Gasoline Purchases Research Articles

Jual Beli Bensin Dengan Menggunakan Jerigen

The sale and purchase of gasoline at the Sibuhuan SPBU, Padang Lawas Regency is where the sale and purchase of gasoline using jerry cans at gas stations is carried out by consumers, consumers must pay the contents (additional money) according to the size of the jerry cans they fill. has been issued by the SPBU in order to be able to refill gasoline using jerry cans, namely by bringing a letter of recommendation (suratizin) from the Government. The research method that I use is to use field research (Field Research) which is descriptive qualitative. This research will describe how the practice of buying and selling gasoline using jerry cans at the Sibuhuan gas station, Padang Lawas Regency in terms of the compilation of Islamic economic law. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and documentation. After the researcher obtains the data, the data is processed / analyzed to be re-checked for validity and deductively which is then reported descriptively. The results obtained from this study are not in accordance with the second point of the Islamic Economic Law Compilation, namely the legislation because it contradicts Presidential Regulation No. 191/2014 Article 18 paragraph (2), namely "business entities and / or the community are prohibited from hoarding and / or storing. certain types of fuel that are contrary to the provisions of laws and regulations.

Foundation's Grants for Electric Buses Ruled in Conformity With PF Tax Laws

A private foundation, created and solely funded by a utility providing electricity and natural gas services, is proposing to make grants to governmental bodies and other public charities to offset the cost difference between the purchase of gasoline and diesel vehicles and the purchase of electric vehicles. Prospective grantees are to include a governmental entity operating a city bus system and a public university. Essentially, the purpose of these grants is to subsidize the purchase of electric buses for the city.

Consumer stockpiling behavior in the retail gasoline market

ABSTRACT I examine consumer stockpiling behavior in the retail gasoline market and factors that affect consumer stockpiling. Past research such as Hendel and Nevo (2006b) found evidence that implies stockpiling behavior. However, they did not observe actual inventory or consumption and have to rely on simplifying assumptions about these quantities. I collected a novel data set of gasoline purchase history of consumers with actual inventory and consumption to test several hypotheses that relate consumer stockpiling to price, duration between purchases, and consumption. I found that consumers purchase more gasoline when their inventory is low and those holding high inventory are more price sensitive. Consumption habits after a purchase may change due to two forces: previous consumption habit and purchase price. The exact change in consumption and duration between purchases depends on which force is stronger.

Social Capital, Relational Goods, and Terms and Level of Exchange

A growing body of literature emphasizes the influence of social relationships of sympathy/empathy, trust, and regard—social capital, on the terms and level of economic transactions. This paper aims to clarify the relationship between social motivations and economic decision-making. Using primary data on the motives for 4180 economic transactions, this study supports the notion that economic transactions often depend on social relationship related motives, which are often neglected in traditional economic analysis. Relative to commodity transactions such as the purchase of gasoline motivated mostly by own-consumption considerations, relational goods transactions such as getting a haircut, voting, and recycling depend more on social capital related motives. The evidence from this study suggests that neoclassical economic models fit well when describing exchanges of commodities in a monetary market transaction but might be misleading when applied to economic transactions where selfish motives play a less significant role in the exchange. Furthermore, our evidence provides additional support to the notion that motives vary across exchange activities in a manner consistent with the nature of the transaction.

The Density of Convenience Retail and the Type of Traffic—Commuting, Local and Retail

We use data from the National Establishment Time Series (NETS) database to examine gas station density in metropolitan areas within the State of Wisconsin over the 2010–2012 period. Our results suggest that while gas station density is affected by overall traffic volume, it is more important to know what type of traffic is passing through the market area. Specifically, after controlling for total volume having more retail increases the density of gas stations in an area. Consistent with gasoline purchases being part of a shopping trip, destination retail (department and home improvement stores) has the largest impact on gasoline station density. The benefits of retail agglomerations are evident.

A Ratio for the Relative Climate Change Impact of an Economic Activity

I propose a ratio for assessing the climate change impact of an economic activity as a function of global greenhouse gas emissions and annual gross world product. To construct a simple example, I consider only CO2 emissions and use the purchase and combustion of gasoline. I show that it has a ratio of 8.82:1 in the United States as of March 6, 2019 at a national average price of $2.44 per gallon. This means that in consideration of the direct impacts of gasoline’s combustion alone, gasoline would have to cost $21.50 per gallon in order to achieve a 1:1 ratio. Other applications of the ratio and its impact are discussed.

РЕФОРМУВАННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ЗА НЕЗАКОННУ ТОРГІВЛЮ ПАЛИВОМ

The article is focused on the research of the directions for reforming the national legislation in the sphere of introduction of administrative liability for illegal trade in fuel. The methodological basis of the presented scientific work is the systematic approach and systematic analysis. The authors have offered understanding of the main components of the author’s mechanism of administrative liability: the legal norm establishing liability, its legal composition, the subject of application of the norm and its procedure. The authors have analyzed specific features of fuel as a specific subject of administrative and legal protection caused by its relation to the group of excisable goods. The qualifying features of illegal trade in fuel, their correlation with the available corpus delicti of offenses under the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses have been studied. The emphasis has been placed on the issue of bringing to administrative liability for illegal fuel trade. Particular attention has been paid to the shortcomings of the objective aspect of a number of offenses (articles 160, 161, 164 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). Thus, it has been emphasized that the main disadvantage of applying the art. 160 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (sale “from hands” in the places not established for this purpose) is the inconsistency of its objective aspect with the common actions of the offender, when the illegal sale of fuel is carried out in the prescribed place, but without the necessary permits. In turn, the disposition of the art. 161 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (illegal supply or purchase of gasoline or other fuels and lubricants) covers only the illegal supply or purchase of gasoline or other fuels and lubricants belonging to state or public enterprises, institutions and organizations, without features of embezzlement. Due to the above, its provisions cannot be applied during the circulation of fuel belonging to individuals. Similarly, the main disadvantage of the application of the art. 164 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (violation of the procedure of economic activity) while illegal sale of fuel, there is a need to prove the regularity of such activities, i. e. its implementation at least three times a year. To confirm this position, the authors have analyzed and presented court practice, with the reference to the Unified State Register of Court Decisions. To solve the outlined problems, it has been offered to supplement the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses with a new norm that provides administrative liability for the violation of the established procedure for fuel trade – the art. 161-1 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. The objective aspect of this offense should cover one-time actions related to the facts of illegal sale of fuel without the necessary permits (like the disposition of the art. 156 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, which provides liability for the sale of other excisable goods (alcohol and tobacco) without appropriate permits).

Best Practice BRT for Increase TransJakarta Modal Share

TransJakarta since 2004 was expected as the backbone of the public transportation in Jakarta as well as TransMilenio in Bogota. However, the role of TransJakarta only approximately 1, 95% of the overall number of trips has reached 19 million/day. The analysis technique on this paper is descriptive analysis. TransJakarta operational perceived is still not effective, so that the necessary efforts to increase modal share sourced from BRT management best practice in other countries. Efforts could be made to increase modal share, among others, the elimination of thousands of parking and replaced by pedestrian friendly also develop a separate bike lane along 303 km in Bogota (Colombia). TransJakarta operational is still considered less in some aspects that are: total of fTransJakarta fleet, total of feeder route, Transjakarta speed and headway still need improved, overtaking lanes are built along the TransJakarta route, Integration with all public transport is absolutely necessary, integration with pedestrians and bicycle users TransJakarta ticket fares should be integrated with feeder and other public transportation such as KRL, city buses and paratransit and using smartcards. In terms of restrictions on the use of private vehicles can be done in the following ways implement a bike-sharing program, implement program of not using motor vehicles during weekdays for 1 day in a week, providing park and ride, implement fuel restriction program for gasoline purchases, implement car sharing program. If the operational performance of TransJakarta has been improved and restrictions on the use of private motor vehicles are implemented, it is expected that the modal split of road users in Jakarta can be expected to rise to be more ideal. In some other parts of the world some experts say ideal conditions of split capital between public transport and private vehicles can reach 65%: 35%. Hopefully the city of Jakarta can achieve this .

Asymmetry in transport fuel demand: Evidence from household level data

Models for gasoline demand for transportation activities generally assume that demand is perfectly reversible with respect to gasoline price (and income). The small literature which relaxes the reversibility assumption in gasoline demand argues technological fixation leads to this asymmetry and utilizes aggregate time-series model to find evidence in favour of asymmetry. In this research it is suggested that there could also be behavioural factors behind this asymmetric response, possibly due to the loss aversion nature of human beings as described in the prospect theory. For the first time, household level data was used to understand asymmetry in gasoline demand in response to changes in gasoline price and income. There was statistical evidence that gasoline price and income both can induce asymmetric changes in gasoline demand among households. Specifically, elasticity with respect to rising prices and falling income is larger than the elasticity with respect to falling prices and rising income respectively, which is consistent with loss aversion in gasoline purchase behaviour. There was also some evidence of heterogeneity in the asymmetric responses between urban and rural households. The results have implications for transport-related energy tax policies or subsidies, while the method can be applied directly for non-energy goods as well.

Lower Price or Higher Reward? Measuring the Effect of Consumers’ Preferences on Reward Programs

Despite criticisms regarding their effectiveness, reward programs today represent a prevalent and apparently successful form of marketing investment for several industries such as airlines, hotels, gas stations, and credit cards. To understand what might contribute to their success, this paper investigates the purchase behavior of consumers who participate in a reward program from the travel industry. We estimate a dynamic demand model of gasoline purchase, and compare the value that consumers attach to rewards with the value they attach to the money spent for gasoline. We find that there exists a significant portion of frequent travelers who extract more value from one dollar’s worth of rewards than from one dollar spent for gasoline. Most of the effectiveness of the reward program is due to the behavior of these consumers. Their insensitivity to price induces firms to increase fuel prices by 1 euro cent per liter, which corresponds to about 10% increase in their margins. The program also contributes to softening competition, increasing margins by 4%. The web appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2821 . This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

Price Uncertainty and Market Power in Retail Gasoline: The Role of Price Signs on an Italian Highway

We investigate the effect of consumers' price uncertainty and search costs on gasoline price levels. The introduction of a mandatory price disclosure policy on the Italian highway enables us to observe market prices when (a) consumers have no price information; and (b) some information about the prices of competing stations is available to consumers. To characterize the observed pricing outcomes in the marketplace we then propose a model of consumers' sequential search and purchase of gasoline and combine it with a model of gas station pricing. Using data on actual prices and traffic patterns on a particular segment of the highway, we obtain estimates for consumer search costs and other model parameters. Via a counterfactual analysis, we then predict the levels of prices that would prevail in a scenario where consumers have full price knowledge. We also use our model and estimates to measure the stations' market power as a consequence of consumers' lack of price information. We find that when consumers do not have price information, gas stations are able to charge 35.8% more, in terms of higher price-cost margins, than when prices are known. We provide welfare implications of the current mandatory disclosure policy, and quantify the additional benefit of making price information available to all consumers.

Anticipation, Tax Avoidance, and the Price Elasticity of Gasoline Demand

Traditional least squares estimates of the responsiveness of gasoline consumption to changes in gasoline prices are biased toward zero, given the endogeneity of gasoline prices. A seemingly natural solution to this problem is to instrument for gasoline prices using gasoline taxes, but this approach tends to yield implausibly large price elasticities. We demonstrate that anticipatory behavior provides an important explanation for this result. We provide evidence that gasoline buyers increase gasoline purchases before tax increases and delay gasoline purchases before tax decreases. This intertemporal substitution renders the tax instrument endogenous, invalidating conventional IV analysis. We show that including suitable leads and lags in the regression restores the validity of the IV estimator, resulting in much lower and more plausible elasticity estimates. Our analysis has implications more broadly for the IV analysis of markets in which buyers may store purchases for future consumption.

Costs and Benefits of Quebec's Drive Electric Program

This article presents a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the Drive Electric Program enacted by the Quebec government in 2012. This program provides direct rebates to all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles according to electric battery capacity. After describing the program, we identify and monetize its main costs and benefits. The costs are primarily related to the government expenses associated with the rebate itself, while the benefits include savings on gasoline purchases and oil changes, as well as reductions in the emissions of different pollutants. Because these emissions have no market price, valuing them reliably presents a challenge. For this purpose, we used values from previous relevant studies. We conduct our CBA for the year 2012 and obtain a net present value of $173,331, with an internal rate of return of 6.54 percent. Our sensitivity analysis shows our conclusion to be fairly robust to various changes in the assumptions and parameters.

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgel‐based etalons for determining the concentration of ethanol in gasoline

ABSTRACTA device composed of a poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based microgel layer sandwiched between two thin gold layers was used as a platform for determining the amount of ethanol in gasoline (octane number of 87). This device, also known as an etalon, has unique optical properties, which depend on the diameter of the microgels that make up the device. We show that the optical properties of the device depend on the concentration of the ethanol in gasoline samples. Specifically, as the reflectance peaks shift to higher wavelength, the visual color of the device changes from green to red up to 12% (v/v) ethanol. We show that the response was consistent from sample to sample and that the devices are reusable at least three times. We went on to show that the response did not depend on the source of the gasoline, and that the etalon's response is specific to ethanol compared to other common solvents found in gasoline. The performance of these devices make them potentially useful for detecting ethanol in gasoline at the time of gasoline purchase, to determine if the gas being purchased has been adulterated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42106.

Anticipation, Tax Avoidance, and the Price Elasticity of Gasoline Demand

Traditional least squares estimates of the responsiveness of gasoline consumption to changes in gasoline prices are biased toward zero, given the endogeneity of gasoline prices. A seemingly natural solution to this problem is to instrument for gasoline prices using gasoline taxes, but this approach tends to yield implausibly large price elasticities. We demonstrate that anticipatory behavior provides an important explanation for this result. We provide evidence that gasoline buyers increase gasoline purchases before tax increases and delay gasoline purchases before tax decreases. This intertemporal substitution renders the tax instrument endogenous, invalidating conventional IV analysis. We show that including suitable leads and lags in the regression restores the validity of the IV estimator, resulting in much lower and more plausible elasticity estimates. Our analysis has implications more broadly for the IV analysis of markets in which buyers may store purchases for future consumption.

FUNGIBILITY AND CONSUMER CHOICE: EVIDENCE FROM COMMODITY PRICE SHOCKS.

We formulate a test of the fungibility of money based on parallel shifts in the prices of different quality grades of a commodity. We embed the test in a discrete-choice model of product quality choice and estimate the model using panel microdata on gasoline purchases. We find that when gasoline prices rise consumers substitute to lower octane gasoline, to an extent that cannot be explained by income effects. Across a wide range of specifications, we consistently reject the null hypothesis that households treat "gas money" as fungible with other income. We compare the empirical fit of three psychological models of decision-making. A simple model of category budgeting fits the data well, with models of loss aversion and salience both capturing important features of the time series.

Gasoline taxes and revenue volatility: An application to California

This paper examines how applying different combinations of excise and sales taxes on motor fuels impact the volatility of retail fuel prices and tax revenues. Two features of gasoline and diesel markets make the choice of tax mechanism a unique problem. First, prices are very volatile. Second, demand for motor fuels is extremely inelastic. As a result, fuel expenditures vary substantially over time. Tying state revenues to these expenditures, as is the case with a sales tax, results in a volatile stream of revenue which imposes real costs on agents in an economy. On July 1, 2010, California enacted Assembly Bill x8-6, the “Gas Tax Swap”, increasing the excise tax and decreasing the sales tax on gasoline purchases. While the initial motivation behind the revenue neutral swap was to provide the state with greater flexibility within its budget, we highlight that this change has two potentially overlooked benefits; it reduces retail fuel price volatility and tax revenue volatility. Simulating the monthly fuel prices and tax revenues under alternative tax policies, we quantify the potential reductions in revenue volatility. The results reveal that greater benefits can be achieved by going beyond the tax swap and eliminating the gasoline sales tax entirely.

Do consumers prefer round prices? Evidence from pay-what-you-want decisions and self-pumped gasoline purchases

Consumers selected round prices and/or sales-totals at greater than chance levels across two different pay-what-you-want situations and one self-pumped gasoline purchase. The differences among these situations suggest that the tendency to select round prices/sales-totals reflects a subjective preference (or liking) for round prices and not a variety of other potential explanatory processes. Discussion focuses on possible economic consequences of this revealed preference for round prices as well as directions for future research.

서비스 관여도에 따른 소비자 만족이 충성도에 미치는 영향 - 주유소 서비스를 중심으로 -

Gas station consumers have become increasingly conscious of expanding choices and service options available at retail outlets. The purpose of this study was to determine key factors in customer choice of gas / service stations. This study seeks to identify key the relationship between socio-demographical variables and consumer choice, and consumer satisfaction and loyalty associated with gas / service station usage. The research instrument comprised of a questionnaire in the form of an on-line survey that was administered during November, 2010. A Total of 1,000 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The collected data were treated with SPSS Windows 18.0 and analyzed in for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of were as following: First, there was a strong positive relationship between involvement, satisfaction, loyalty of gas station service. Second, satisfaction was significantly affected by involvement, the frequency of gasoline purchases, the information route and customer's occupation. Third, loyalty was significantly affected by consumer satisfaction, involvement, frequency of gasoline purchases, information route and customer's occupation.

Excise Tax Policy and Cross-Border Purchases of Automotive Fuels

In a small open country such as Slovenia, drivers can either purchase automotive fuel within the country or abroad. A simple demand model is used to test the proposition that changes in excise tax policy caused the decline of purchases in the country, and to delineate the effects of excise tax policy from the effects of the simultaneously occurring economic crisis. To do that, short- and long-run, and direct- and cross-price elasticities are estimated for the purchase of gasoline and automotive diesel in five regions: Slovenia's four border regions and the interior.For the estimation of volume of transportation elasticity, vehicle crossings through road sites with automatic traffic meters are used. The simulations indicate that more than half of the decline in the purchase of automotive fuels in 2009 can be attributed to excise tax policy and less than half to the economic crisis, and that the increase in tax revenues generated by excise tax policy significantly exceeded the decrease in the sellers' earnings.