Kimchi Research Articles

MP13-20 SECOND-GENERATION ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE - HSP27 A NEW INTRAVESICAL TREATMENT FOR BLADDER CANCER: PHASE 1CLINICAL TRIAL.

You have accessJournal of UrologyBladder Cancer: Non-Invasive I1 Apr 2016MP13-20 SECOND-GENERATION ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE - HSP27 A NEW INTRAVESICAL TREATMENT FOR BLADDER CANCER: PHASE 1CLINICAL TRIAL. Sebastian Frees, Eliana Beraldi, Kim Chi, Ladan Fazli, Peter Black, Martin Gleave, and Alan So Sebastian FreesSebastian Frees More articles by this author , Eliana BeraldiEliana Beraldi More articles by this author , Kim ChiKim Chi More articles by this author , Ladan FazliLadan Fazli More articles by this author , Peter BlackPeter Black More articles by this author , Martin GleaveMartin Gleave More articles by this author , and Alan SoAlan So More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2501AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The treatment options to prevent recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are limited. Heat Shock Protein 27 (Hsp27) is a cytoprotective protein that has been linked to therapeutic resistance and disease progression in many malignancies, including bladder cancer (BCa). OGX-427 is a 2nd generation (2′-MOE) antisense oligonucleotide that potently inhibits Hsp27 expression in vitro and in vivo. A phase I clinical study was performed to assess the safety, pharmacodynamic (pd) and biologic effects of intravesical treatments of OGX-427 using a presurgical dose-escalating design for patients with BCa. METHODS Eligible patients include patients with Ta, T1 or carcinoma-in-situ and candidates for transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT), or patients with muscle invasive BCa (>cT2) and candidates for radical cystectomy (RC). Patients were treated with intravesical OGX-427 on days 1, 3, 5 and 8 and then underwent surgery on day 9-12. Dose was escalated after tolerability and safety assessment for each cohort at 20uM, 50 uM, 100uM, 250uM, 500uM, and 750uM. Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) and adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Pharmacodynamic properties of OGX-427 was determined through assessment of knockdown of Hsp27 by immunohistochemistry of tumours after treatment. Anti-tumour activity was measured by response to treatment 9-12 days after OGX-427 intravesical administration by a secondary TURBT for patients with NMIBC and RC patients with muscle invasive disease compared to baseline histology. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were enrolled. 23 patients had NMIBC and one had cT2 disease treated by TURBT and RC, respectively. OGX-427 decreased expression of Hsp27 in tumours assessed after treatment when compared to pre-treatment. Pathological staging of surgical specimens revealed that eight patients had initial complete responses (p0). The remaining NMIBC patients had pTa tumours that ranged from G1-G2; the sole patient undergoing RC had pT2aG3 bladder cancer. No significant drug-related adverse events were reported; no dose limiting toxicity was observed CONCLUSIONS OGX-427 was well tolerated intravesically with minimal toxicity. Our results indicate early evidence for activity of OGX-427 treatment in NIMBC that requires confirmation in phase II/III studies. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e142 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Sebastian Frees More articles by this author Eliana Beraldi More articles by this author Kim Chi More articles by this author Ladan Fazli More articles by this author Peter Black More articles by this author Martin Gleave More articles by this author Alan So More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP92-13 NOVEL COMBINATION TREATMENT (OGX427/ SORAFENIB) ENHANCES SENSITIVITY IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

You have accessJournal of UrologyKidney Cancer: Basic Research & Pathophysiology III1 Apr 2016MP92-13 NOVEL COMBINATION TREATMENT (OGX427/ SORAFENIB) ENHANCES SENSITIVITY IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Sebastian Frees, Claudia Chavez-Munoz, Peter Raven, Betty Zhou, Martin Gleave, Kim Chi, and Alan So Sebastian FreesSebastian Frees More articles by this author , Claudia Chavez-MunozClaudia Chavez-Munoz More articles by this author , Peter RavenPeter Raven More articles by this author , Betty ZhouBetty Zhou More articles by this author , Martin GleaveMartin Gleave More articles by this author , Kim ChiKim Chi More articles by this author , and Alan SoAlan So More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2646AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Novel targeted therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have led to significant improvement in outcome of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mCCRCC). However, eventual drug resistance to TKI universally occurs due to upregulation of non-VEGF genes that allows for tumor progression. Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), a chaperone molecule involved in cell stress response, has been shown to be involved in treatment resistance in many malignancies. In this study, we assess the expression of Hsp27 in CCRCC and the effects of knocking down Hsp27 in cCCRCC with or without TKIs. METHODS Immunhistochemistry of a tissue microarray from 15 patients treated with Sorafenib was stained for expression of Hsp27. Several renal cell lines (CAKI-1, CAKI-2, 7680 and ACHN) were treated with Sorafenib and analysed for Hsp27 expression. After specific knockdown of Hsp27 with siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide (OGX-427) cell viability was measured using Presto Blue. RESULTS Staining of the tissue microarray revealed a significant upregulation in the protein expression of Hsp27 after treatment compared to a historical untreated cohort. In human renal cancer cell lines, we were able to observe similar results. Targeting Hsp27 with siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide revealed a decrease in cell viability in combination with Sorafenib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of renal cell carcinoma with Sorafenib leads to an upregulation of the Hsp27 in-vivo and in vitro. Targeting Hsp27 in combination with Sorafenib treatment might lead to better response rates in the treatment of advanced renal cancer. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e1166-e1167 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Sebastian Frees More articles by this author Claudia Chavez-Munoz More articles by this author Peter Raven More articles by this author Betty Zhou More articles by this author Martin Gleave More articles by this author Kim Chi More articles by this author Alan So More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

에탄올 첨가가 김치 양념의 품질에 미치는 영향

에탄올 첨가가 김치 양념의 품질에 미치는 영향

Abstract C41: A phase 1 study of OMN54 in patients with advanced malignancies

Abstract Purpose: With the increasing interest in natural products as therapeutics, we performed a Phase I open label study of OMN54 in patients with advanced malignancies to determine toxicity, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose limiting toxicities (DLT), and pharmacokinetics (PK). OMN54 is a multitargeted agent prepared from three Chinese botanical sources: Ganoderma lucidum, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Scutellaria barbata, each with long histories of use as single agents. Methods: Eligible patients (pts) were ≥ 18 years with advanced solid tumor malignancies, able to swallow oral capsules, ECOG performance status ≤ 2, measurable disease as defined by RECIST 1.0, and adequate organ function. Results: 22 pts were enrolled in 6 dose levels, 2 at daily and 4 with twice daily dosing ranging from 1 to 5 gm orally per day; all evaluable for toxicity and 20 for response. Most common cancers included colorectal (13 pts), non small cell lung (3 pts), and ovarian (2 pts). 5 pts patients completed Cycle 1, 9 pts Cycle 2, 3 pts Cycle 3 and 1 pt each completed Cycles 4, 5, and 8. 2 pt had < 1 cycle. Only 7 AEs in 5 pts were reported as possibly related to study drug; 6 were gastrointestinal disorders, 1 a skin disorder. One GR 2 AE of vomiting was probably related to study drug. All other AEs were Grade 1. There were no treatment-related SAEs or DLTs. A recommended phase II dose (RP2D) is 2.5 g orally twice daily. PK data revealed evidence of detectable plasma total OMN54 in cohorts 1 to 6 with all 4 parent drug chemical markers with plasma half-lives of 1- 2 hours and no evidence of accumulation. Preliminary evidence of biological activity was seen with stable disease for 8 months in 1 pt and 4 pts with dose responsive reductions in TGF-β, EGF & Rantes, biomarkers of immune suppression. Significant TGF-β decreases were seen for 4 pts at doses of 2gm daily to 2.5 gm bid including an ovarian, colorectal, fallopian tube and esophageal cancer. Conclusion: OMN54 was well tolerated with no DLTs observed. Further studies at RP2D of 2.5 g bid orally should be done to assess activity. Citation Format: Daniel Renouf, Christian Kollmannsberger, Kim Chi, Stephen Chia, Anna Tinker, Teresa Mitchell, Stephen Lam, Teresa Joshi, David Kwok, John Ostrem, Simon Sutcliffe, Karen A. Gelmon. A phase 1 study of OMN54 in patients with advanced malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C41.

Physicochemical and Sensorial Characteristics of Frankfurters with the Addition of Chilli and Kim Chi

 This study aimed to develop a new type of frankfurters through addition of chilli and kim chi spices. Development of meat product formulations like frankfurters, are highly desirable from a diet/health standpoint due to specific combinations of potential functional ingredients. The effect of chilli and kim chi spices at 0.3% on physicochemical and sensory properties was evaluated. The frankfurters with 0.3% chilli significantly improves the sensory properties, the frankfurters with chilli were appreciated with 7.6 points, frankfurters with kim chi with 7.4 points and classic frankfurters with 6.7 points. Physicochemical parameters (moisture, protein and fat) of the new samples found no deviations from legal norms imposed for the frankfurters.

Dietary, non-microbial intervention to prevent Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric diseases.

Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection as the major cause of gastroduodenal disorders including acute and chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer almost three decades ago, the possibility of preventing these clinical diseases through eradicating H. pylori has been the focus of active research, but soon debate in the scientific community, though eradication opens the feasibility of cancer prevention and the removal of bacteria significantly prevents development or recurrence of peptic ulcer diseases and some clinical diseases, was proposed due to uncertainty in either achievement of complete eradication or inefficacy in cancer prevention with eradication alone. Still its linkage to gastric cancer is incontestable. Since the multiple combination of bacterial factors, environmental insults, and the host immune response that drives the initiation and progression of mucosal atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia toward gastric cancer is intervened, simple eradication deemed the feasibility of cancer prevention. Therefore, our group open strong hypothesis that non-microbial, dietary approach might be the alternate, for which several interventions of nutritional components can highlight rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis as well as amelioration of H. pylori-associated procarcinogenic inflammation. In this review article, the experience and outcome regarding nutritional application to rejuvenate gastric atrophy will be introduced, using Korean red ginseng, garlic extracts, cancer preventive Korea kimchi, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), special form of licorice, and probiotics. The detailed influence of dietary intervention and bacterial eradication therapy on disease progression and reversibility of premalignant lesions are discussed.

식품군별 섭취 빈도에 따른 구강 건강상태 검진 조사 -국민건강영양조사 제5기 원시자료에 근거하여-

본 연구는 객관적인 국가차원의 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 활용하여 만 14세에서 만 19세까지의 청소년을 추출하고 식품군별로 조사된 섭취빈도조사의 내용을 바탕으로 구강검진 조사의 항목으로 실시된 우식영구치수, 영구치우식유병자여부, 우식경험영구치수, 영구치우식경험여부등의 4가지 항목의 영향력 관계를 조사하였다. 우식영구치수, 영구치우식유병자 여부, 우식경험영구치 수, 영구치우식경험 여부등은 쌀과 배추 김치를 주식으로 하는 우리나라 식생활 문화에 가장 영향을 많이 받았고 쌀과 잡곡, 배추등의 채소와 과일류 등은 치아우식을 낮추는 영향을 주는 인자로 조사되었다. 쌀의 섭취 빈도가 많을수록 치아우식은 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 고기 생선 난류의 식품군에서는 멸치의 섭취 빈도가 많을 수록 치아우식은 감소하였고, 돼지고기와 소고기 등의 육류의 섭취 역시 치아우식의 발생을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 탄산음료와 패스트푸드 식품의 일종인 햄버거와 피자등의 섭취 빈도가 클수록 치아우식을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 【This study applied an original survey of an objective National Health Nutriment Research. It picked the youth up from 14 years old to 19 years old and examined an influence relationship of four heads such as DT, DI, DMFT, DMFI which investigated in heads of dental inspections based on an intake frequency questionnaire by food group. It was proved that Korean dietary culture which eats rice and kimchi as staple food had an great effect on DT, DI, DMFT, DMFI And rice and cereals, fruits and vegetables like a cabbage turned out to be factors that can lower dental caries. The dental caries can be reduced by the more intake frequency of rice. And also, intake of fish like anchovy and meats like pork and beef can reduce development of dental caries too. Especially, the larger intake frequency of carbonated drinks and fast food such as hamburger and pizza can make a growth of dental caries.】

Anecdote of Kimchi in Appalachia

Anecdote of Kimchi in Appalachia

Abstract IA28: Targeting stress-induced molecular chaperones CLU and Hsp27 to inhibit EMT and metastases

Abstract Stress-activated adaptive pathways help drive cancer cell survival, metastases, and acquired treatment resistance. Heat shock and other molecular chaperones play central roles in these stress responses, regulating protein homeostasis (proteostasis) as well as many signaling and transcriptional survival networks to facilitate cell survival and treatment resistance. Clusterin (CLU) and Hsp27 are stress-activated chaperones that treatment-induced and associated with metastases and treatment resistance in many cancers, functioning to protect cells from many varied therapeutic stressors that induce apoptosis. Both CLU and HSP27 levels increase after androgen deprivation and become highly expressed in metastatic CRPC. While studies have defined CLU and Hsp27 as key mediators of adaptive survival pathways and treatment resistance, they also regulate epithelial plasticity and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Defining mechanistic linkages between treatment stress and effectors of EMT will yield new insights into metastasis and treatment strategies. EMT endows malignant cells with enhanced migratory and survival attributes that facilitate cancer metastases. EMT can be initiated by a wide variety of signals in the tumor environment that activate the transcription factors Twist and Snail, leading to repression of epithelial cell markers like E-cadherin and cytokeratins, and gain of mesenchymal markers like N-cadherin and vimentin. We recently defined roles for both CLU and Hsp27, downstream of TGF-β and IL-6, respectively, as key mediators of EMT and metastases. We found that factors such as TGF-β and IL-6 known to induce EMT, up-regulate molecular chaperones CLU and Hsp27. We then set out to define molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β and IL-6 regulate CLU and Hsp27 expression, respectively, and whether CLU and Hsp27 mediate TGF-β and IL-6 regulated EMT and metastasis. CLU is a mediator of TGF-β-induced EMT. Our data show that the transcription factor Twist1 mediates TGF-β-induced CLU expression, binding to E-boxes in the distal promoter region of CLU gene to regulate basal and TGF-β-induced CLU transcription. TGF-β induced stimulation of Twist1 as well as CLU transcript expression was potently suppressed by Twist1 silencing. CLU silencing reduced TGF-β induction of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and fibronectin, and inhibited migratory and invasive properties induced by TGF-β. Targeted inhibition of CLU also suppressed metastasis in an in vivo model. Taken together, these findings identify CLU as a mediator of TGF-β-induced EMT, and suggest that CLU suppression may represent a promising therapeutic option for suppressing prostate cancer metastatic progression. Hsp27 facilitates IL-6 mediated EMT via modulation of STAT3/Twist. In addition to a role for CLU in EMT, we found that Hsp27 overexpression drives, while its knockdown reverses, EMT, with congruent effects on cell migration, invasion and matrix metalloprotease activity. Mechanistically, silencing Hsp27 decreased IL-6 dependent STAT3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and abrogated STAT3 binding to the Twist promoter, suggesting that Hsp27 is required for IL-6 mediated EMT via modulation of STAT3/Twist signaling. Elevated expression of Hsp27 and Twist were also found in high grade PCa tumors. Overall, these data define a role of Hsp27 as a critical regulator of IL-6 dependent and independent EMT and highlights Hsp27 as an attractive anti-cancer target for metastatic CRPC. CLU and Hsp27 as Anti-Cancer Targets. Since Hsp27 and CLU are ATP-independent chaperones and not amenable to inhibition by small molecules, antisense strategies have been used to therapeutically target this chaperones, with evidence of anti-cancer activity in clinical trials. We developed OGX-011 as a CLU inhibitor and demonstrated pre-clinical activity and dose-dependent target suppression in Phase I studies. Moreover, we led a randomized Phase II trial that reported a 7-month-survival benefit when the CLU inhibitor, OGX-011, was combined with docetaxel in patients with CRPC; OGX-011 is now in phase III trials in metastatic CRPC and NSCLC. We also developed OGX-427 as an Hsp27 inhibitor and demonstrated pre-clinical activity and tolerability in Phase I studies. A randomized phase II study of OGX-427 plus Prednisone (P) vs. P alone enrolled 64 mCRPC patients. At 12 weeks, the proportion of patients progression free was 71% in OGX-427+P treated patients and 40% in patients on P. A ≥50% PSA decline occurred in 50% of patients on OGX-427+P and 20% patients treated with P. Measurable disease response occurred in 44% on OGX-427+P and 0 patients on P. CTC conversion from ≥5 to <5/7.5 ml occurred in 55% evaluable patients on OGX-427+P and 41% treated with P. These results confirm, for the first time, single agent activity for an Hsp27 inhibitor in cancer, and Phase II trials in metastatic bladder and CRPC are ongoing. Citation Format: Martin Gleave, Amina Zoubeidi, Kim Chi. Targeting stress-induced molecular chaperones CLU and Hsp27 to inhibit EMT and metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA28.

Kim Chi Ha’s Messed-Up Poems

Kim Chi Ha’s Messed-Up Poems

Isolation, identification and comparison of lactic acid bacteria from fermented be produced in Iran Kimchi with Korean commercial samples: introduction of a probiotic product

Kimchi i s the general term given to a group of acid fermented vegetable foods traditionally produced in Korea, China and other South Asian countries. In this study, two different formulations of Kimchi were produced in Iran. After acidification to pH=4.2, then LAB were isolated, enumerated and identified. Six strains of LAB were isolated from Kimchi during on the 3th day of fermentation processing with using MRS agar plates and then were on of identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. Isolates that were identified as Leu.mesenteroides (6.8%), L.bervis (11.28%), L.fructosus (13.5%), L.plantarum (16.5%), L.homohiochii (20.3%), and L.fermentum (31.6%) Thus, 93.2% of the isolates were Lactobacillus and the rest (6.8%) were leuconostoc . Also results showed that no significant difference between Iranian and Korean Kimchi about geniuses of LAB of Iranian and Korean Kimchi.

김치냉장고의 숙성 후 저장 및 저온 저장 모드에서 6개월간 저장한 김장 김치의 발효특성 비교

김장김치를 김치냉장고에서 6개월간 ``숙성 후 저장``과 ``저온 저장`` 모드에서 저장하였을 때 발효 양상을 비교해 보았다. 본 연구에 사용한 ``숙성 후 저장`` 모드에 보관한 김치는 10℃에서 5일간 발효시킨 후 _2.5℃에 저장한 F1김치, 15℃에서 1일 발효시킨 후 _2.5℃에서 저장한 F2김치이고, ``저온 저장``에 보관한 김치는 담금 즉시 _1_2.5℃에 저장한 S1김치와 _2.5℃에 저장한 F2김치 4종류이다. ``숙성 후 저장``한 F1김치는 2주에 pH 4.4, 그리고 산도는 0.6%로 숙성기에 접어들었으나 F2김치는 8주, ``저온 저장``한 S1김치는 12주에 그리고 S2김치는 저장 말기에 숙성기로 접어들었다. Lactobacillus spp. 생육은 F1 및 F2김치에서는 저장 초기부터 급속히 증식하여 8주에 최대 균수인 8.0~9.0 log CFU/mL에 도달한 후 F1김치에서는 균수가 6개월간 지속된 반면, F2김치에서는 저장 12주 이후 감소하였다. S1과 S2김치에서는 8주에 최대 균수인 6.8 log CFU/mL에 도달하여 적숙기 최대 균수에 미치지 못하였다. Leuconostoc spp.는 저장모드에 따라 최대 생육 시점은 다르나 8.0~9.0 log CFU/mL에 도달하였다. F1김치의 Leuconostoc spp.는 6개월 동안 지속적으로 성장하여 최대 생육에 도달한 반면, 다른 김치 시료에서는 최대 생육 후 균이 감소하였다. 고온 젖산균인 Lactobacillus spp.의 생육은 ``저온 저장``한 김치에서 억제되었으나 Leuconostoc spp.의 생육은 _2.5℃와 같이 낮은 온도에서도 최대 생육을 하였다. 김장김치의 관능은 저장 3개월까지 외관, 신맛, 탄산미, 아삭아삭함에서 F1김치가 가장 높은 평가를 받았는데 이는 Lactobacillus spp.와 Leuconostoc spp.의 균수가 가장 높았기 때문으로 생각된다. 6개월 후에는 F1와 S1김치가 높은 평가를 받았는데, S1김치는 저장 말기에 신맛과 탄산미가 증가하는 현상을 보였는데, 이는 Leuconostoc spp.의 균수 저장 후기에 높아졌기 때문으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 김장김치를 저장 기간 내 맛있게 먹기 위해서는 김치를 완전히 숙성시킨 후 저온에서 저장하는 방법인 10℃에서 5일 동안 발효시켜 _2.5℃로 온도 변환하는 시스템이 가장 우수하였다. ``저온 저장`` 온도로는 가 보다 우수하였다.

볶음김치스프 제조공정중 살균공정에 대한 미생물학적 한계기준에 관한 연구

본 연구는 볶음김치스프 제조공정중 살균공정의 살균온도와 시간에 대한 한계기준 설정을 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 살균공정의 한계기준 설정은 경기도 이천시 소재의 P사에서 약 30일 (2012년 5월 1일~30일)동안 살균온도, 살균시간, 관능평가, 보관실험 및 보관 중 pH변화를 측정하였다. 분석결과 살균 전, 일반세균, 대장균군과 내열성 세균수(세균아포수)는 $6.00{\times}10^5$ , $7.50{\times}10^2$ 그리고 $2.75{\times}10^2$ 검출되었다. 그러나 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5min$ 동안 살균한 모든 시료에서는 일반세균, 대장균군, 내열성세균수(세균아포수) 모두 검출되지 않았다. 관능평가 결과는 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5min$ 동안 살균했을 때 가장 맛있는 김치으로써 결정되었다. 결론적으로, 볶음 김치의 살균공정은 유해미생물(일반세균, 대장균군, 내열성세균수)를 예방, 감소 또는 제거할 수 있는 좋은 대안이 될 것이다. 따라서 품지 유지와 생물학적 안전성을 위한 살균 온도와 시간의 한계 기준은 $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ 에서 $22{\pm}5$ 분으로 설정하였다. 그리고 HACCP 계획은 살균 공정중 모니터링 방법과 모니터링 주기, 문제 해결 방법, 교육, 훈련, 기록 관리 등을 위하여 필요하여 이를 제안하고자 한다. 【The purpose of this study was to application in the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical control) system of fried kimchi soup. The establishment of Critical limit during sterilization processing was measured by sterilization temperature, sterilization time, sensory test, storage test and pH change in storage for 30 days (May 1~30, 2012). Before sterilization, general bacteria, coliform and thermophile bacteria were detected to be $6.00{\times}10^5\;CFU/m{\ell}$ , $7.50{\times}10^2\;CFU/m{\ell}$ and $2.75{\times}10^2\;CFU/m{\ell}$ , respectively. In contrast, all microbial was not detected after sterilization( $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5$ mins). The sensory test was decided as the most delicious kimchi according to $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5min$ . In conclusion, the sterilization process of fried kimchi soup would be a great alternative to prevention, decreasing and removing of harmful microorganism, such as general bacteria, coliform and thermoduric bacteria etc. Therefore, the critical limit of sterilization temperature and time for quality control and biosafety was established at $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ , $22{\pm}5$ mins. And it suggested that HACCP plan was necessary for monitoring method, monitoring cycle, problem solving method, education, training and record management during sterilization processing.】

The Movement in Egypt: A Dialogue with Samir Amin

In this dialogue spanning February to May 2011, Samir Amin, one of the most important theorists of dependency theory and a long-time activist in third world social movements, discusses with Wang Hui, Wen Tiejun, and Lau Kin Chi, professors from China, the implications of the political unfolding of the Arab Spring in Egypt. With a consensus that the Egyptian revolution is not a color revolution, Samir Amin examines the components and strategies of the movement that brought down the Mubarak regime, the formation of Popular Committees and the National Council, as well as the confluence of left forces into the Alliance of the Socialist Forces. The dialogue explores the spirit of defiance and the regeneration of social connections in the Egyptian movement, situates the current struggles in the context of the politics of Egypt and the geopolitics in North Africa in the last decades, analyzes the complicity of the Muslim Brotherhood with the United States, and compares Egypt to other countries of social upsurge in the region. The exchanges explore the gross inadequacies of liberal democracy in addressing the infrastructural problems that Egypt is confronted with, probe the ways to go beyond street politics and parliamentary politics, and relate the current political crisis to the economic crises of high inflation and high unemployment. The dialogue ends with a comparison between Egypt and China, pointing to the need for food sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, political autonomy, and a long memory appropriate to these two nations with deep historical roots.

Economic Growth and Sustainability: A view from China

Lau Kin Chi is an Associate Professor teaching Cultural Studies at the Lingnan University, Hong Kong. She is co-chair of Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives (ARENA), a forum and network of activist scholars in Asia. She has been involved in various global projects, and is member of the Board and International Coordinating Committee of PeaceWomen Across the Globe. She is also Board Member of China Social Services and Development Research Centre (CSD), and former associate director of the James Yen Rural Reconstruction Institute (YIRR). Her books include Colours of Peace: Stories of 108 Women in China; Resurgent Patriarchies: Challenges for Women's Movements in Asia; Beyond the Financial Crisis: People's Responses and Alternatives in Action; The Masked Knight: Collection of Writings of Sub-Commander Marcos; Subaltern Studies.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds released during food decaying processes

A number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, styrene, and o- xylene released during food decaying processes were measured from three types of decaying food samples (Kimchi (KC), fresh fish (FF), and salted fish (SF)). To begin with, all the food samples were contained in a 100-mL throwaway syringe. These samples were then analyzed sequentially for up to a 14-day period. The patterns of VOC release contrasted sharply between two types of fish (FF and SF) and KC samples. A comparison of data in terms of total VOC showed that the mean values for the two fish types were in the similar magnitude with 280 ± 579 (FF) and 504 ± 1,089 ppmC (SF), while that for KC was much lower with 16.4 ± 7.6 ppmC. There were strong variations in VOC emission patterns during the food decaying processes between fishes and KC that are characterized most sensitively by such component as styrene. The overall results of this study indicate that concentration levels of the VOCs differed significantly between the food types and with the extent of decaying levels through time.

Survey of Elementary School Students and Their Mothers Awareness and Intake Patterns of Kimchi in Changwon

This study aimed to examine consumers' interest, preference, and consumption frequency of Kimchi in elementary school students in the fifth grade and their mothers living in Changwon city. In a comparison of eating habits, students exhibited better eating habits than their mothers (P

A Survey on the Use and Recognition of Various Salts in Kimchi Production

The nutritional value of kimchi is gaining global focus along with new possibilities and uses for the various salts used in making kimchi. The purpose of the study is to conduct research on the uses of various salts and investigate the consumer recognition of salt use in kimchi preparation. The findings are from 824 consumers over 19 years old from 15 locations who participated in this questionnaire via one-to-one interviews from September 23rd to October 14th, 2009. The results of the questionnaire show that when customers cooked, 71.9% used solar salt, 62.2% used flower salt (refined salt), 27.4% used Hanju salt (purified salt), 59.0% used processed salt (roasted salt), 47.4% used bamboo salt, 69.4% used Mat salt (table salt), and 18.2% used low sodium salt. The most preferred origin of salts was domestic. Most customers salted Chinese cabbage while preparing kimchi. Consumers showed low perceptions of different salts used in kimchi production, and did not exactly recognize the characteristics of various salts. The preferences for domestic and solar salts were very high, while the preference for sea salts was low. In conclusion, various types of salts could improve the quality of kimchi. This study hopes to help consumers produce better kimchi to match different needs. Therefore, attention should be paid to promoting the characteristics of various salts influencing the quality of kimchi.

A Historical Study on the Changes in the Recipe of Naengmyeon (Korean Cold Noodles) Base on Water - Focus on the Recipe Data Published in Korea from 1800’s to 1980’s -

The mainly purpose of this research was to investigate tendency of changes regarding the recipe of Naengmyeon (Korean cold noodles) based on water. In order to conduct of this research, we analyze the recipe data published in Korea from 1800's to 1980's. A method of mainly study was conducted by content analysis and literature review. The documents of recipe used research were 42 literatures (euigwae, recipe book, magazines, and dictionaries). In addition, the recipes of Naengmyeon based on water were total method of 84. The results of an analysis of recipe data published in the last 200 years showed 3 different types of the recipe of Naengmyeon based on water; 1) Naengmyeon based on water of Kimchi juice type 2) Naengmyeon based on water of (meat) broth type 3) Naengmyeon based on water of mixed (Kimchi juice+broth) type.

A Literature Review on the Recipes for Pheasant - Focus on Recipe Books from 1800's to 1990's -

The main purpose of this study was to survey the various kinds of recipes for pheasant found in seventeen Korean cookbooks published from the 1800's to the 1990's. There were 95 pheasant recipes found in the literature which could be classified into three major groups: cooking with moist heat, cooking with dry heat, and other. The three major groups were then broken down into thirteen smaller groups. A detailed look at the frequency of terms in each recipe shows that Gui Sanjeok (grilled Korean shish kebabs) appears 24 times, Guk Tang and Jeongol (soup and stew) 23 times, Kimchi (fermented cabbage) 11 times, Po (jerky) 9 times, Jorim (boiled in soy sauce) 7 times, Jjim (steamed) 6 times, Bokeum (stir-fried) 5 times, Twigim (deep-fried) 3 times, Buchim (fried) 2 times, Jigae jijim (stewed) 2 times, and Jang (paste), Myeon (noodles), Gooum (boiled) and Yeot (Korean hard taffy) 1 time each. The main ingredient is always the pheasant. We investigated the use of the whole pheasant cooked, how to slice and tenderize pheasant meat, use the meat only, or use only certain parts. Depending on the characteristics of cooking recipes, pheasants with thin, soft bones and organs were investigated for cooking. Substituted materials were used for a few of the vegetables, meat, and seafood in the recipes, and seem to go well together. Garnishes used included pine nut powder and fried eggs. Seasoned salt, soy sauce, pepper, sesame, sesame oil, chopped onion, garlic, and ginger were also reported to have been used.