Gasoline Mixtures Research Articles

Implementation of Fusel Oil as an Octane Enhancer with Commercial Gasoline to Operate Gasoline Engine

The rise of energy demand and ecological contaminations encourage the utilization of alcohol bases on substitutes fuels in spark ignition (SI) engine. The fusel oil is a byproduct acquired from fermentation process with higher alcohol content. It has high-octane and less exhaust emissions; therefore, it takes significant place between the substitutes fuels. During this study, the impact of utilizing mixtures of pure gasoline & fusel oil on engine exhaust emissions & performance has been evaluated after water extraction from fusel oil. A single-cylinder, four-stroke SI engine has been utilized in these tests. The examinations execute at different speeds. The experiment fuels mixed with fusel oil at proportions of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. At each speed, the engine’s performance & emissions measurement have been conducted. During the experimentations, it has been noticed that the torque (T) and specified fuel consumption (SFC) rises as the quantity of fusel oil risen in the mixture. Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are decreased as the quantity of fusel oil is raised in mixtures.

USE OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL GASOLINE PRODUCTION

The purpose of this article is to perform research to improve the stability, quality and efficiency of gasoline-alcohol fuel compositions, as well as obtaining high-octane gasolines corresponding to the modern standards with the addition of alcohols and their mixtures to these gasolines. Research methods: The article considers physicochemical methods for studying the stratification of alcohol-gasoline mixtures, determining the water content in them, as well as determining the octane number of alcohol-gasoline compositions. Results: The raw material base and possibilities of bioethanol production in Ukraine as an ecological additive to gasoline and as a way to increase their octane number were studied. Stratification temperatures of alcohol-gasoline mixtures and octane numbers of A-92 gasoline with different alcohol content were determined. Discussion: It is proposed to use higher concentrations of ethanol (bioethanol) in gasoline mixtures more than 40% of alcohol, because it does not require dehydration. It is proposed to use an additional fuel pump, which would work only for mixing the fuel mixture, to prevent stratification of the fuel-ethanol composition during its long-term storage in the car’s tanks.

Influence of WPO (Waste Plastic Oil) - gasoline mixtures for emission characteristics on working spark-ignition engine

The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition of different plastic waste mixtures was investigated. The production of pyrolysis oils was performed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor utilizing polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste blends. Two different mixtures (10% PS – 60% PP – 30% HDPE; 10% PS – 30% PP – 60% HDPE) were prepared, and the influence of reflux was also studied. The pyrolysis oils were blended to commercial gasoline in the 0-100% range. It was found that each blend could be successfully used as an alternative fuel in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any prior modifications or fuel additive. However, based on the engine tests, the presence of the reflux is vital as the composition of the pyrolysis oil is closer to the commercial gasoline. The emission measurements showed increasing NOx emissions compared to neat gasoline, but, on the other side, a decrease in CO was noticed. These changes were much smaller in cases when reflux was used during oil production. Based on the obtained results, the utilization of reflux-cooling is an effective method to enhance the gasoline range hydrocarbons in the plastic waste pyrolysis oils, and therefore blending these oils to commercial gasoline might be viable.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies on The Combustion of Synthetic Fuels in Spark Ignition Engines.(Dept.M)

A theoretical and experimental investigation on the performance and emission of spark ignition engine have been made using gasoline, alcohol and gasoline-alcohol mixture as fuels. A thermodynamic model has been developed with superimposed pseudo-kinetic NO and CO formation. This has been used to compute estimated performance and emission data for a spark ignition engine. The model has also been used to compare the prediction performance and emission data when operating the engine with methanol, ethanol and gasoline fuels. A series of an experimental tests were carried out on a single cylinder spark ignition engine to confirm the theoretical results of the mathematical model. Comparison of results indicates that alcohol seems to be a viable alternative fuel to gasoline with respect to efficient, operational and emission considerations.

A Comparison of Ethanol, Methanol, and Butanol Blending with Gasoline and Its Effect on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Engine Simulation

Air pollution, especially in large cities around the world, is associated with serious problems both with people’s health and the environment. Over the past few years, there has been a particularly intensive demand for alternatives to fossil fuels, because when they are burned, substances that pollute the environment are released. In addition to the smoke from fuels burned for heating and harmful emissions that industrial installations release, the exhaust emissions of vehicles create a large share of the fossil fuel pollution. Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are derived from resources other than fossil fuels. Because alcoholic fuels have several physical and propellant properties similar to those of gasoline, they can be considered as one of the alternative fuels. Alcoholic fuels or alcohol-blended fuels may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. This study aimed to develop a gasoline engine model to predict the influence of different types of alcohol-blended fuels on performance and emissions. For the purpose of this study, the AVL Boost software was used to analyse characteristics of the gasoline engine when operating with different mixtures of ethanol, methanol, butanol, and gasoline (by volume). Results obtained from different fuel blends showed that when alcohol blends were used, brake power decreased and the brake specific fuel consumption increased compared to when using gasoline, and CO and HC concentrations decreased as the fuel blends percentage increased.

Experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a dual-injection SI engine with natural gas direct injection plus gasoline port injection under lean-burn conditions

Conventional gasoline SI engines have low efficiency and poor lean burn characteristics at lower loads. The objective of this study is to improve the combustion and emission performance of gasoline SI engines under lean burn conditions through dual-injection mode with gasoline port injection and natural gas direct injection(GPI + NDI). In this work, total fuel energy is kept constant for all investigated test points. The sole gasoline mode with port injection is used as the baseline and compared with the GPI + NDI mode. The results show that the proposed GPI + NDI mode provides stable and promising performance. In particular, the GPI + NDI mode achieves stable combustion with COVIMEP lower than 1.5 under the condition of λ = 1.4 where the sole gasoline mixture cannot stably combustion, which broadens the lean burn limit of the gasoline engine at low load. Compared with pure gasoline mode, GPI + NDI mode with appropriate RCNG and direct injection timing can increase efficiency by 0.7 and 0.94 percentage points at λ = 1 and 1.2, and BSFC drops by 3.1% and 3.6%. HC continues to decrease with the increase of RCNG. CO emissions at λ = 1 decrease first and then increases with the increase of RCNG, and when λ is higher than 1.2, CO emissions reach extremely low levels. Furthermore, there is a significant effect on the limitation of the total particle number(TPN)with the increase of RCNG. When λ = 1 and 1.2, the TPN has a downward trend with the RCNG increases. Since there is enough oxygen to ensure the complete oxidation of the particles, TPN is not sensitive to changes in RCNG at λ = 1.4.

Study on the utilization of low-grade bioethanol on SI gasoline engine as a mixture of pure gasoline fuel or with the addition of oxygenated additives to improve performance and reduce emissions

Utilization Currently, bioethanol has developed into additional fuel or substitute fuel for motorcars as a renewable energy source. Although Indonesia has great potential for developing bioethanol, its utilization continues to be very low. In certain areas in Indonesia, bioethanol is produced on a tiny low scale grade (hydrous) and is barely used as a drink; therefore research and development of the utilization of bioethanol in motorcars are needed, where the grade must be higher (anhydrous). Hydrous bioethanol has slightly different characteristics compared to anhydrous bioethanol. Octane is lower, heating value is lower, the heat energy of vaporization is higher, and the oxygen content is higher. However, the precise values for every characteristic rely on the mixture content and therefore the water content contained so a separate test of the hydrous bioethanol is required. This study could be a study of the utilization of hydrous bioethanol produced from low-grade bioethanol which is converted to high- grade bioethanol through a distillation process using motorcycle exhaust gas as a heat source which is applied to a compact-distillation system consisting of an evaporator, separator, and condenser to distil low-grade bioethanol (around 30%) becomes high-grade bioethanol (> 90%). Followed by testing the utilization of anhydrous bioethanol mixed with gasoline in SI gasoline engines, the composition of the mixture E0, E5, E10, and E15 and therefore the composition of the mixture with the addition of oxygenated additives (cyclohexanol) as secondary alcohols to further improve performance and reduce gas emissions throw it away.

Mass Balance analysis of Bioethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global energy crisis. The issue raises attention to renewable energy sources. Indonesia has committed to using 15% bioethanol in gasoline mixture by 2025, as outlined in Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006. This article discusses past studies on sweet sorghum plants in their use as a raw material for bioethanol production from various aspects. The study shows that sweet sorghum juice has a high potential to be converted into bioethanol due to its high sugar content. Pretreated sweet sorghum seeds and bagasse also have great potential to be converted into bioethanol due to their rich oligomer and polymer sugar content. The main challenge of producing bioethanol from sweet sorghum is the low economic competitiveness of utilizing sweet sorghum as an energy crop compared to using sweet sorghum as a food crop. The present study focuses on the mass balance analysis of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum. It is expected that the results of the present study may give a preliminary overview of the bioethanol production potential from sweet sorghum.

Estimating the urban environmental impact of gasoline-ethanol blended fuels in a passenger vehicle engine.

A large portion of urban emissions in developing countries come from old gasoline vehicles driven in metropolitan areas. The present study aimed to develop models to estimate the environmental impact of different contents of gasoline and ethanol mixtures (pure gasoline; 25, 50, 75% ethanol blended to gasoline; and 100% ethanol) in a flex-fuel engine. We tested the blended fuel using three different speeds and recorded the GHG emissions and engine output data. The data mining approach was used to develop environmental impact predictive models. The ethanol content in gasoline; the engine rotational speed 900, 2000, and 3000 rpm; and λ were used as attributes. The classification target was the environmental impact concerning the CO2 emission ("low," "average," and "high"). We employed the Random forest algorithm to develop predictive models. The mean values of CO2 concentrations for all studied fuel content were above 2.47% of the volume. The trees' models (accuracy 73%, κ =0.61) showed three alternatives for predicting the environmental impact based on the ethanol blend, the engine rotation, λ, and the air-fuel ratio. Such models might help policymakers develop educational campaigns to reduce short- and medium-term urban commuter traffic pollution in countries that lack suitable urban transportation.

Influence of aggressive media on the relaxation properties of wood-polymer composites

Measurements of stress relaxation of two samples of decking boards after exposure in rain and chlorinated water, in ice, and in a mixture of gasoline and water in different concentrations from 1 to 7% were carried out. Samples consisting of 60% wood flour, 30% polyvinyl chloride and 10% additives were used for measurements. Additives are flame retardants, stabilizers, modifiers and dyes. The mineral filler CaCO3 was used as modifier. In sample No.1, the CaCO3 content was 42% and the wood content was 18%. For sample No.2, the CaCO3 content was 24% and the wood content was 36%. As a result of measurements after exposure for 200 days, it was found that the relative drop in mechanical stress decreases when the mineral filler is added to the composition. The nonlinear mechanical behavior for the initial sample No.1 is observed at 2% strain, and for the sample No.2 – at 3% strain. When aged in chlorinated water and in ice, the nonlinear mechanical behavior is observed for all deformations. The generalized relaxation curves indicate that decking boards can be used with confidence for a long time.

Comparisons of Using Ternary and Dual Gasoline–Alcohol Blends in Performance and Releases of SI Engines

Ternary mixed biofuels are receiving increased scientific attention, and recently, researchers proposed different biofuel mixtures under dissimilar engine conditions; each researcher argued that his/her proposed one is the next generation alternative. Accordingly, such ternary biofuel mixtures are extremely needed to be compared against each other under the same engine conditions to provide the best/most promising one(s) as coming fuel alternative(s) for SI engines. In the current study, comparing of using ternary bio-methanol–iso-butanol–gasoline (MiB), bio-ethanol–n-butanol–gasoline (EnB), and bio-methanol–n-butanol–gasoline (MnB) fuel mixtures in pollutant releases and behavior/performance of SI engines is carried out for the first time. The ternary alcohol–gasoline combined fuels were also compared against dual alcohol–gasoline fuel mixtures. In particular, MiB is compared against iso-butanol–gasoline (iB) and bio-methanol–gasoline (M) fuel mixtures; EnB is compared against n-butanol–gasoline (nB) and bio-ethanol–gasoline (E) fuel mixtures; MnB is compared against nB and M fuel mixtures. The comparisons of all combined fuels (ternary and dual bases) are carried out experimentally at the same biofuel mixtures rates and engine working conditions and also compared against pure fossil–gasoline. The results showed that the behavior/performance of MiB, MnB, and EnB are all lower than the pure fossil–gasoline, except for pressure inside cylinder for MiB. The highest behavior/performance among all ternary biofuel mixtures is introduced by MiB. Comparisons of pollutant releases (CO, UHC, and CO2) showed that MiB has the lowest levels, while MnB showed the highest levels, among all ternary mixtures. Comparisons to pure fossil–gasoline, the MiB and EnB ternary mixtures introduced lower, but MnB showed higher pollutant releases than the pure fossil–gasoline fuel.

WITHDRAWN: Exploration of performance and emissions characteristics of Gossypium arboreum biodiesel on diesel engine

With the automotive industry rising rapidly, the world confronts many significant environmental and fossil fuel depletion challenges at a higher rate. This resulted in the creation for many researchers of a reprocessing and ecological replacing petrol. Biodiesel is one alternative of this kind. Biodegradability, low volatility, high levels of cetane, and no sulphur emissions are strengthening the case. While many experiments with a broad variety of non-eatable oils were done in many gasoline mixtures in this area, all of those tests are carried out primarily in farm compression engines. That was our report on Gossypium arboreum oil (GAO) development, through a transesterification of Gossypium arboreum seed oil and through a thorough test and comparative review of the performance, combustion and emissions of automotive engines with different biodiesel combinations produced to serve as a fuel.

Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel.

Biobutanol is a renewable, less polluting, and potentially viable alternative fuel to conventional gasoline. Biobutanol can be produced from same sources as bioethanol, and it has many advantages over the widespread bioethanol. This paper systematically analyzes biobutanol fuel as an alternative to bioethanol in alcohol–gasoline mixtures and the physicochemical properties. Based on the conducted analyses, it was found that biobutanol mixtures have a more suitable behavior of vapor pressure without the occurrence of azeotrope, do not form a separate phase in lower temperature, it has higher energy density, but slightly reduce the octane number and a have higher viscosity. However, in general, biobutanol has many advantageous properties that could allow its use in gasoline engines instead of the commonly used bioethanol.

Heating Treatment of Air in Combustion Chamber For The Use of Mixture Ethanol and Gasoline Fuel

This research was conducted to improve the engine performance with ethanol and gasoline mixture, because from fuel mixture with high concentrate causes value of flash point and heat evaporation fuels becomes higher. To overcome these, the air that entrance in combustion chamber heated up to 26°C, 30°C, 40°C and 50°C, the fuel used are E0, E30 and E50 on 2000 to 8000 rotation. The result of research shows E0 fuel highest torque on 30°C with a value 8,98 Nm had 0,22% increase, E30 fuel highest torque on 50°C with a value 9,5 Nm had 1,05% increase and E50 fuel highest torque on 50°C with a value 7,77 Nm had 0,64% increase. On E0 power is 5,96 kW on 30°C had 0,33% increase, the highest power of E30 is 6,29 kW on 50°C had 1,9% increase and the highest power of E50 on 50°C with a value 4,49 kW had 0,89% increase. For the highest consumption is 2000 rotation, for E0 fuel on 50°C with a value 1,43Kg / Hp.Hour, E30 with a value 1,48 Kg/Hp.Hour on 26°C and E50 with a value 2,03 Kg/Hp.Hour on 26°C, this result shows that air heating treatment can improve the engine performance.

The effect of sweet orange peel addition into premium gasoline on fuel consumption and flue gas emissions

This study offered an investigation as to how the use of sweet orange peel oil as an additive for premium gasoline can increase octane performance which influence combustion. Sweet orange peel oil-acting as a RON booster-contains monoterpene compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons which can improve the quality of combustion. The study also aimed to analyze the combustion characteristics of premium gasoline mixture affected by sweet orange peel additives on SI engines. This study carried out tests on an engine fuel consumption and HC emissions. The cyclic rings and methyl groups of monoterpene compounds in sweet orange peel additives contribute to the increase of electronegativity of additives, therefore being able to interfere with the premium gasoline’s compounds which are dominated by aromatics hydrocarbons. It has an impact on the branches of single-bond molecules series of premium gasoline. This makes the premium gasoline cannot be ignited at low temperatures, which results in perfect combustion. In addition, the polarity of triacetin and eugenol, which includes oxygenated hydrocarbons, is able to reduce CO as the avoided gas in combustion. Sweet orange peel additives—processed by maceration extraction method—are added to premium gasoline. There are 3 ratios of additives in this study; orange peel essential oil extracted with a concentration ratio of dried orange peels simplicial to n-hexane (v / v) of 1% (EO A); 0.75% (EO B); and 0.6% (EO C). To determine the effect of the additive, exhaust gas emission testing and fuel consumption measurement were carried out on the 2013 Honda Absolute Revo motorcycle 4-step, SOHC, 1 cylinder, 109.17 cc engine. The exhaust gas, i.e. CO, HC, CO2, and O2 were analyzed using a Stargas-898-type gas analyzer. Furthermore, fuel consumption measurement was carried out at 3500 rpm engine speed. The results show that CO could be reduced by 37.7%, while the remaining O2 was reduced by 17%. The addition of sweet orange peel additives could increase CO2 levels in exhaust gases when compared to premium gasoline combustion without additives. However, the premium gasoline with additive A (EO A) blend tends to produce higher hydrocarbon emissions compared to other types of premium additive proportions. In conclusion, adding sweet orange peel additives to premium gasoline can reduce fuel consumption by 3.3%; 3.2%; and 3.4% for each blend, respectively.

The comparison between traditional spark ignition and micro flame ignition in gasoline high dilution combustion

Gasoline spark ignition (SI) – Controlled auto-ignition (CAI) hybrid combustion had previously been shown to expanding the operational range of high-efficiency low-temperature combustion and reducing fuel consumption. However, the spark ignition became ineffective when the mixture became highly diluted and the large cyclic variation and even misfire would occur. To achieve high-efficiency combustion in extended engine operational range and overcome the limitation of SI-CAI hybrid combustion, Micro Flame Ignition (MFI) was proposed and researched as a mean to providing multiple auto-ignition sites to initiate the combustion process of the diluted mixture. In this research, both engine experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to study the MFI combustion and SI-CAI hybrid combustion in a single-cylinder optical engine. Compared to the SI-CAI hybrid combustion, the flame propagation in MFI hybrid combustion was initiated by a large number of reaction fronts produced by the DME auto-ignition at multiple sites. MFI was found to deliver substantially more heat and ignition energy to the premixed mixture than the single spark ignition, enabling much faster initial heat release. However, the flame front expansion speed of MFI hybrid combustion dropped significantly to a similar value to that of the SI-CAI case because of the slower flame speed of diluted gasoline mixture. The MFI combustion exhibited three phases of autoignition stage, flame propagation stage and fast heat release stage. It is characterized by a higher peak heat release rate and shorter duration of the main combustion than those of the SI-CAI combustion. Besides, the use of spark ignition in the MFI operation promoted the autoignition of DME, leading to a shorter combustion duration and faster combustion than the MFI combustion without spark ignition. As a result, the spark assisted MFI strategy could be used to control the combustion phasing and optimize the MFI combustion process.

SPALANIE MIESZANINY BENZYNY I ETANOLU

Thanks to the pressure of the Environmental Society, the priority of engine manufacturers is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reduce fuel consumption while constantly increasing engine performance. One way to overcome the aforementioned technical and social problems is to use alcohols, natural or synthetic, such as ethanol to power engines. The objectives of manufacturers of alternative fuels is to provide consumers with the opportunity to use their product without changing the parameters of the main units in their vehicles, therefore the stoichiometry of the combustion of fuel mixtures is important, since this parameter can affect the amount of fuel burned, the quality of exhaust gases and the power of the internal combustion engine. Combustion in a car engine is exothermic, which means that a side effect of this chemical reaction is heat released into the environment. The condition for starting the combustion process is the thermal coefficient – for spark ignition engines – a spark, and for diesel engines – heat during compression of the fuel-air mixture. From the above it follows that after the oxidation reaction in the exhaust gases there should be no residual fuel particles, which in turn is an image of stoichiometric combustion. Since the stoichiometric mixture is very difficult to achieve outside laboratory conditions, a distinction is made between a non-greasy mixture (too much oxidizing agent) and a saturated mixture (too little oxidizing agent), but always strive to reach λ = 1, which corresponds to a stoichiometric mixture. The heavy weight when working with ethanol fuel is the one that affects the operation of the engine and its components. Therefore, it is important to compare the physicochemical data of gasoline and ethanol, as well as mixed fuel – E85. The article deals with the stoichiometry of combustion of an alternative fuel - a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. The economic and environmental conditions that initiated the production of this type of fuel were taken into account, the fuel mixtures were divided according to the content of fuel and oxidants in the combustion chamber. Attention is drawn to the determination of the stoichiometric mixture, as well as to the lambda coefficient (λ), which helps to determine the type of mixture. The properties of gasoline (in the form of iso-octane) and ethanol are described in separate sections and each is compared. One chapter is devoted to the description of the E85 mixture used in Flexi Fuel Vehicles engines, the requirements for this fuel are determined by the Minister of Economy on the requirements for the quality of biofuels, and attention is also paid to the effect of the mixture on the operation of the engine and the content of chemical compounds in the exhaust using E85 biofuel. It has been established that ethanol fuel (in particular E100) is undoubtedly a step forward in terms of ecology, transport economics and the development of alternative fuels. However, its physicochemical properties cause many problems in engine operation. Despite the improvement in the net power generated by the engine, it should be remembered that for the current mechanical parts and their materials, this is a “problem” mixture that requires frequent and accurate diagnostics and calibration. KEY WORDS: STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE, COMBUSTION, MIXTURE OF GASOLINE AND ETHANOL, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF THE ENGINE.

A Numerical Exploration of Engine Combustion Using Toluene Reference Fuel and Hydrogen Mixtures

Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) are capable of operating over a wide range of equivalence ratios: from ultra-lean mode to stoichiometric conditions. However, they provide maximum thermal efficiency and minimum NOx emissions if operated lean. Although NOx is produced, H2ICEs generate little or no CO, CO2, SO2, HC, or PM emissions. The main limitation to pure hydrogen fueling is power density. To overcome such an issue, mixtures of gasoline and hydrogen can be exploited, with small modifications to the engine feeding system. Due to the peculiar characteristics of hydrogen (in terms of thermophysical properties, molecular weight and propagating flame characteristics) care must be adopted when trying to address combustion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. In this work, we simulate the combustion of mixtures of toluene reference fuel (TRF) and hydrogen under largely different ratios. To simplify the problem, liquid and gaseous injections are neglected, and a premixed mixture at the inlet of the CFD domain is imposed. Due to the different laminar flame speeds of the mixture components, mass-fraction weighted in-house correlations based on chemical kinetics simulations are adopted. Outcomes are compared with those obtained using standard correlations and mixing rules available in most commercial CFD packages.

Effect of Blends Gasoline with Oxygenated Additives in the Performance of Internal Combustion Engine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blends of different oxygenated additives on gasoline in SI engine Otto cycle. The formulations analyzed were: pure gasoline (type A), common gasoline (type C), gasoline type A + 15% (v/v) oxygenated additives (ethanol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl oleate). The experiments were performed using engine Branco 4-stroke and 2-cylinder, electric dynamometer, exhaust system, control unit composed of Multi-K unit, variable selector and load cell, stroboscope tachometer, fuel supply system and stopwatch. The rotation was conserved at 4400 rpm and wheel power varied from 3 kW to 12 kW, with intervals of 3 kW to obtain hourly consumption curves and brake specific fuel consumption. Even esters and ethanol having lower heat of combustion, hourly consumption was similar to pure gasoline (type A). In relation to the brake specific fuel consumption, increasing the wheel power had a better conversion of the mass of fuel burned into energy. Thus, this study showed that the mixture of gasoline and esters (ethyl octanoate and ethyl oleate) presented good efficiency in terms of consumption. This research contributes to the needs and to the current studies in which industries started to add renewable products to petroleum-derived fuels; in order to obtain more sustainable fuels at lower costs.

FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES

The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines. Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions. Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking. Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C. Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method. When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline. The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.