Gasoline Vehicles Research Articles

Market dynamics of lithium as a key element for modern energy

Oil has been and continues to be the “black gold” of the energy industry, and now the “white gold” of the energy industry has appeared - this is the alkali metal lithium. Lithium-ion batteries сharge smartphones, laptops and electric vehicles. Some developed countries have committed to phasing out new gasoline and diesel vehicles by 2040. In 2021, global sales of electric vehicles, the main driver of the lithium market, grew 1.5 times. A further increase in demand in 2022 will mean a continued shortage of lithium this year, as consumption of the material outstrips production and depletes stocks. As the world’s car manufacturers shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles, the need for new supplies of raw materials increases. The influence of environmental and political motives on the dynamics of supply and demand for lithium in the world is being discussed. Lithium deficiency can become a real limiting factor in achieving energy transition goals.

Commercial Fleet Vehicle Additions and Replacements and the Potential Market Penetration for Electric Vehicles

Commercial fleets can play a major role in the rapid evolution of plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) market penetration. Using survey data in this analysis we identify groups of commercial fleets based on the attributes of the next vehicle planned to be added to a fleet and the propensity of replacing a current vehicle with an electric vehicle. We first develop principal components representing dimensions of the desired vehicle characteristics (price, efficiency, size and fuel type, timing of vehicle procurement, replacement of current vehicle or addition to the fleet, and intended purchase of new, used, or leased). Using 8 principal components capturing approximately 91.55% of the variance in the variables listed above and hierarchical clustering we derive six distinct market segments. One segment contains 43.5% of the total responses preferring a PHEV to replace a current vehicle in the fleet, it is a segment that is composed of 100% PHEV preferring respondents and almost all of them expect to purchase a small vehicle and 92% will do that within 5 years. The average price they expect to pay is approximately $27,000 and the expected efficiency to be about 55 miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe). Another segment contains 91.0% BEV preferring respondents who are only 11.6% of the sample. This segment also prefers small vehicles to replace vehicles in their fleet, possibly leasing and expecting to pay approximately $46,800 with an efficiency of about 100 MPGe. The other four segments are dominated by gasoline, diesel, and natural gas internal combustion engine vehicles.

Converting gasoline vehicle into an electric vehicle (EV)-A review

Converting gasoline vehicle into an electric vehicle (EV)-A review

Battery Caused Fires in Electric Vehicles

Nowadays, the global trend of reducing exhaust emissions and the increasing the demand for clean energy sources have initiated the development of electric vehicles by many vehicle manufacturers. We are starting to encounter electric vehicles, whose mass production is relatively new, on the roads more and more every day. Fire response methods, which are one of the most common emergencies encountered in electric vehicles, which are widely used, differently in the extinguishing agent and extinguishing methods of fires compared to gasoline or diesel engine vehicles. In this study, the causes of the thermal leak formation mechanism in batteries, which are the most basic place of fires encountered in electric vehicles, will be examined, and information on the methods of intervention to the fire that may occur will be examined. By means of the results obtained from here, the possibilities of application in electric and semi-electric (hybrid) vehicles will be discussed.

Analysis of Engine and Powertrain Losses of a Passenger Type 4-Stroke Gasoline Vehicle in 4 Different Driving Cycles with GT-Suite Vehicle Simulation Program

Vehicle simulations have a very important place in the automotive R&D process. These simulations provide automotive companies with the benefits of saving money on model creation and the user changing many parameters throughout the vehicles as soon as possible. In this study, the engine and powertrain energy losses of a 4-stroke gasoline passenger car were investigated in FTP75 (Federal Test Procedure), HFET (Highway Fuel Economy Test), US06 and WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles) cycles, in urban and extra-urban conditions. examined physically and by testing with the help of GT-Suite vehicle simulation program. Ac-cording to the analysis results, the lowest CO2 emission (127.58 g/km) and average fuel consumption (5.29 l/100km) were obtained in the HFET driving cycle. While the transmission and gear friction values were close to each other between the driving cy-cles, the lowest loss in terms of torque converter losses was obtained in the HFET driving cycle (0.2%).

PERCEPTIONS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL 4TH GRADE STUDENTS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Environmental problems, which are on the agenda of the whole world recently, have made environmental education compulsory. The gradual decrease of resources, global warming, climate change, environmental problems such as the melting of glaciers, the development of technology, factors such as the more frequent use of ready-made packaged food have allowed environmental pollution and related problems to come to light more frequently. Societies that have adopted that having healthy environmental conditions are a human right have higher levels of development compared to other countries. The most important task in raising individuals who are sensitive to environmental problems falls on primary schools. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceptions of primary school 4th grade students about environmental problems and environmental education. In accordance with this purpose thirty-six primary school 4th grade students were reached and interviewed with a semi-structured interview form. Interview results were analyzed through descriptive analysis. As a result, it has been revealed that the students see the environment as a nature, tree, life, greenery and the world. It has been concluded that there is water scarcity, nature pollution, water pollution and cutting trees is an environmental problem. It has been concluded that as an institution TEMA (Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion), the Ministry of Environment, Urban Planning and Climate Change, the General Directorate of Forestry, Çevko (Environmental Protection and Packaging Waste Recovery and Recycling Foundation), the Ministry of National Education have a duty to be sensitive to the environment and the whole humanity as a person. In order to solve environmental problems, it has been concluded that people have duties such as saving water, keeping the environment clean, protecting nature, planting trees, collecting garbage after picnic, separating those that will go for recycling, using electricity economically, using electric vehicles instead of gasoline vehicles. Related to the environment, it has been concluded that water related painting competitions were held in schools, trees were planted there were recycling bins and environmental boards were prepared. Regarding environmental education, it has been concluded that trees can be planted in schools, painting, poetry competitions can be organized, water saving can be made, recycling bins can be increased and playgrounds can be made of grass and these are desired to be done.

Policy evaluation of electric vehicle promotion in China and Europe

In order to meet the goals for carbon neutrality, China and Europe are both adopting a variety of strategies to encourage electric vehicles as an alternative to gasoline vehicles. However, government incentives have changed in 2022, and the factors influencing the expansion of the electric vehicle market have changed. This paper provides a comparative analysis of European and Chinese policies on the promotion of electric vehicles over the last decade and makes predictions and recommendations for future developments based on the current market situation. Although the market for electric vehicles in China and Europe is slow to expand in the short term, in the long term, the market for these vehicles, which are very beneficial in reducing carbon emissions, will continue to expand. This paper hopes to provide a state-of-the-art understanding of the policies regarding the promotion of renewable energy cars, thus facilitating the worldwide goals of achieving carbon neutrality.

Exhaust Gas After-Treatment Systems for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles

Review Exhaust Gas After-Treatment Systems for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles Liye Bao 1, Jihua Wang 2, Lihui Shi 2, and Haijun Chen 1, * 1 College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China 2 Valiant Co., Ltd., Yantai 264006, China * Correspondence: chenhj@nankai.edu.cn Received: 5 October 2022 Accepted: 10 November 2022 Published: 25 December 2022 Abstract: Exhaust gases released from vehicle engines have been a major cause of air pollution, and the emission limits have become much stricter in recent years due to a worldwide concern about the impact of air pollution on public health. These regulations have been complied to minimize the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HCs), nitrogen oxides (NO x) and particulate matter (PM) from gasoline and diesel vehicles engines. Different after-treatment systems (ATS) have been developed for the treatment of exhaust gases from gasoline and diesel engines, respectively. The ATS for gasoline engine based on the three-way catalysts (TWCs), as well as the ATS for diesel engines including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), diesel particulate filters (DPF) and ammonia slip catalysts (ASC), are summarized in this mini-review.

Contribution of Cold Starts to Real-World Trip Emissions for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

For catalytic converter-equipped light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV), the hot-stabilized tailpipe emissions for pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are well controlled. However, there are few reported real-world measurements of cold starts. Idling cold start and hot-stabilized trip exhaust emissions were measured for 37 LDGVs using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). Five vehicles were also measured for transient driving cold starts. On average, it took approximately 400, 150, 330, and 120 s to accumulate 90 percent of the idle cold start increments for fuel use, CO, HC, and NOx, respectively. Driving cold start increments were substantially higher than idling cold start increments, whereas cold start duration was typically shorter. For example, driving cold start contributed approximately 64%, 68%, 58%, and 4.5% of the trip total CO, HC, NOx, and carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively. This study is unique in quantifying the cold start contribution on a trip basis with real-world data. Although the cold start increment is sensitive to driving compared to idling, in either case, cold starts contribute substantially to total exhaust mass emissions. Furthermore, driver decisions regarding driving versus idle can substantially affect the contribution of cold starts, especially for CO and NOx.

Impact of Confinement on the Reduction of Pollution and Particulate Matter Concentrations. Reflections for Public Transport Policies

Different initiatives have been implemented to improve air quality in large cities, such as encouraging travel by sustainable modes of transport, promoting electro-mobility, or the car-free day. However, to date, we have not found statistics that indicate to what extent the concentration levels of particulate matter PM2.5, PM10 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants decrease as a result of public policy. We used official data from the Chilean Government’s national air quality information system (SINCA) for the Santiago metropolitan region and estimated the impact of the confinement by COVID-19 on the ambient concentration average values of NOx gases and particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, which are the main air pollutants produced by the transport sector after CO2. We found that in general there are significant differences between the average levels of gas emissions for 2020 compared to 2019. In particular, we found that, for the months of total confinement May-July, the monthly average levels decreased between 7% and 19% for particulate matter PM2.5, between 18% and 50% for PM10 and between 34% and 48% for NOx. With the return to the new normality, these improvements in ambient concentration levels may be affected by the increase in private transport trips, due to the reluctance of citizens to return to mass public transport. Our results, therefore, represent the maximum impact that can be expected in reducing ambient concentration levels in the city of Santiago of Chile when a mobility reduction of gasoline vehicles is implemented. The reduction of PM2.5, PM10 and NOx was no more than 7%, 18% and 34%, respectively. The average concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 7–19% compared to previous years. The average concentration of PM10 decreased by 18% and 50% compared to previous years. Concentrating commuting on public transport would help reduce levels of PM10 and PM2.5.

Factors affecting acceptance of electric two-wheelers in India: A discrete choice survey

Government of India has adopted policies to grow the share of electric vehicles (EVs) to ‘de-carbonize’ India's transport sector and reduce import dependence for oil. For the lower-middle income economy two-wheelers play a significant role in the private vehicle market. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of some of the demand incentives; roles of infrastructure, market visibility; and peer effects on acceptance of electric two-wheelers in India. It utilizes a discrete choice survey to collect responses from Indian residents. Respondents in six different choice scenarios chose between two categories of petrol vehicles and an EV. Results from the random-parameter logit model indicate that price, refueling time, availability of infrastructure, vehicle taxes, and fuel prices are significant determinants of two-wheeler choice. Further, estimates suggest that consumers are willing-to-pay INR 567 to save in fuel cost by INR 1 per 100 kms, INR 997 for every percentage point reduction in taxes, INR 316 to save an additional minute of charging time, and INR 879 to increase the charging infrastructure by an additional percentage point. Government policies involving price subsidies, preferential tax treatments and improvements in infrastructure should continue. Differential pricing of petrol and electricity can also make electric two-wheelers more attractive.

Numerical study of hydrogen leakage, diffusion, and combustion in an outdoor parking space under different parking configurations

As the number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) being used is increasing, confirming that their safety level is the same as that of gasoline vehicles is becoming important. HFCVs are commonly parked in outdoor spaces. Thus, the safety of HFCVs in garage scenarios should be ensured and related regulations, codes, and standards for preventing accidents must be developed. In this study, the Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS) software was utilized to evaluate the behavior of hydrogen release, dispersion, and flame propagation in the presence of multiple HFCVs in an outdoor parking space through the activation of thermally activated pressure relief devices (TPRDs). The effects of different leak diameters (2, 3, and 4 mm), release directions (upward and downward), and parking configurations (vertical and parallel) on the formation of a flammable gas cloud (FGC) and safety distances were examined, by considering tank blowdown. The results showed that larger TPRD diameters resulted in a larger envelope of the FGC; however, it also dissipated faster in outdoor parking spaces. Compared with the vertical parking configuration, the fire-origin HFCV had less impact on adjacent vehicles in the parallel parking configuration. The direction of an upward release was found to contribute to a decrease in the volume of the FGC in outdoor parking spaces owing to low congestion. This study highlights the significance of the TPRD diameters and parking configurations, providing guidance for the safe introduction of HFCVs in existing outdoor parking spaces and infrastructure.

Online measurements of cycloalkanes based on NO+ chemical ionization in proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS)

Abstract. Cycloalkanes are important trace hydrocarbons existing in the atmosphere, and they are considered a major class of intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs). Laboratory experiments showed that the yields of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from oxidation of cycloalkanes are higher than acyclic alkanes with the same carbon number. However, measurements of cycloalkanes in the atmosphere are still challenging at present. In this study, we show that online measurements of cycloalkanes can be achieved using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry with NO+ chemical ionization (NO+ PTR-ToF-MS). Cyclic and bicyclic alkanes are ionized with NO+ via hydride ion transfer, leading to major product ions of CnH2n-1+ and CnH2n-3+, respectively. As isomers of cycloalkanes, alkenes undergo association reactions with major product ions of CnH2n ⚫ (NO)+, and concentrations of 1-alkenes and trans-2-alkenes in the atmosphere are usually significantly lower than cycloalkanes (about 25 % and <5 %, respectively), as a result inducing little interference with cycloalkane detection in the atmosphere. Calibrations of various cycloalkanes show similar sensitivities associated with small humidity dependence. Applying this method, cycloalkanes were successfully measured at an urban site in southern China and during a chassis dynamometer study of vehicular emissions. Concentrations of both cyclic and bicyclic alkanes are significant in urban air and vehicular emissions, with comparable cyclic alkanes / acyclic alkanes ratios between urban air and gasoline vehicles. These results demonstrate that NO+ PTR-ToF-MS provides a new complementary approach for the fast characterization of cycloalkanes in both ambient air and emission sources, which can be helpful to fill the gap in understanding the importance of cycloalkanes in the atmosphere.

A Distributed Coordination Method for Coupled Traffic-Power Network Equilibrium Incorporating Behavioral Theory

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) gradually evolves the urban transportation network (UTN) and power distribution network (PDN) from being independent to being coupled. To analyze the impact of drivers' behavior on the coupled network, and reveal the relationship between the two networks, a coupled traffic-distribution (CTD) model is proposed, in which the total traveling cost of UTN and the power service cost of PDN is minimized. In the CTD model, A stochastic user equilibrium traffic assignment problem (SUE-TAP) with elastic traffic demand and discrete path selection of drivers is formulated to capture the traffic flow distribution comprised of EVs and gasoline vehicles (GVs). An alternative current optimal power flow (ACOPF) model of PDN is utilized to provide the optimal charging price and scheduling plan. Besides, the SUE-TAP with nonlinear functions is difficult to solve, a novel piecewise linear approximation method is presented to deal with the nonlinear items of the SUE-TAP caused by drivers' traveling cost and traveling tendency incorporating perception. Incorporating the behavioral theory, a distributed coordination method derived from optimal condition decomposition is proposed for the coupled traffic-power network equilibrium. The proposed distributed scheme is examined using a coupled network, which consists of a 20-road UTN and a 33-bus PDN. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed model and the distributed coordination method.

휘발유 승용차의 주간증발가스 시험을 통한 CAPSS 주간증발가스 산정식 평가 및 개선

휘발유 승용차의 주간증발가스 시험을 통한 CAPSS 주간증발가스 산정식 평가 및 개선

Particulate and gaseous pollutants in Tehran, Iran during 2015-2021: Factors governing their variability

• The variability of 8 air pollutants at 20 monitoring sites in Tehran was investigated • Shorter time (seasonal, weekdays, and diurnal) cycles were quantified • CO/PM 2.5 ratio suggest petrol vehicles as major pollution source in Tehran • The spatial variation of NO was the highest in Tehran • Decreasing trends in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and SO 2 were observed. Determination of spatial-temporal variations and trends in air pollutant concentrations permits assessment of the effectiveness of air quality improvement programs. Real-time hourly average concentrations of eight air pollutants for 2015 to 2021 at 20 monitoring sites across Tehran (Iran) were used for this evaluation. Likely source locations were identified with meteorology-based techniques. The annual average concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 at all sites substantially exceeded WHO annual air quality guidance limits. The pollutant concentrations were highest in the cold seasons, except for O 3 that was highest in summer. The diel cycles of most pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO, NO 2 , NO x , and CO) showed bimodal patterns driven by vehicular emissions. O 3 showed unimodal patterns. The CO/PM 2.5 ratio indicated spark-ignition vehicles as the main combustion-related pollutant source. The spatial variation of NO driven by traffic was the highest followed by O 3 , NO x , CO, SO 2 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and NO 2 . Cross correlations exhibited strong correlations at 0 lag for CO, NO, NO 2 , and NO x while the O 3 -solar radiation correlation exhibited peak correlations at +2 h and +3 h lags. Decreasing PM 2.5 trends at most sites suggested the 2017 Clean Air Law was effective, but more is needed to achieve health-based standards. Graphical Abstract. .

Life cycle carbon emission and cost-effectiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China

Electric vehicles play an important role in energy transition and low-carbon development. It is important to evaluate the energy-saving emission reduction and cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles. In this paper, the life cycle carbon emission model and the life cycle cost model are established. Combined with the emission inventory and the calculated life cycle cost, the marginal emission reduction cost model is finally established. The results show that: 1) Electric vehicles have reduced 47 % of life-cycle carbon emissions, which is mainly reflected in the extremely small emissions during the utilization phase, and with little difference in other phases; 2) Although electric vehicles have lower emission costs and vehicle use costs, they still cannot compensate the gap in initial purchase costs. Electric vehicles do not have economic advantages over gasoline vehicles; 3) Under the existing technical conditions, electric vehicles have higher marginal abatement costs. The abatement costs are affected by many factors and have a large potential for decline; 4) When the gasoline price exceeds 9.8 CNY/L (1.372 USD/L), the abatement costs of electric vehicles are negative. In this condition, the development of electric vehicles is most effective in promoting energy saving and emission reduction.

Integrating ride-sourcing with electric vehicle charging under mixed fleets and differentiated services

This paper proposes a novel nested two-sided market framework to investigate integrated ride-sourcing (RS) and electric vehicle (EV) charging services considering mixed electric and gasoline vehicles (GVs). In the proposed integrated scheme, a monopoly RS platform builds or purchases charging piles to provide RS and private EV drivers with additional differentiated services (i.e., different charging prices and priority) besides public charging piles. Both RS and private drivers with different charging pile ownership are considered. The complex endogenous correlations between RS and charging services are formulated. The mathematical properties of drivers' charging behavior, passengers' mode choices, and platform's operation strategies are analytically derived, which is closely related to the differentiated priority of drivers. The conditions for judging the profitability of the RS and charging business under profit maximization strategies are obtained. We examine and compare the potential impact of introducing integrated services with two strategies and identify the sufficient conditions to boost total profit by providing the integrated services. It is rigorously proved that the integrated services benefit passengers and specific driver groups, while it may be harmful to the environment under a high RS electrification level. The Pareto-efficient frontiers indicate that the charging price for RS drivers in the social optimum regime is higher than that in the profit maximization regime. The analytical results gain managerial insights into platform operations and government regulation of integrated RS and charging services in the RS market under mixed fleets of EVs and GVs.

Are the Benefits of a High-Emission Vehicle Driving Area Restriction Policy Greater than the Costs?

China implemented a vehicle driving area restriction policy to control air pollution by delimiting a no-driving area for high-emission vehicles (HEVs). Current academic research does not evaluate the benefits and costs of this policy based on vehicle level and lacks evidence at the regional level. Therefore, a cost-benefit analysis method is developed to evaluate the benefits and the costs of this policy, based on 2.128 million HEVs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 2008 to 2015. The benefits, the costs, and net benefits of this policy were CNY 98.49, CNY 5.80 and CNY 92.69 billion. The cost-benefit ratios of the BTH region, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei were 1:16.98, 1:20.88, 1:14.52 and 1:16.55, respectively. Beijing's cost-benefit ratio was the maximum at the city scale. This work can provide scientific support for promoting driving area restriction policies on older gasoline vehicles and older diesel vehicles, the improvement of cost-benefit analysis and efficient decision-making for the Chinese government.

Real world evaluation and control of vehicle engine exhaust air pollution using adaptive neural fuzzy inference system

Internal combustion engines are considered primarily responsible for air pollution. Accordingly, a concentrated effort has been made to reduce these pollutants which are emitted from the exhaust system of these engines while preserving energy and fuel consumption. There are also other sources besides internal combustion engines, such as power stations and those released from industry and home consumption. Industrial and household fuel consumers are also adding pollution. The industrial development requires the establishment of effective control systems to deal with its equipment to increase its operational life and increase its productivity with lower maintenance costs. Therefore, the aim of the study in this research is exposed to be used of adaptive neural fuzzy inference system to control the components of the emission of exhaust pollutants for gasoline vehicle. Exhaust pollutants consist of unburned carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, water vapor nitrogen oxides, and energy produced from the combustion process which emit into atmosphere through the exhaust tailpipe. Also, there are hydrocarbons produced from gasoline vaporization and from the crankcase of the vehicle. The results indicate that the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system proves to be a useful tool for simulating and controlling vehicle engine exhaust emissions.