Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Pigs Research Articles

In vivo assessment of the antiparasitic effects of Allium sativum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. against gastrointestinal parasites in swine from low-input farms

BackgroundEthno-veterinary practices could be used as a sustainable developmental tool by integrating traditional phytotherapy and husbandry. Phytotherapeutics are available and used worldwide. However, evidence of their antiparasitic efficacy is currently very limited. Parasitic diseases have a considerable effect on pig production, causing economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality. In this respect, especially smallholders and organic producers face severe challenges. Parasites, as disease causing agents, often outcompete other pathogens in such extensive production systems. A total of 720 faecal samples were collected in two farms from three age categories, i.e. weaners, fatteners, and sows. Flotation (Willis and McMaster method), modified Ziehl–Neelsen stained faecal smear, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Blagg technique, and faecal cultures were used to identify parasites and quantify the parasitic load.ResultsThe examination confirmed the presence of infections with Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli), Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi, and Trichuris suis, distributed based on age category. A dose of 180 mg/kg bw/day of Allium sativum L. and 90 mg/kg bw/day of Artemisia absinthium L. powders, administered for 10 consecutive days, revealed a strong, taxonomy-based antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity.ConclusionsThe results highlighted the therapeutic potential of both A. sativum and A. absinthium against gastrointestinal parasites in pigs. Their therapeutic effectiveness may be attributed to the content in polyphenols, tocopherols, flavonoids, sterols, sesquiterpene lactones, and sulfoxide. Further research is required to establish the minimal effective dose of both plants against digestive parasites in pigs.

Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites on pig farms in Kalasin Province, Thailand.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections are the foremost and prevalent diseases that affect pigs in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin Province. This study is the first attempt to understand the occurrence of GI parasites in pigs within Kalasin province using fecal samples as the methodology. We collected 324 fecal samples directly from the rectums of pigs from May to July 2023. The formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and floatation methods were used to examine these samples. The eggs or oocysts were identified by observing their morphology and size under a light microscope. Of the 324 fecal samples examined, 276 tested positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infections, resulting in a prevalence rate of 85.19%. Nematodes were the most prevalent, with Strongyle-type infections being the highest in 267 cases (82.41%), followed by Ascaris suum in 222 cases (68.52%), and Trichuris spp. in 152 cases (46.91%). Strongyloides spp. infections were also observed in 92 cases (28.40%). However, trematode infection was relatively rare, with only Fasciola spp. found in 15 cases (4.63%). We identified Eimeria spp. in 87 cases (26.85%), Iodamoeba spp. in 70 cases (21.60%), Balantidium coli in 67 cases (20.68%), and Isospora spp. in 52 cases (16.05%). Notably, most of the positive fecal samples showed double infections with a prevalence rate of approximately 38.27%. Single infections were the next most common, accounting for 25.31% of the cases, followed by 3 parasites (14.81%) and 4-5 parasites (6.79%). This study underscores the high endemicity of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin province. To improve prevention and control measures, it is recommended to establish a health monitoring program that includes deworming and emphasizes good hygiene practices. The insights gained from this study will contribute to the enhancement of pig farming practices in Kalasin province, ultimately leading to improved production and profitability. In addition, future research should focus on detecting these parasites in Kalasin and exploring their relationship with human transmission cycle.

Satureja hortensis L. and Calendula officinalis L., Two Romanian Plants, with In Vivo Antiparasitic Potential against Digestive Parasites of Swine.

Internal parasitic diseases of swine constitute a major welfare and health concern in low-input livestock farming. Due to an increase in chemical resistance, phytotherapeutic remedies have become an alternative for the prophylaxis and therapy of digestive parasitosis, albeit few remedies have been subjected to scientific validation. Low-input swine farming in Romania has adopted the traditional use of phytotherapy for controlling pathogens in livestock. The current study aimed to assess the antiparasitic potential of Calendula officinalis and Satureja hortensis against digestive parasites of swine in two low-input farms. The fecal samples were collected from sows, fatteners, and weaners, and were tested using the following coproparasitological methods: centrifugal sedimentation, flotation (Willis, McMaster egg counting technique), Ziehl-Neelsen stain modified by Henricksen, modified Blagg method, and in vitro nematode larvae/protozoan oocyst cultures. Six species of digestive parasites were diagnosed, namely Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Balantioides coli, Eimeria spp., and Cryptosporidium spp., in various combinations, dependent on the swine category. A dose of 140 mg/kg bw/day of C. officinalis and 100 mg/kg bw/day of S. hortensis powders administered for 10 consecutive days revealed a strong antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity on the aforementioned parasites. The curative efficacy can be attributed to the presence of polyphenols, sterols, tocopherols, and methoxylated flavones. In conclusion, our results indicate that S. hortensis and C. officinalis are promising alternatives to the commercially available antiparasitics, enabling their use as natural antiparasitic products against gastrointestinal parasites in pigs.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pigs: A Preliminary Study in Tolon and Kumbungu Districts, Ghana.

Pigs are important livestock that contribute to the economy and food security of Ghana, but the productivity of the sector is hindered by factors such as parasitic disease infections. Here, we detected the prevalence and polyparasitism of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs from selected farms in the Tolon and Kumbungu districts. Faeces of the animals were screened for parasite eggs using the sedimentation and flotation methods. From 56 pigs screened, 91.1% (CI = 95%; χ2 = 0.212) of them had parasitic infections, and affected pigs harboured 1-5 distinct parasites with the most occurring being Strongyloides ransomi (46.43%). Other parasites identified included Hyostrongylusrubidus, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Physocephalus sexalatus, and Coccidia, among others. Parasitism was more frequent in pigs under 2 years (94%) than older ones (66.67%). The high prevalence of GI parasites was attributed to poor husbandry practices and inadequate of veterinary care for the animals. The situation can be improved by farmer education on good husbandry practices and regular deworming of pigs.

Porcine parasitic zoonosis in the Ashanti region of Ghana

Pigs are coprophagous omnivores that feed on a wide range of food, thus making them susceptible to parasitic infections. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasitic infections among pigs in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, kept under different management systems. A total of 400 fresh fecal samples from pigs of varying ages and sex were collected and analyzed using standard coproscopical techniques. Questionnaire interviews were used to assess management practices on the pig farms. The associations between age, breed, sex, and management systems and the prevalence of parasites were determined. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs was 88.75%, with multiple infections being more common than single infections (p < 0.05). Overall, thirteen (13) genera of protozoa and helminths were recovered from the pigs, including parasites of zoonotic importance to man. Eimeria spp. had the highest prevalence (64.5%), while the least prevalence (0.25%) was recorded for Balantidium coli and Isospora spp. Age, breed, sex, and type of management systems were not significantly associated with infections in pigs. The lack of treatment of pigs creates ideal conditions for the spread of zoonotic infections in the region.

Survey of intestinal parasites in swine farms raised in Western Nepal.

Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), an important domestic livestock, are generally affected by helminth and protozoan parasites. Rearing pigs in rural regions in Nepal is a common practice for subsistence farming. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in pigs raised in Western Nepal. A total of 200 faecal samples from commercial and smallholder farms were examined by wet mounts, flotation, sedimentation and staining techniques. The results revealed that overall 86.5% of samples were found shedding oocysts or eggs of one or more GIPs. Three species of protozoa [Eimeria sp. (26%), Entamoeba coli (25.5%) and Coccidia (29%)] and nine species of helminths parasites (Ascaris suum (32.5%), Trichuris suis (30%), strongyle-type nematode (27.5%), hookworm (26%), Fasciola sp. (17.5%), Physaloptera sp. (17.5%), Strongyloides sp. (17.5%), Metastrongylus sp. (8%) and Oesophagostomum sp. (5.5%)] were identified. Female pigs were found to have higher protozoan infection than males, but such a difference was not noticed with regard to helminth parasites. Strongyles and Oesophagostomum infection were higher in commercial farms compared to smallholder farms, whereas the prevalences of E. coli and other protozoans were higher in smallholder farms. Among the contextual factors evaluated for association, weight and gender of pigs, and annual income and gender of managers/caretakers were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the prevalence of GIPs in pigs. The overall prevalence of certain helminths such as strongyle-type nematode and A. suum was significantly (p<0.05) associated with the weight of pigs after adjusting other contextual factors. This study detected relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic pig facilities. Molecular epidemiological studies are essential to verify the exact zoonotic potential of parasites carried by pigs in the region. An effective periodic monitoring of GIPs of pigs needs to be carried out to minimize their further dissemination.

Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co-infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Chrismanto D, Lastuti NDR, Suwanti LT, Hastutiek P, Suprihati E, Kurniawati DA, Winarso A. 2023. Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 233-240. Protozoa Entamoeba spp. is the causative agent of amoebiasis that can infect humans and livestock. Several species that infect pigs are E. suis, E. polecki, E. histolytica, and E. coli. However, microscopic examination through morphological identification of parasites couldn't determine the genus and species level identity, leading to misdiagnosis. Therefore, molecular techniques are needed for accurate diagnosis with species-specific primers. In this study, 100 fecal samples were collected from pig farms in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study aims to identify, using molecular techniques, the presence of Entamoeba spp. with the SSUrRNA gene as a marker to determine the diversity of Entamoeba species in pigs and to detect co-infection with other gastrointestinal parasites in Kupang. The result was found: E. suis 98% (98/100), E. polecki 44% (44/100), E. polecki ST3 10% (10/100), and E. coli 20% (30/100) spread on pig farms in 8 villages in Kupang. Furthermore, E. polecki ST3 and E. coli finding show that pigs in several areas in Kupang are infected with potentially zoonotic species. In addition to finding various species of Entamoeba by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, based on microscopic examination, other gastrointestinal parasites were also found as co-infections, namely: Eimeria sp. (34%), Cystoisospora suis (30%), Strongyloides sp. (34%), Oesophagostomum sp. (51%), Metastrongylus sp. (18%), and Trichuris suis (8%). That is the first report concerning mixed infections with E. suis, E. polecki ST3, E. coli, and other gastrointestinal parasites in pigs in Kupang, Indonesia.

ENDOPARASITES OF VIETNAMESE BELLIED PIGS IN THE PASTURE GROWING SYSTEM IN FARMS OF THE ODESA REGION

The article provides data on the spread of endoparasitoses in vietnamese bellied pigs in the pasture growing system in the farms of the Odesa region. Pigs can have numerous intestinal parasites, most often protozoa and nematodes. Although the course of such parasitic infections is usually subclinical, clinical manifestations may occasionally occur, especially in growing pigs. The study of the structure and functioning of parasitic systems is extremely important. The obtained data on gastrointestinal parasites in pigs can help in the development of effective and sustainable measures for the prevention of pig diseases.&#x0D; The aim of the work was to monitor endoparasitoses in vietnamese bellied pigs in the pasture growing system, depending on age, in the farms of the Odesa region.&#x0D; A total of 475 samples of feces of vietnamese bellied pigs from 6 private farms of Odesa region were studied. Fecal samples were collected from suckling piglets and weanling piglets (&lt;4 months), young (4‒8 months) and adults (&gt;8 months) of both sexes.&#x0D; It was established that the total infestation with protozoa in piglets &lt; 4 months. age was 86.7 %, in growing pigs (4-8 months) ‒ 28.9 %, and in adults ‒ 18.7 %, helminthes infestation was 13.3 %, 71.1% and 81.3% in accordance. Piglets &lt; 4 months. age, Isospora suis (28.3 %) and Eimeria suis (18.6 %) were most infested, while Strongyloides sp. (2.7 %).&#x0D; Ascaris suum (33.4 %) and Trichuris suis (24.6 %) had the highest lesion extent in growing pigs (4‒8 months), and the lowest among protozoans was Isospora suis and Blastocystis sp. (2.9 %). In adult pigs, the highest infestation of Ascaris suum (34.4 %) and Trichuris suis (31.2 %) was recorded, while isosporosis and cryptosporidiosis were not recorded.

A scientometric study on prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs (Sus scrofa) of India

In this study, prevalence of the gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in pigs from India was estimated by employing scientometrics. The prevalence studies on the GI parasites of pigs (n=21) were acquired from online and offline databases (timeline: 2010-2021) and meta-analysis was performed using meta package in R-software. The prevalence of GI parasites in pigs was 54% (95% level: CI 39-69%, PI 5-96% of 8,921 samples tested) in India. A higherprevalence of 81% was reported in 2010 than the recent years (2016-21). The highest prevalence in South zone (78%), and least in West zone (35%) was observed. The prevalence of GI parasites was highest in Tamil Nadu (96%) and lowest in Maharashtra (28%). The higher prevalence was observed in protozoa (30%) than other parasite classes and lower in cestodes (4%) in pigs. More number of studies have been reported on nematode parasites indicating its importance in pigs. A higher prevalence was observed in the studies conducted on samples (84%) collected from slaughterhouse than the faecal samples (46%) in pigs. Among the parasite species, coccidia (29%) were most commonly reported whereas Globocephalus urosubulatus (0.7%) was observed sporadically low. Amongst nematodes and trematodes, a higher prevalence in Ascaris spp. (27%) and Amphistomes (12%), correspondingly was observed. The high GI parasites prevalence zones, states, parasite classes, sample types and parasite species recognized will assist the stakeholders and decision makers, in control and preventive approaches. Further, this study provides the baseline information on GI parasites prevalence in pigs of India for devising effective deworming strategies which ultimately lead to beneficial piggery in India.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pigs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pigs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Co-infection of pigs with Taenia solium cysticercosis and gastrointestinal parasites in Eastern and Western Uganda

A study was carried out in Kamuli and Hoima districts in Eastern and Western regions of Uganda to determine the Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis (PCC) and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites co-infection status in pigs. One hundred sixty-one households were selected randomly and visited between November and December 2019. A household questionnaire was administered, and faecal and blood samples were collected from at least one pig older than 3 months per household. A blood sample was obtained from a jugular venipuncture, and a rectal faecal sample was obtained. Taenia spp. circulating antigen levels in the sample sera were tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, apDia™ cysticercosis Ag ELISA. The modified McMaster technique was used to identify and quantify the GI parasites. The apparent animal-level seroprevalence for PCC was 4.8% (95% CI 2.7–7.1) and differed across the two districts (p = 0.018). At the pig herd level, the prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI 5.5–14.4). The prevalence of the different nematode eggs and coccidian oocysts in the two districts was as follows: strongyles 79.0% (95% CI 74.3–83.6), coccidia 73.3% (95% CI 68.3–78.6), Trichuris spp. 7.4% (95% CI 4.9–10.6), Strongyloides ransomi 2.1 (95% CI 0.7–3.5) and Ascaris spp. 4.9 (95% CI 2.8–7.4). Overall, across the two districts, the arithmetic mean for the oocysts per gram (OPG) for coccidia was 2042.2 ± 5776.1, and eggs per gram (EPG) were the highest in strongyles 616.1 ± 991. Overall, 57.4% of the porcine cysticercosis seropositive pigs were also positive for at least one of the gastrointestinal helminths which included strongyles, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris spp. and Ascaris spp. The co-infection status of pigs with both PCC and GI parasites demonstrated by this study can provide an incentive for integrating the control and management of both parasites with oxfendazole. Further studies are required to understand the feasibility of using oxfendazole including cost–benefit analysis and the acceptability by local stakeholders for the control of T. solium cysticercosis and gastrointestinal parasites in pigs.

Surveys of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sus scrofa domesticus (Domestic Pig) in Ushongo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria.

Gastrointestinal parasites are responsible for substantial loss of productivity in livestock production. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Ushongo LGA of Benue State, Nigeria over a period of three months Four hundred fecal samples were collected from the rectum of pigs and screened using the simple tube floatation and tube sedimentation techniques. An overall prevalence of 33.5% was observed. A total of 9 parasite species were isolated. Ascaris, Fasciola, Taenia solium, Trichuris suis, Hymenolepsis, Isospora suis, Strongyloides, Eimeria Spp and Hookworm had a prevalence of 24.17%,16.48%, 19.78%, 6.59%, 1.09%, 3.29%, 18.69%, 6.59%, 3.29%respectively.This study reveals that gastrointestinal parasites are relatively low in Ushongo L.G.A. Further investigation should be carried out to study the impact of parasitic infestation of pigs on public health in the study area.

Surveys of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sus scrofa domesticus (Domestic Pig) in Ushongo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria.

Gastrointestinal parasites are responsible for substantial loss of productivity in livestock production. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Ushongo LGA of Benue State, Nigeria over a period of three months Four hundred fecal samples were collected from the rectum of pigs and screened using the simple tube floatation and tube sedimentation techniques. An overall prevalence of 33.5% was observed. A total of 9 parasite species were isolated. Ascaris, Fasciola, Taenia solium, Trichuris suis, Hymenolepsis, Isospora suis, Strongyloides, Eimeria Spp and Hookworm had a prevalence of 24.17%,16.48%, 19.78%, 6.59%, 1.09%, 3.29%, 18.69%, 6.59%, 3.29%respectively.This study reveals that gastrointestinal parasites are relatively low in Ushongo L.G.A. Further investigation should be carried out to study the impact of parasitic infestation of pigs on public health in the study area.

Survey for Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Survey for Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites in pigs in Punjab, India.

Gastrointestinal parasites are a common problem in pigs in India. The important risk factors include coprophagic behaviour of pigs and their free access to garbage. To investigate the gastrohelmenthic spectrum in pigs of Punjab, we examined 265 faecal samples from farm (n=47) and scavenging pigs (n=218) using faecal floatation method. Ascaris suum, unsporulated oocysts, Trichuris spp. and Strongyloides were recorded in 27.5, 15.4, 1.8 and 4.5% of the pig faecal samples, respectively. Overall prevalence was significantly higher in pigs >1year (56.5%) than pigs ≤1year (39.6; p=0.01) Parasite positivity was neither significantly related with location (p=0.309) nor with management practices (p=0.69). High prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites in pigs in Punjab warrants intervention policies to control this problem.

Studies on gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Shimoga region of Karnataka.

The study was conducted to ascertain the actual status of gastro-intestinal parasites in pigs maintained under different rearing systems in Shimoga region, Karnataka state. A total of 150 Pigs fecal samples were examined, which includes 50 from organized piggery farm, Veterinary College Shimoga, 50 from private piggery farm of Shimoga and 50 from free range desi pigs of Shimoga city. The fecal samples were processed and examined by direct and sedimentation method. Out of 50 fecal samples examined from organized piggery farm, 19 were found positive for different parasitic eggs, Out of 50 fecal samples screened form private farm, 28 harbored different parasites, whereas from 50 free range desi pigs fecal samples examined, all showed one and other parasitic eggs/ova. The percent prevalence of parasitic infection is more in free range desi pigs compared to Yorkshire breeds maintained under stall fed condition.

Internal parasites and health management of pigs in Burayu District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

The study determined the prevalence and major types of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs and assessed the health management practices on farms in Burayu District in West Shoa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study was performed from November 2007 to April 2008 using standard coprological examination and a well-organised questionnaire survey. Of the 272 pigs examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites, 36 (13.2%) were infected with one or more types of parasite. Neither age nor management system proved to be a statistically significant factor in the prevalence of parasites. The highest prevalence of parasites was recorded in December, January and April, whereas the lowest was observed in February. Significant variation in the prevalence of parasites was noticed amongst study months. The majority of farmers did not use acaricides to treat and control external parasites. Anthelmintics were not used by any of the farmers. Some 76.1% of the farmers never used any type of treatment for sick pigs; 21.7% of the farmers used modern treatment and 2.2% of the farmers used traditional medicines. More than 95.0% of pigs were kept on soil floors and only 10.9% of the housing systems had good ventilation. Dung was removed at least every three days, with the majority of farmers (91.2%) removing it every morning. This study provided evidence for the occurrence of internal parasites in pigs kept in Burayu District in Oromia. Further epidemiological studies are needed to determine the zoonotic and economic importance of pig parasites in other parts of Ethiopia.

An Investigation of Haemo and Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in some parts of Langtang North local government area of Plateau State.

An Investigation of Haemo and Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in some parts of Langtang North local government area of Plateau State.

An Investigation of Haemo and Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pigs in Some Parts of Langtang North Local Government Area of Plateau State

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of haemo and gastro-intestinal parasites of pigs in some parts of Langtang north local government area of Plateau State. 171 blood and 171 faecal samples were collected from 171 pigs and were analyzed in the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, using floatation technique and thin blood smear for faecal and blood samples respectively. Results of the analysis showed that 36.84% pigs were tested positive for haemoparasites and 35.09% pigs were tested positive for gastro-intestinal parasites. The study recorded high prevalence with Babesia trautmanni 32(18.17%) and lowest prevalence with Eperythrozoon suis for haemoparasites parasites prevalence. For gastro-intestinal parasites prevalence, Oesophagostomum dentatum & Coccidia spp recorded equal high prevalence with 34(14.04) in each case while Ascaris suum, Fasciolopsis buski and Globourcephalus diducta recorded lowest with 1(0.58) in each case. In both haemo and gastro-intestinal parasites prevalence, there was no significant different (p>0.05) among the parasites encountered. No significant variations (p>0.05) were observed in relation to sex and age prevalence. From this result, different sex and age groups are equally susceptible to haemo and gastro-intestinal parasites infection in the two study districts. The study recommends tick vector eradication and regular deworming in the study area.

English

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs from the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Faecal samples were collected randomly from 271 pigs between April and October 2010, processed by modified Kato-katz technique and then examined for the presence of helminth ova and protozoan oocysts and cysts. Out of the 271 faecal samples examined, 97 (35.8%) were infected with one or more parasite species. Five types of parasites were identified, including Trichuris suis, Ascaris suum, human hookworm, Stephanurus dentatus and Isospora suis. T. suis was the most prevalent parasite. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was significantly higher in male pigs than in females (P<0.05). Single infection was more common with a prevalence of 80.4%. The results of this study provide baseline information about the parasitic fauna in intensively managed pigs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Key words: Prevalence, gastrointestinal parasites, Ascaris suum, pig, Trichuris suis, Ibadan.