development, and fire-fighting. However, in a large and complex network, operation and management (O&M) can be challenging. As a technical initiative to improve O&M efficiency, the paradigm of “divide and conquer” can divide an original WDN into multiple subnetworks. Each subnetwork is controlled by boundary pipes installed with gate valves or flow meters that control the water volume entering and leaving what are known as district metered areas (DMAs). Many approaches to creating DMAs are formulated as two-phase procedures, clustering and sectorizing, and are called water network partitioning (WNP) in general. To assess the benefits and drawbacks of DMAs in a WDN, we provide a comprehensive review of various state-of-the-art approaches, which can be broadly classified as: (1) Clustering algorithms, which focus on defining the optimal configuration of DMAs; and (2) sectorization procedures, which physically decompose the network by selecting pipes for installing flow meters or gate valves. We also provide an overview of emerging problems that need to be studied.

Structure optimization design of high-temperature, high-pressure nuclear power valve

The nuclear power valve is an important piece of equipment in any nuclear power system. The finite element method was used in this study to analyze the strength and rigidity of the high-temperature and high-pressure nuclear gate valve. The structural characteristics were optimized as per the parameters that affect the strength of the valve body. Fluid-solid coupling technology was utilized to investigate the temperature, deformation, and stress distributions in the structure. A high stress concentration was observed in the initial design; the maximum equivalent stress exceeded the allowable range. Three optimization methods were deployed in efforts to improve the stress distribution. The stress distribution was found to be more uniform post-optimization and the gate valve structure of all three schemes tested met the relevant stress requirements. The optimal scheme was then determined by further comparison. The results presented here may provide a theoretical reference for the optimization of nuclear power valve designs.

Cooling system for the Resolve onboard XRISM

The X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) is a recovery mission of ASTRO-H (Hitomi) launched in 2016. The Resolve instrument on the XRISM is an 6 × 6 array of silicon-thermistor microcalorimeters cooled down to 50 mK combined with a 5.6 m focal length X-ray telescope. Its design inherits that of the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) onboard ASTRO-H that demonstrated high resolution spectroscopy of the X-ray microcalorimeters by observing astronomical objects and providing superb resolution spectra. The cooling chain of the Resolve consists of a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR), a Joule-Thomson cooler, ~30 L superfluid helium, four Stirling coolers and a vacuum vessel or a dewar. Design of the Resolve cooling system is basically the same as that in the SXS but several changes are adopted based on lessons learned. This paper describes mainly the cooling system from room temperature to about 1 K providing the ADR heat sink. Major changes include an aperture baffle for micrometeoroid and orbital debris protection and optical light reduction, an eddy current damper to slow a gate valve opening, a new vibration isolation system with launch-locks.

Peculiarities of Research of the Christmas Tree Elements Wear by Simulation Technique

Despite the relative simplicity of the equipment of the wells operated by the open flow oil production method, it performs important functions and should be very reliable, since accidents with this equipment can lead to blowouts and fires. The most important element in the Xmas tree is locking devices. The main requirement for them is the complete tightness of their valves. After analyzing the working conditions of Christmas-tree gate valve, their failure can be divided into four groups. Reasons for failure due to corrosion; deformation and fractures; wearing out; deposition of different substances on the working surfaces of equipment. However, while in operation, the valve elements are intensely worn out as they contact with oil which contains abrasive particles. As a result, they must be repaired or replaced with new ones. For the prediction of the locations and magnitude of the Xmas tree elements wear (on the example of a gate), the article offers a method based on the use of simulation modeling in the Flow Simulation software environment. As a result of the research, it is established that the maximum wear (accor-ding to the given boundary conditions) occurs in the gate valve and its value is 26 mm / year. The distribution of wear on the surface of the gate is uneven. It concentrates on two mutually mirrored surfaces. The simulated wear is similar to the gate wear which occurs in real industrial conditions. The suggested method of studying the wear of the valve elements is correct and can be applied when designing oil and gas equipment that operates under similar conditions.

Design and Modelling of a 90-Degree Ball Valve with a Linear Pressure Drop

Globe valves also known as ball or gate valves are used to control fluid flow in a vast number of applications. Most of the existing applications use them because of their simplicity and very low cost. However, these valves are known for their poor precision for controlling the flow and the lack of electromechanical means for their actuation. Moreover, because of their low linearity their use in closed loop control applications make them nearly unusable. The goal of this research project was to investigate means for redesigning the metering area of a ball valve in such a manner that the pressure vs. flow characteristic would be close to a linear trend. Two different profiles where designed and tested experimentally and modelled using CFD techniques for the estimation of their valve flow coefficients. The model was able to accurately predict the behaviour of the valve with less than a 10% error when fully open. The model can be used for scaling the size of the ball for larger applications and for tuning controlling strategies for flow dispensation in real life applications.

Towards Marine Dual Fuel Engines Digital Twins—Integrated Modelling of Thermodynamic Processes and Control System Functions

This study aims at developing an integrated model that combines detailed engine thermodynamic modelling and the control system functional modelling paving the way towards the development of high-fidelity digital twins. To sufficiently represent the combustion process, a multi-Wiebe function approach was employed, whereas a database for storing the combustion model parameters was developed. The developed model was employed for the systematic investigation of a marine four-stroke dual fuel engine response during demanding transient operation with mode switching and load changes. The derived results were analysed to identify the critical engine components and their effect on the engine operational limitations. The results demonstrate that the developed model can sufficiently represent the engine and its subsystems/components behaviour and effectively capture the engine control system’s functionality. The appropriate turbocharger matching along with the sufficient design of the exhaust gas waste gate valve and fuel control systems are crucial for ensuring the smooth engine operation of dual fuel engines.

Gas–solid two-phase flow and erosion calculation of gate valve based on the CFD-DEM model

Gate valves are important pipeline components in pneumatic conveying systems, and they were eroded severely by the impact of solid particles. In this study, the CFD-DEM simulation method was adopted to study the gas–solid two-phase flow characteristics and erosion characteristics of the gate valve. The accuracy of the simulation was validated by comparing the simulation and experimental data. Results show that a high-speed jet flow appears under the flashboard and induces a free shear layer, and the free shear layer attaches at the rear wall of the cavity. Particle distribution shows that the particle number at the upstream of the flashboard increases with decreasing valve opening. The particle number inside the cavity has a similar trend. The erosion results indicate that the number of particles plays an important role in erosion. The range of the erosion gradient region and the maximum erosion rate decrease with increasing particle size. Erosion of the cavity is more serious than that of the flashboard.

Reliability and availability modeling of Subsea Xmas tree system using Dynamic Bayesian network with different maintenance methods

Subsea Xmas tree is a vital equipment for offshore oil and gas development. Aiming at the fault mode of subsea Christmas tree system under production conditions, the fault tree of subsea tree system was established, which was transformed into Dynamic Bayesian network, and the reliability and availability of subsea tree system with different repair states are quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, the DBNs are partially verified by the method based on three axes. The results show that the reliability of subsea vertical tree system is slightly higher than that of subsea horizontal tree system. After repair and maintenance, the performance of subsea tree system has been significantly improved, and the improvement of the system performance by preventive maintenance is more obvious. Compared with the perfect repair, the performance of the system with imperfect repair is not significantly reduced. Compared with perfect repair & preventive maintenance, the performance of the system with imperfect repair & preventive maintenance is slightly reduced. In addition, the influence of failure rates and degradation probability on reliability and availability is analyzed. By comparing the influence of failure rates on the system performance of non-maintenance and maintenance, it is found that the change of failure rates has the greatest influence on the reliability and the least influence on the availability of perfect repair & preventive maintenance. By comparing the performance of each component in the subsea tree system, it is found that the failure rates has the most obvious influence on the chock module, and gate valve and tree cap have the most significant influence on the reliability of the system. In order to improve the reliability of subsea tree system, it is necessary to improve the reliability of chock module, gate valve and tree cap.

2D PIV study of flow accelerated corrosion downstream a typical industrial gate valve

A critical degradation mechanism of piping systems in either nuclear power plant is Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC), which causes wall thinning of pipes and component shells from inside. The valves which are frequently used in power plant piping systems are mostly subjected to FAC. A Gate vale in the feed water piping system of a typical nuclear power plant that it’s downstream had been damaged due to the FAC was considered as a reference. In this study the effect of the mean flow velocity and the opening percentage of gate valve on the flow field downstream the valve was investigated by using 2D PIV. The locus where flow turbulences happen downstream the gate valve was determined by 2D PIV. It is found that there is a very good coincidence between the locus in which the maximum wall thinning measured by Ultrasonic Technique (UT) and that the flow turbulences happen downstream the gate valve determined by 2D PIV.It is observed that the locus of flow turbulences and intense velocity gradients is in the upper part of the pipe and over the domain of 0.2 <L/D < 2.4 along the pipe downstream the gate valves where the minimum wall thickness was measured by using UT. Flow turbulences and velocity gradients near the upper pipe wall result in higher wall shear stress and maximize the mass transfer from the pipe inner wall in turn result in wall thinning. The results of this paper can be useful for optimizing inspection plans in identifying and predicting the vulnerable FAC locations downstream the gate valves.

Study on Safety Characteristics of Gate Valve Transient Operation in High Temperature Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage System

At present, the new energy industry in the world is thriving, but there are obvious intermittent and random characteristics of various power generation methods such as solar energy and wind power. The molten salt energy storage power generation system can effectively reduce the peak fluctuations of the power grid and greatly improve the overall economic advantage. As an important component of the pipe system, the gate valve is widely used in power generation systems. Because molten salt systems may face faster power changes so during certain transient process, the main gate valve may have to withstand rapid changes in mass flow and temperature, which may cause rapid changes in the temperature field of the valve body, resulting in additional thermal stress. In this paper, the CFD method is used to analysis the flow and temperature fields of the main gate valve during the transient process. The key to success is to describe the geometry as accurately as possible and to build a reasonable grid because of larger calculation quality for transient. Then based on the temperature field of valve body the thermal stress and change law can be obtained, which can provide guidance for the design of the gate valve.

Modeliranje erozije kod paralelnog protočnog ventila

Gate valves, which are widely used in oil production and transportation processes, can be eroded by high fluid pressures and sand particles contained in crude oil during operation. This erosion can result in loss of valve thickness and shutdown of the operating system. Erosion is not uniform on valve elements, and it is different depending on the stages of opening the valve. In this paper, flow analysis and erosion rate analysis for the fluid flowing through the valve in different stages of opening were performed by using ANSYS Fluent 19.2. The gate valve model was designed by using AutoCAD, and the geometric dimensions and physical properties of the material required for modeling were determined according to the specifications of the gate valve installed in the oil pipeline. By the Reynolds calculation, it was disclosed that the fluid which flows in the valve has the characteristic of turbulent flow, and based on this calculation, the inlet length of the valve was determined. For the CFD analysis, the Euler method and the method of Lagrange were used. Using the k - e and DPM models according to the fluid characteristics of the turbulent flow, it was predicted the erosion rates of the surface generated by the sand which is the solid phase dispersed in the multiphase fluid. In addition, based on the von Mises method and the pressure distribution, data obtained by fluid analysis, the process of calculating the stress on the closing elements was presented. The fluid used in the analysis was petroleum with sand particles.

A setup for study of co-deposited films

A setup for investigation of thermal desorption spectra of gases accumulated in thin films deposited by plasma sputtering of solid targets is described. Deposition and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) are performed in two different vacuum chambers separated by a gate valve with the sample transferred between the chambers in-vacuo. The temperature of the substrate for deposited films can be varied in the range of 300–800 K; and the deposition rate is controlled by a quartz microbalance. Thermal desorption of co-deposited gases is analyzed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Sputtering rate and evaporation of the film during TDS are measured by quartz microbalances. Three experiments are described 1) trapping of deuterium by the growing chemically active Li film with subsequent decomposition and evaporation of the film, 2) temperature dependent deuterium trapping in the growing W film resulting in trapping with several binding energies, and 3) chemical interaction of D-Li layer with water vapor leading to isotopic H-D exchange and chemical transformation of the deposited film.

Numerical study of upstream disturbances on the performance of electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters

ABSTRACT Electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters are high precision devices that can measure the water flow in pressurized irrigation networks. In these networks, the inadequate installation distance of flow control valves generates upstream disturbances which will increase measurement errors and reduce the accuracy of the equipment. Therefore, estimating these errors is important to establishing the correct installation distance of the hydraulic accessories and to ensuring the metrological reliability of the flowmeters. This work proposes a numerical study using Computational Fluid Dynamics to evaluate water flow behavior in pipes and estimate measurement errors caused by gate and butterfly valves in installation configurations found at pressurized irrigation networks. The numerical simulations were made for gate (15, 50 and 75 % closed) and butterfly (open and 30o closed) valves installed three and six diameters (3D and 6D) from the flowmeters. The numerical study with three-dimensional simulation allows for evaluating the flow behavior and estimating measurement errors correctly. According to the study, the installation configurations of the gate and butterfly valves change the flow velocity profile at different positions in the pipe, generating both positive and negative measurement errors at both flowmeters. Among the tested configurations, only the butterfly valve installed 3D and 6D from the electromagnetic flowmeter ensured the measurement accuracy required by ISO 4064.

Curva característica en la entrada de un modelo hidráulico tipo alcantarilla

Introduction: Due to the hypotheses set out in the equations for the design of hydraulic structures, the flow does not follow a real behavior; therefore, it is necessary to build physical and numerical models to obtain adequate results. Objective: To obtain the characteristic curve of the real behavior of the transition zone of a culvert with inlet control, as well as the mathematical models of the hydraulic operation. Methodology: The experiment was carried out in a physical model built and instrumented with two sensors: an HC-SR04 for measuring the water level and an FS400a for the discharge. The inlet discharge was varied with a gate valve to obtain the characteristic curve. By means of least-squares fitting, the mathematical models for the weir, transition, orifice and overall operation zones were obtained. Results: The characteristic curve of the system was fitted to a third degree polynomial. The global model Q = f(H) ranged from 0.066 to 0.286 m, where 25 % of the water surface heights (0.066 &lt; H ≤ 0.117 m) behaved as a weir, 23.53 % (0.117 &lt; H ≤ 0.165 m) as a transition zone and 51.47 % (0.165 &lt; H ≤ 0.286 m) as an orifice, obtaining in all cases an R2 &gt; 0.98. Study limitations: The models obtained can only be scaled in culverts with geometry similar to the physical model studied. Originality: We worked with experimental data and the weir-orifice transition model. Conclusions: The transition zone presented a curved trend, although the linear model, found in the literature, only loses 0.2 % accuracy.

Ensuring the tightness of the gate valve by obtaining the necessary roughness of the seat made of titanium alloy

Ensuring the tightness of the gate valve by obtaining the necessary roughness of the seat made of titanium alloy

Emerging Technologies Based and Digital Twin Driven Inclusive Manufacturing System

In the last few decades, several emerging technologies have come into existence, and their execution in the manufacturing sector is recognised as Industry 4.0. Always, a significant gap is observed between the developed and developing economies, especially the manufacturing aspect. Changes in the environmental and societal policies take place to meet the presumed industrial contribution. Therefore, an inclusive manufacturing system (IMS) has been proposed by immersing the sustainability factors with shifting technological advancements. This paper proposes a framework envisioning the digital twin driven manufacturing systems by incorporating a mathematical representation of inclusive manufacturing (IM) factors. A simulated case study of the manufacturing of a gate valve is presented for supporting the proposed concept.

Features of Calculating Kinematic and Roughness Parameters at Abrasive Finishing of Shut-Off Surfaces of Gate Valve Bodies Connecting Pipes

Introduction. The author defines main provisions for peculiarities of the kinematics of plant lapping in the process of finishing shut-off elements of the valves, as well as methods for determination of operating parameters and values of roughness in the process of abrasive finishing of sealing surfaces of valves. Materials and Methods. The kinematic scheme of grinding machines was developed to determine the angular velocity of rotation of an instrumental disc and lapping machine. Based on the developed kinematic scheme, we obtained analytical expressions to determine the capacity of the machine’s drive motor and cutting elements, as well as the angular and linear speeds of rotation of tool drive and laps. There were also developed trajectory traces of grid points of the lapping tool at its movement along with the treated surface details of pipe fittings. Results. There are given examples of calculation of kinematic parameters and roughness of the treated sealing surface of gate valves with the diameter DN = 100 according to established analytical dependencies for rough and finish lapping. The coordinates of the moving tools were calculated with visualization of trajectory points using special software Lazarus. The coordinates were calculated and the trace of the moving point tool was built. The specific space which characterizes the capacity of the sealing surfaces was calculated. Discussion and Conclusion. Calculations allowed us to determine how to place the lapping tool relative to the machine’s sealing surface for optimization of the treatment process. Preliminary calculations showed that the area of lapping tool’s contact with the workpiece and the optimum angle of contact would change slightly within the relative probability of error of 5% and 10%.