Gastroprotective Activity Research Articles

Effect of Flavoring with Rosemary, Lemon and Orange on the Quality, Composition and Biological Properties of Olive Oil: Comparative Study of Extraction Processes

The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of the flavoring of some aromatic plants/spices, including rosemary (R), lemon (L) and orange (O) at the concentration of 5% and 35% (w/w) added by 2 methods (conventional maceration and direct flavoring), on quality attributes, chemical changes and oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Six flavored oils were obtained (EVOO + O, O + O, EVOO + R, O + R, EVOO + L and O + L). The physicochemical parameters (water content, refractive index, acidity and peroxide value, extinction coefficient, fatty acids, volatile aroma profiles, Rancimat test, phenols and pigments composition) of the flavored oils were investigated. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that flavoring with a conventional process provided increased oxidative stability to the flavored oils, especially with rosemary (19.38 ± 0.26 h), compared to that of unflavored oil. The volatile profiles of the different flavored oils revealed the presence of 34 compounds with the dominance of Limonene. The fatty acid composition showed an abundance of mono-unsaturated fatty acids followed by poly-unsaturated ones. Moreover, a high antioxidant activity, a significant peripheral analgesic effect (77.7% of writhing inhibition) and an interesting gastroprotective action (96.59% of ulcer inhibition) have been observed for the rosemary-flavored oil. Indeed, the flavored olive oils of this study could be used as new functional foods, leading to new customers and further markets.

ISOLATION OF STIGMASTEROL AND GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ETHYL ACETATE PORTION FROM ACACIA NILOTICA LINN (FABACEAE) SEEDS

Acacia nilotica Linn is used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases, such as diarrhea, ulcer, dysentery, asthma, inflammation and cancer. The present study aimed at isolation and characterization of a steroidal compound and evaluating the gastroprotective activity of the ethyl acetate portion of A. nilotica seeds in indomethacin-induced ulcer model. Fractionation of the ethyl acetate portion using standard chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of a compound (B2-I) which on further purification and characterisation using physical, chemical and spectral analysis, and by comparison with literature values was identified as stigmasterol. The effect of ethyl acetate portion of A. nilotica on experimentally induced ulcer was dose-dependent with curative ratios of 40%, 60% and 75% at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weights respectively. It significantly (P<0.05) decreased free and total acidity and increased the pH of gastric juice with respect to the indomethacin treated group. This justifies the ethnomedicinal use of A. nilotica seed as an antiulcer agent. The study recommends that A. nilotica seeds be evaluated against other ulcer models such as ethanol and stress induced ulcers.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease: A Critical Review.

The açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a species belonging to the Arecaceae family, has been cultivated for thousands of years in tropical Central and South America as a multipurpose dietary plant. The recent introduction of açaí fruit and its nutritional and healing qualities to regions outside its origin has rapidly expanded global demand for açaí berry. The health-promoting and disease-preventing properties of this plant are attributed to numerous bioactive phenolic compounds present in the leaf, pulp, fruit, skin, and seeds. The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of the health benefits of açaí and its phytochemicals with a special focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that açaí possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exerts cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic activities. Moreover, clinical trials have suggested that açaí can protect against metabolic stress induced by oxidation, inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and physical exertion. Due to its medicinal properties and the absence of undesirable effects, açaí shows a promising future in health promotion and disease prevention, in addition to a vast economic potential in the food and cosmetic industries.

LC-ESI-MS phenolic contents assessment, antioxidant, and protective ability of Punica granatum root bark extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: in silico H+, K+-ATPase inhibitory pathway study.

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the Punica granatum root bark extract's (PGE) antioxidant and gastroprotective activities against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats and to elucidate the putative mechanism of action using in silico analysis. The PGE phytochemical study shows high levels of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and polysaccharides. In vitro, the PGE was more effective at scavenging hydroxyl radicals than quercetin and had lower ferric reducing activity than catechin. In vivo, it was revealed that pretreatment of ethanol-ulcerated rats with PGE at oral doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg b.w. offered a dose-dependent shield against ethanol-induced ulcers when compared to Omeprazole (20mg/kg b.w.) by preventing the development of deep ulcer lesions, lowering gastric juice output and pH rises, boosting gastric mucus production and antioxidant enzyme levels, and attenuating malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase contents. Moreover, the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of PGE identified 5 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids, which revealed an in silico high oral bioavailability, drug-likenesses, and good binding affinities and thus inhibitory effects on the gastric H+, K+-ATPase enzyme. PGE may have synergistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and H+, K+-proton pump inhibitory actions that contribute to its antiulcer efficacy.

Phytochemistry and Biological-Pharmacological Profile of Aleurites moluccanus: A Critical Review

Background: Medicinal herbs are commonly used as fundamental ingredients in Asian countries. Our goal was to transcribe the ethno medicinal usage of Aleurites moluccanus and to highlight the stated pharmacological activity and composition. Methods: Chemical composition and various pharmacological virtues of the different constituents of Aleurites moluccanus were obtained after an extensive survey from different scientific databases namely Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis, Google Scholar, Wiley On-line Library and ACS publications. Results: Aleurites moluccanus are commonly used as a spice and flavoring element in cuisines, and their health advantages are well known. Perfumes contain them as well. Carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, lipids, essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, and carotenoids are among the chemical constituents of cardamom that have been identified through phytochemical investigations. Antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, gastroprotective, and insecticidal actions are only a few of the biological functions of the A. moluccanus. Further studies can be conducted to find out more about the pharmacological properties of the plant.

Medically significant monotypic species Martynia annua L.: A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Martynia annua commonly known as Thael kodukkai belonging to the Martyniaceae family is an herbaceous plant with many medicinal properties. It is a weedy peculiar species native to tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico. The entire herb is found to exhibit potential pharmacological activities. The various parts of this plant have been reported to show many therapeutic indications like anticancer, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, antipyretic activity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-nociceptive, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anti-hemolytic, anti-thrombotic, anti-arthritic, anti-haemorrhoidal, anti-alopecia, anti-muscular, anti-helminthic, gastroprotective and anti-fertility activities. This review aims to provide the compilation of existing knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. annua from the reported studies. The phytochemical screening results of various extracts of stem, root, leaves and fruits of M. annua were discussed in this review. A greater number of phytoconstituents were reported to be present in leaves. This review suggests that this plant contains various phytoconstituents like anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds that are responsible for various pharmacological activities. In the future, this plant provides an immense scope for pharmacological investigations.

PH-Responsive Hydrogel as a Potential Oral Delivery System of Baicalin for Prolonging Gastroprotective Activity

Gastric ulcer is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and natural products have obvious advantages in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Baicalin (Bai) extracted from scutellaria baicalensis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. Herein, a pH-responsive sodium alginate/polyaspartate/CaCO3 (SA/PASP@CaCO3) in situ hydrogel was established for the oral delivery of Bai. In this study, we detected the gelling properties, mechanical strength, in vitro erosion, and in vitro release behavior of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, the efficiency of Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel on ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers, acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, and H2O2-stimulated human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was explored. The pathological examination revealed that Bai-loaded hydrogel alleviated acute and chronic gastric ulcers. In vivo and in vitro results further confirmed that Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogels significantly relieved oxidative stress injury. Moreover, through Western blot assay, Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel was also found to dramatically increase the proteins levels of NRF2, HO-1, and Bcl2, and reduce levels of p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax; through flow cytometry, it was observed to significantly inhibit the H2O2-induced apoptosis of GES-1 cells. Importantly, the Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogel system showed better anti-gastric ulcer efficiency than free drug, and could serve as a potential drug delivery system for the clinical treatment of gastric ulcers.

Gastroprotective Activities of Aqueous and 80% Methanol Leaf Extracts of Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. and A. Rich.) Walp. (Menispermaceae) in Rats.

An ethnobotanical study showed that the leaf of Stephania abyssinica (S. abyssinica) is used for the treatment of gastritis, but there is no scientific investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of both aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts of S. abyssinica in experimental rats. Decoction and maceration techniques were used to prepare aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts, respectively. The extracts were evaluated against pyloric ligation, indomethacin, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Negative control received 2% tween 80, while positive controls received 20 mg/kg of omeprazole and 100 µg/kg of misoprostol. Parameters, such as ulcer index, gastric mucin content, gastric juice volume, pH, and free and total acidity were measured. In the pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer model, all doses of both extracts significantly reduced the ulcer index and gastric juice volume, while doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant increment in mucus content and gastric juice pH as well as decrease in free and total acidity as compared to negative control. In indomethacin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models, pretreatment with both extracts significantly reduced the ulcer index and enhanced gastric mucin content in a dose-dependent manner. Phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the existence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and coumarins with high contents of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in 80% methanol extract. This study revealed that aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts of S. abyssinica possessed remarkable gastroprotective activities against experimentally induced gastric ulcer models, and this possibly justify the traditional use of S. abyssinica leaves to treat gastritis.

Antioxidant Mechanisms Underlying the Gastroprotective Effect of Menthofuran on Experimentally Induced Gastric Lesions in Rodents.

Menthofuran is a monoterpene present in various essential oils derived from species from Mentha genus, and in Brazil, those species are widely used in treating gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Considering the wide pharmacological potential of monoterpenes, including their antioxidant activity, this study aimed to evaluate menthofuran-gastroprotective activity, as well as the involvement of antioxidant mechanisms in this effect. The acute toxicity was evaluated according to the fixed dose method. The antiulcerogenic activity was investigated by using experimental models of gastric ulcers induced by ethanol, indomethacin, and ischemia/reperfusion in rats. The antisecretory gastric activity, the catalase activity, and the gastric wall mucus were determined in pylorus ligated rats. Gastric wall nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) group content, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were evaluated in ethanol-induced the gastric ulcer model. Menthofuran (2 g/kg) presented low acute toxicity and showed gastroprotective activity against ethanol-, indomethacin-, and ischemia/reperfusion-induced ulcers. Moreover, menthofuran presented antisecretory activity, reduced the total acidity, and increased pH of gastric secretion. On the other hand, a decrease in mucus content of gastric wall without alteration of gastric juice volume and catalase activity was observed. Interestingly, menthofuran increased NPSH levels and reduced MDA levels and MPO activity. Gastroprotective effects of menthofuran appear to be mediated, at least in part, by the NOS pathway, endogenous prostaglandins, reduced gastric juice acidity, increased concentration of the NPSH groups, and reduced lipidic peroxidation. These findings support the menthofuran as an effective gastroprotective agent, as well as the marked participation of antioxidant mechanisms in this response.

Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Djulis Hull on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a pseudocereal crop native to Taiwan, is often utilized as a source of grain in the diet because of its high nutritional value. The hull of djulis is discarded as waste during cooking or processing because of its bitter taste. However, recent studies have shown that djulis hull possesses certain benefits, such as antioxidant, blood sugar-lowering, and gut microbiota-regulating properties. Herein, the gastroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of djulis hull (EEDH) against stomach injury caused by indomethacin (IND) in C57BL/6J mice and its mechanism of action was assessed. Preadministration of EEDH significantly attenuated the gastric ulcer caused by IND in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Additionally, gastric mucosal injury and gastric wall edema within the submucosal layer observed in histopathological examination were improved by administration of EEDH. EEDH preadministration also reinstated the reduction of glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities induced by IND, indicating that EEDH can modulate the antioxidant status of gastric mucosa in mice. Moreover, IND-induced decline of gastric COX-1 expression was upregulated in mice of EEDH treatment groups. Administration of IND increased the expression of proinflammatory proteins in the gastric mucosa of mice, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas EEDH treatment significantly decreased their expression (p < 0.05). Consequently, EEDH can improve gastric injury by regulating antioxidant status and inhibiting proinflammatory signaling pathways, and has the potential to be developed as a functional food for gastric protection.

Phenolic-rich extract of Nopalea cochenillifera attenuates gastric lesions induced in experimental models through inhibiting oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory markers and a cytoprotective effect.

Nopalea cochenillifera (Cactaceae), popularly known as "palma" or "palma doce", is from Mexico, but it was widely introduced in Brazil through crops. It has been used as food and in traditional medicine and is a good source of phenolic compounds. In this study the phytochemical profile and gastroprotective activity of phenolic-rich extract of N. cochenillifera in acute gastric lesion models induced by ethanol and indomethacin were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MSn) allowed the characterization of 12 compounds such as sugars, phenolics and flavonoids. Among polyphenols, the main peak was assigned to isorhamnetin-3-O-(2'',3''-O-di-rhamnose)-glucoside. The TPC and TFC in the dry extract were 67.85 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g/extract and 46.16 mg quercetin equivalent per g/extract, respectively. In the in vitro MTT assay, the extract showed no cytotoxicity and suppressed ROS levels in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Preclinical models in rats showed that a dose of 100 mg kg-1 (p < 0.0001) in the ethanol model and doses of 100 mg kg-1 (p < 0.5) and 200 mg kg-1 (p < 0.01) in the indomethacin model reduced the gastric lesions. Also, the extract reduced the MPO, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β levels and increased the GSH and IL-10 levels. The pre-treatment with the extract led to the upregulation of SOD and the downregulation of COX-2 by immunohistochemical analysis. It also showed a cytoprotective effect in the histopathological analysis and stimulated the restoration of the mucus content as observed in the periodic acid-Schiff analysis without modifying the pH, volume or total acidity of the gastric juice. Taken together, N. cochenillifera extract can be applied as a novel gastroprotective ingredient for food or pharmaceutical products.

Evaluation of gastroprotective and phytochemical properties of Terminalia superba engl. &amp; diels (combretaceae) stem bark methanol extract

ABSTRACT Peptic ulcer is a disease that is affecting a large part of the population world-wide irrespective of the race and tribe. Advances made in the search for an ideal or perfect antiulcer drug has been eroded by cost, side effects and treatment failure. Search for cheap, safe, and effective drugs continues. It is the aim of the research to identify the secondary metabolites present in Terminalia superba Engl. &amp; Diels (Combretaceae) stem bark methanol extract and investigate its gastroprotective properties. Methanol extract of T. superba was prepared by cold maceration extraction method using methanol. The extract was concentrated and subjected to acute toxicity test using Lorke’s method, and phytochemical investigation using standard methods. Gastro-protective activity was investigated by three models: aspirin- induced gastric ulcer, hypothermic restraint stress-induced ulcers and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. The extract was safe in mice at doses below 2154 mg per Kg body weight and the extract contained the major secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids. Pre-treatment with the extract reduced gastric ulceration in rats. There was a 77.3% reduction in the aspirin model, 75.2 % in the ethanol model and an 84 % in the Hypothermic restraint stress-induced ulcers model. There was a statistically significant difference at p= .05 between the treated groups and the un-treated group The methanol extract of Terminalia superba bark is rich in the major secondary metabolites and has gastro-protective a property.

Anti-ulcer Activity of Polyherbal Formulation from Indian Medicinal Plants Cumin Cyminum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum, Piper Nigrum, Curcuma Longa

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the Anti-ulcer Activity of the Polyherbal Formulation made from the seeds of Cumin Cyminum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum, Piper Nigrum L. and rhizomes of Curcuma Longa in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Male Albino Rat of Wistar strain were used to evaluate the Polyherbal Formulation’s anti-ulcer properties utilising an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The effectiveness of PHF was assessed by determining, gastric pH and gastric mucus, GSH, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in stomach tissues. Results: The administration of the 400 mg/kg dosage of polyherbal formulation significantly exhibits the gastroprotective effects, when compared to the ethanol group. Conclusion: PHF, containing seeds extracts of Cumin Cyminum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum, Piper Nigrum L. and rhizomes of Curcuma Longa was found to possess antiulcer properties in ethanol induced experimental animal models of gastric ulcers, and these findings suggest that the significant gastroprotective activity could be mediated by its antioxidant activity.

Health promoting benefits of postbiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria: Exopolysaccharide

Exopolysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers of repeated sugar units with diverse chemical structure and unique properties and produced by microorganisms. Lactic acid bacteria are important exopolysaccharide producers. Lactic acid bacteria derived exopolysaccharides, one of the postbiotics, are known to have technological properties such as stabilizing, thickening, emulsifing and also biological activities. Lactic acid bacteria can synthesis exopolysaccharides with large structural variability and this diversity brings these polymers to possess several bioactivities. Bioactivities such as immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, antitumor and antimutagenicity, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral, cholesterol-lowering, antihypertensive activity and gastro-protective activity bring these biopolymers commercial value in the global market and potential to be used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, to evaluate the availability of these natural exopolysaccharides for new applications extensive understanding of the structure-function relationships will be required. In this review, it is presented a comprehensive overview for the most recent reports on the health benefits of postbiotic lactic acid bacterial exopolysaccharides.

Gastroprotective activity of yogurt fortified with purple roselle extract in rats exposed with 2,3,7,8-TCDD

Persistent organic pollutant 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodiobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), known as harmful congeners of dioxin, has many adverse effects on human or animal health. This TCDD enters the body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Purple Roselle is a well-known herb-medicinal plant having antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of purple roselle water extract along yogurt against dioxin exposure. The antioxidant properties of the extract were measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and gastrointestinal histology. For this, 25 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used, and these rats were divided into five groups negative control, positive control (TCDD 200 ng/kg BW), and three treatment groups (TCDD 200 ng/kg BW + yogurt fortified with purple roselle water extract concentrations 0.5, 1, and 1.5 percent), all the treatments were given orally. Gastric MDA was determined quantitatively using the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) method and the one-way ANOVA test, continued by a Tukey post hoc test with a confidence level of 95% while the gastric histology was observed descriptively. Results of the study revealed that supplementation of fortified yogurt with 1% purple roselle extract could dramatically reduce MDA levels (p&lt;0,05) and heal histological damage in the lamina propria mucosa of stomach rats subjected to TCDD. Results of the study can be concluded that consuming yogurt with purple roselle extract can reduce MDA levels and repair histological damage to the gastric mucosa caused by dioxin exposure.

Potential Effect of Medicinal Plants on the Prevention of Gastric Ulcer: Mechanism of Actions

Medicinal plants have been widely studied to identify plant-based anti-gastric ulcer medicines. The mechanism of gastroprotective action is important to discover the potential lead compounds for drug development. All relevant articles between 2011 and 2021 focusing on Malaysian plants were collected and analyzed to understand the underlying pathways. Keywords include peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), Helicobacterpylori, medicinal plant, gastroprotection, antiulcer, acid secretion, cytoprotective, and digestion processes were applied in the search engines. Twenty-two of the plants had been reported based on the collected data. The review concludes that Malaysian plants could protect the gastric wall against necrotizing agents like ethanol and NSAIDs. This is mainly due to four critical defensive mechanisms: cytoprotective barriers, regulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and pro-apoptotic protein (BAX), gastric acid secretion, and antioxidant capability. The mechanisms have been illustrated in the schematic diagrams for better understanding.

Evaluation of Gastro-Protective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Roots of Vernonia Cinerea Less

Background: Vernonia cinerea Less is a little shrub that belongs to the Asteraceae family and is found all throughout India. It grows to a height of 0.5 to 3 feet and has purple or pink flowers that bloom during the rainy season. Vernonia cinerea root has been reported to be useful against stomach acidity. Aim: To evaluate gastro-protective activity of ethanolic extract of roots of vernonia cinerea less. Method: The gastro-protective activity of ethanolic fraction of root of Vernonia cinerea less plant was tested by using screening technique of anti-ulcer activity. Results and Conclusion: Administration of ethanolic extract of Vernonia cinerea less shows significant Anti-ulcer activity in a dose dependent manner (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg), when compared to control which is evident by decrease inulcer index. When compared to the control, the ethanolic extract of Vernonia cinerea roots exhibits less substantial anti-ulcer action in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by a drop in ulcer index. The ulcer index of Vernonia cinerea roots ethanolic extract is 3.16 0.600 at 100 mg/kg and 1.91 0.396 at 200 mg/kg. In comparison, the standard (Lansoprozole) mean ulcer index is 1.83 0.459.This result suggests that ethanolic extract of root of Vernonia cinerea less plant possess gastro protective(anti-ulcer) activity..

Evaluation of Antiulcer activity of Alcoholic stem extract of Epipremnum aureum (Linden andre) G.S. Bunting

Plants kingdom provides rich source of bioactive phytochemicals which are effective resources that are screened for deve. This plant is native to South eastern Asia and New Guinea. The plant is popular as traditional anticancer preparation in Malaysia and Singapore. In addition, this plant also finds its application in the treatment of ascites, cancer and skin diseases. The current study was carried out to investigate the anti-ulcer activity of the ethanolic stem extract of Epipremnum aureum in Wister rats. Investigation of antiulcer activity of the ethanolic stem extract of Epipremnum aureum was carried out on pylorus ligated and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models by oral administration of extract at the dose of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. Parameters such as percentage of inhibition of ulcer, ulcer indices were evaluated in ethanol induced ulcer model using Sucralfate (100mg/kg) as the standard drug, while volume of gastric secretion, free acidity, total acidity, pH were assessed in pylorus ligated ulcer model using Omeprazole (30mg/kg) as standard. The extract showed significant (p&lt;0.05) dose dependant reduction in ulcer indices in ethanol induced ulcer model at the tested doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg, exhibiting maximum gastroprotection of 73.94% at the dose of 400mg/kg which were comparable with that of sucralfate which showed gastroprotection of 87.9%. In pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, in comparison with the vehicle control group there was significant decrease in total acidity, free acidity, ulcer index, gastric volume and rise in gastric pH were observed in the animals treated with extract at the doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. The plant extract showed highest gastroprotectivity of 71.3% at the dose of 400mg/kg whereas standard drug Omeprazole showed 81.5%. This study showed that ethanolic stem extract of Epipremnum aureum exhibits gastroprotective and antiulcer activity. Therefore, not only confirmed the traditional usage in the treatment of gastric ulcers, also provided the proof that this plant extract can be incorporated in the development of phytoformulations for the treatment of ulcers of the stomach.

Gastroprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori potentials of essential oils from the oleoresins of Araucaria bidwillii and Araucaria heterophylla

Plant resins or oleoresins comprise a chemically complex mixture of different classes of compounds. Oleoresin of the genus Araucaria combines essential oil (EO) and resin. It possesses gastroprotective, cytotoxic, and timicrobial, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The study aimed to investigate the EOs from the oleoresins of two Araucaria species, A. bidwillii and A. heterophylla, chemically and biologically for their gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-Helicobacter pylori potentials. The chemical composition of both species cultivated in Egypt was analyzed with GC-MS and compared with those cultivated abroad using principal component analysis (PCA). There were 37 and 17 secondary metabolites identified in A. heterophylla and A. bidwillii, respectively. The EOs of both species showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori activity in vitro. The gastroprotective effect was assessed in vivo using ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) biomarkers were assessed in the stomach tissues. The ulcer index and percentage of ulcer protection were determined. Stomach sections were examined histopathologically by staining with (H/E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Moreover, the proliferative index was determined using the Ki-67 immunostaining. The treatment of rats with EOs (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, orally) 1 hour prior to ethanol administration showed promising gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials. These findings declared the gastroprotective role played by both EOs with the superiority of A. bidwillii over A. heterophylla via modulation of oxidative stress/NF-κB/inflammatory cytokines. Their use can be recommended to protect against the recurrence of peptic ulcers.

Production and Characterization of a β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with Platonia insignis Seed Extract as a Proposal for a Gastroprotective System

Platonia insignis Mart, Clusiaceae, known as bacuri, is a species native to Brazil that, in studies with extract of the seed of its fruit, showed antioxidant activity against free radicals. Products with such properties may be of great importance in the treatment of peptic ulcers since this pathology may be associated with the inflammatory process caused by the action of free radicals. Cyclodextrins are molecules capable of forming inclusion complexes with other molecules, affecting their physicochemical properties and improving their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Thus, this work aimed to produce, characterize, and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with the bacuri seeds hexanic extract (BSHE). In the characterization of the inclusion complex, an apparent stability constant (Kc) of 416 mol/L was obtained in the solubility study; the BSHE:β-CD m/m (g) complexation ratios at 1:9, 2:8, and 3:7 were 5.51%, 21.46%, and 20.11%, respectively. The formation of the BSHE:β-CD inclusion complex was observed by FTIR technique, indicating the disappearance of bands characteristic of BSHE (2960 cm−1 and 1755 cm−1) when in the complex, compared to the spectra of pure BSHE or in physical mixture with β-CD, and by X-ray diffraction, which indicated a loss of crystallinity, typical signals of pure β-CD, and presentation of intense amorphization, characteristic of BSHE, incorporated in the β-CD pockets. In the evaluation of gastroprotective activity, through absolute ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice, both BSHE and BSHE:β-CD reduced gastric lesions, with 100 mg/kg dose of the complex having the greatest gastroprotective effect. BSHE:β-CD was also able to reduce gastric lesions from ischemia and reperfusion, with the 50 mg/kg dose being the most effective. BSHE:β-CD, also at this dose, reduced the MDA levels of the gastric mucosa, indicating a possible antioxidant activity in its gastroprotective effect. Thus, it was concluded that inclusion complex formation between β-CD and BSHE is possible, and that this formulation enhanced the gastric protective activity.