Fuel Gas Research Articles

PROCESSING OF LIQUID HIGH-ENERGY PRODUCTS WITH THE PRODUCTION OF GAS MIXTURES OF A GIVEN COMPOSITION

The article considers the problem of using waste as an energy resource. The possibility of processing liquid carbon-containing waste, which is formed during the processing of agricultural products, the use of fats in the food industry and oils in transport, is analyzed. An analysis of the volumes of such waste is presented. It is shown that sunflower processing is accompanied by the formation of about 7,000 tons/year of liquid carbon-containing waste. Technological processes of food industry generate about 1,000 tons of such waste per year. A significant source of waste generation is motor vehicle companies, the total resource of which for the introduction of competitive processing technology is currently about 100,000 tons of olives. A promising resource source for the proposed technology is the process of thermal destruction of used automobile tires, of which 250–300 thousand tons are generated annually in Ukraine. Possibilities of introducing the technology of thermal decomposition of liquid carbon-containing substances of various origins, as components of waste, to create gaseous products of a given composition with further use in the chemical industry and replacement of natural gas are considered. The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons with stabilization of the process due to the introduction of a high-temperature plasma discharge source into it is among the most promising methods of performing such a task. The results of the development of the methodology for the analytical study of the composition of gaseous fuels are presented. The concept and schematic diagram of the experimental stand are presented. The results of test studies are presented. Bibl. 15, Fig. 5, Tabl. 5.

Critical review on the formations and exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels: Prevention and control strategies

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the atmosphere and primarily originate from the incomplete burning of fossil fuels and biofuels. Exposure to PAHs leads to harmful effects on human health and the environment. Diesel engines are a major source of PAH production in the transportation sector. Various approaches have been employed to reduce PAH emissions from diesel engines, including the use of biodiesel, green gaseous fuels, exhaust gas recirculation, exhaust after-treatment, and genetically modifying biodiesel with nanoparticles. This review focuses on PAH emissions from different generations of fuels and examines the remedial control actions taken to mitigate PAH formation. The study underscores the necessity for effective regulation of emissions from diesel engines, especially in developing countries where the reliance on fossil fuels is significant. Biodiesel has shown promise in reducing PAHs and carcinogenic pollutants, with higher biodiesel concentrations resulting in lower PAH formation. Replacing diesel with biodiesel and optimizing engine operating conditions are feasible methods to reduce PAH levels in the atmosphere. The use of nanoparticles in fuel blends and higher oxygen content in combustion chambers are also considered potential strategies for pollutant reduction. Additionally, the utilization of hydrogen and ammonia as secondary fuels has been explored as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. The study highlights the importance of further research on the presence of residual PAHs in the atmosphere and the implementation of strategies to curtail vehicular emissions.

Adsorbed Gas Storage Digital Twin

One possibility for energy storage are fuels. With gaseous fuels like hydrogen or methane, significant efforts are necessary for a feasible storage in terms of compression or liquefaction. This is of particular importance in the mobility sector. An alternative to high-pressure or cryogenic gas storage is the storage by adsorption in porous media using nano-carbons, metal–organic frameworks, or metal hydrides as adsorbents. In order to assess the performance of the charging and discharging of adsorption tanks, the mass and energy balance as well as the phase equilibrium (adsorption isotherm) and, if present, the spatial distribution of properties has to be considered. In order to simplify the analysis and prediction of these models, an attempt is made to develop digital twins based on machine learning. Neural networks and Gaussian process regression are applied to replace the system of coupled nonlinear and differential equations. The data basis used is generated by simulations. Thus, it is possible to easily predict the performance of a storage tank for different gases or to determine an optimum storage device (material selection and tank design).

Before dinner: The health value of gaseous fuels

In this paper, we study the impact of gaseous fuels used for cooking on the middle-aged and elderly's health in China. By using 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we find that gaseous fuel use reduces the probability of respiratory disease in middle-aged and elderly adults. Health effects are stronger for the people aged between 45 and 79, female, high-income, urban, and gas-importing province groups. The quantification of health benefits allows to find that from 2010 to 2018, the reduction in the number of respiratory illnesses due to gaseous fuel use ranges from 22.905 to 23.721 million people, resulting in treatment cost savings of between 9.29 and 14.47 billion RMB ($26.4 - $34.2 billion). The monetary valuation of indoor clean air according to self-rated health find that for each additional unit of indoor clean air, middle-aged and elderly adults are willing to pay a price of 4.5 RMB ($1.06). We provide new evidence of the considerable health and welfare effects of gaseous fuels.

Analysis of O2 Sensor Troubleshooting on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption at Piksi Ganesha Indonesia Polytechnic

This research aims to analyze O2 sensor troubleshooting on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The research method is comparative. Research steps by analyzing exhaust emissions and fuel consumption without an O2 sensor and with an O2 sensor at idle, 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm. Research results: 1. comparison of exhaust emissions without O2 sensor and with O2 sensor, namely: idle rotation, CO = 7.41>3.33%, HC = 489 <497%, CO2 = 9.7 <12.5%, O2 = 13.44>0%, 1000 rpm, CO = 7.35>1.52%, HC = 686>538 ppm, CO2 = 9.7>11.8%, O2 = 10.91>2.20%, 1500 rpm, CO= 5.43>1.32%, HC= 666>472 ppm, CO2= 6.7>12.4%, O2= 13.25>4.95%, 2000 rpm, CO= 7.10>0.37%, HC= 499>272 ppm, CO2= 10.1<13.0%, O2= 11.24>9.03. 2. comparison of fuel consumption without o2 sensor and with o2 sensor, namely: idle rotation: 35=35ml, 1000 rpm: 15=15ml, 1500 rpm: 25>15ml, 2000 rpm: 15=15ml.

Production of Cooking Gas through Electrochemical Decomposition of Organic Matter

In recent decades, the use of electrochemistry has increased exponentially. Electrochemistry has demonstrated their effectiveness in the cleaning of manufactured effluents and the decomposition of complex hydrological compounds for water treatment. Looking at the efficiency of the technology in the decomposition of organic matter, one wonders if it is not capable of doing more than just the de-pollution and treatment of water. Of course, there are other uses of electrochemistry, but in the literature, it is understood that it is used more for water treatment and de-pollution. This work is a review of the literature to identify the major works in electrochemical decomposition of organic matter to see to what extent this technology can be used for methane production (cooking gas) using pasty organic matter. The list of works appearing in this review is not exhaustive, but it is sufficient to give a clear idea of the technology, its progress and, above all, the challenges it faces. This review opens the way to other applications of electrochemical decomposition to meet today's energy challenges.

Combustion analysis of methane-hydrogen port injection combined with [formula omitted] spray injection in an RCCI engine

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is recognized as an environmentally friendly alternative vehicle fuel, but it has a low flame speed. Combining hydrogen with CNG to create ‘hydrogen compressed natural gas’ (HCNG) allows for faster and leaner combustion. Additionally, OME2−4 with varying cetane numbers, from 63 for OME2 to 90 for OME4, serves as a highly reactive fuel suitable for use in a dual fuel strategy known as RCCI (reactivity-controlled compression ignition). This project investigates the impact of adding OME2−4 to HCNG, focusing on pressure, temperature, and emissions. Results indicate that lengthening the OME chain advances the peak heat release rate but delays the second combustion phase. In diesel+HCNG, the first-phase combustion is 2 °CA shorter than OME2+HCNG, resulting in a 6.5% higher peak pressure than OME2+HCNG and a 20% increase over basic diesel. Lengthening the OME chain from OME2 to OME4 raises the peak pressure by about 6.2%. The addition of gaseous fuels, especially hydrogen, increases peak temperature by 16%. OME4+HCNG has a similar peak temperature to OME3+HCNG, while OME2+HCNG is about 1.5% lower than OME4+HCNG.

PROSPECTS OF USING ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR HEATING OF REGENERATIVE AIR HEATERS FOR BLASТ FURNACES

Landfill gas as one of the promising artificial gaseous fuels is analyzed for use in heating system of regenerative air heaters for blast furnaces. Increasing the temperature of blast is one of the most effective ways for metallurgical coke saving and increase the productivity of blast furnaces. To increase this temperature, a mixture of blast-furnace and coke oven gases is used as fuel for regenerative heat exchangers. Considering the current shortage of coke oven gas, landfill gas, the main combustible element of which is methane, is proposed as a high-calorie additive to the main fuel. Calculations were made for the combustion of a mixture of gaseous fuels in three combinations: blast-furnace gas, blast-furnace and coke gases mixture, blast-furnace and landfill gases mixture. The possibility of increasing the temperature of the hot blast to 1250 °C for the air supply system of a blast furnace with a volume of 1033 m³ was considered. Calculations showed that in order to achieve such a temperature, the adiabatic combustion temperature should be 1423 °C, and the flue gas temperature in the crown should be 1300 °C. Such temperatures cannot be reached using only blast-furnace gas, so two possible options were considered. The first option is the use of a coke and blast furnace gases mixture with a coke gas content of 6.3 % and combustion air heating to 180 °C by exhaust gases from blast furnace air heaters. The second option is combustion of a mixture of blast-furnace and landfill gas with combustion air heating to 180 °C (the content of landfill gas is 7.6 %). The flow rate of the fuel mixture for the second option is 68,523 m³ /h, and the required amount of landfill gas is 5208 m³ /h. The volumes of gas output from landfills in large cities are reported to be 5–10 MCM a year, which is less than the amount of biogas required to heat an air heater. Therefore, to achieve the required temperature it makes sense to consider a tree gas mixture that is blast-furnace, coke and landfill gases an appropriate proportions. The use of landfill gas contributes to the solution of an important environmental problem of land and atmosphere pollution during the accumulation of municipal solid waste.

Energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors from combustion of gaseous methane fuels

Abstract The topic of this paper concerns energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors from the combustion of gaseous methane fuels. It is a very current subject, as methane fuels, mainly of fossil origin, are one of the primary energy carriers used in industrial and municipal applications for energy purposes. Consequently, the emitted carbon dioxide contributes to the intensification of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. The problem of the quantities characterising emissions from the combustion of methane fuels is complicated by the diversity of these fuels. This paper presents background information on the gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and the composition of the main types of natural gas. The structure of natural gas consumption in Poland, depending on the sectors of application for particular types of natural gas, is presented. On the basis of the existing data, aggregated energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were estimated and analysed. The analysis was carried out for high-methane natural gas (HM), colliery gas (CG) and nitrified natural gas (N)—for the years 1988–2021. Trends in fuel consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were determined for the years 1988–2021.

A Review on the Prospects of Various Gaseous Fuel as an Automotive Fuel and for Reducing Environmental Pollution

A Review on the Prospects of Various Gaseous Fuel as an Automotive Fuel and for Reducing Environmental Pollution

Environmental and Economic Impact of Purging Gas Plant Flare System Using Nitrogen Inert Gas Instead of Fuel Gas (Case Study)

Environmental and Economic Impact of Purging Gas Plant Flare System Using Nitrogen Inert Gas Instead of Fuel Gas (Case Study)

Improvement of syngas quality from two-stage downdraft wood gasification through steam and oxygen injection

The transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources requires the supply of gaseous fuels from renewable origin for a number of applications. Such applications include in particular high-temperature heat for industries, and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for flexible, decentralized power production. Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass is a good candidate to this end, converting solid biomass such as wood residues into a more versatile and CO2-neutral gaseous fuel. Today, the use of syngas remains limited due to its relatively low energy density and challenges related to its residual tar content.To improve the quality of syngas on these two aspects, we have studied the injection of steam and oxygen in a pilot two-stage downdraft gasifier. Replacing secondary air by oxygen enhances the Lower Heating Value (LHV) by 65%, while steam injection boosts the H2/CO ratio and damps the temperature rise due to oxygen. The gasification efficiency is enhanced by both oxygen and steam. As a drawback, oxy-steam conditions yield more Class III and IV tars in the syngas. The combined use of oxygen and steam can enhance the volumetric power of syngas-based CHP engines, and provide a sustainable fuel for high-temperature industrial applications.In future research, longer runs should be done to confirm the effects of steam and oxygen on conversion efficiency. The injection of steam and oxygen at the primary stage should also be studied. The presented results will help choosing whether to use oxygen and steam in downdraft gasification applications, and support the validation of numerical models.

Numerical investigation on the effects of fueling the Turbulent Jet Ignition gas engine with methane and hydrogen

The modern solution of two-stage combustion, namely the Turbulent Jet Ignition (TJI), enables the combustion of ultra-lean mixtures. Thanks to this solution, it became possible to reduce fuel consumption and, at the same time, to increase the combustion process indicators (including the overall combustion system efficiency). The article presents the results of numerical tests of a heavy-duty engine equipped with the TJI system running on gas fuels. The AVL BOOST software was used to analyze the effects of different fuel injection rates into the pre-chamber and various ignition timing angles, while maintaining a constant global excess air ratio. Increasing the proportion of hydrogen in the pre-chamber resulted in its reduction in the main chamber (the fuel dose was kept constant with different excess air coefficients in each of the chambers). The maximum combustion pressure values in both chambers were investigated. Changes in the amount of heat released and its release rate were determined. As a result of the simulations, different ignition and combustion conditions were presented for the tested fuels. Based on this, maps of fuel dose to prechamber vs. ignition advance angle were drawn up, showing selected thermodynamic indicators of the combustion process.

Synthetic natural gas (SNG) production with higher carbon recovery from biomass: Techno-economic assessment

Due to the growth in the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power generation sector worldwide and their intermittency, storage of surplus electricity is needed. The technology known as Power to X (PtX) facilitates the extended storage of excess electricity by converting it into gaseous or liquid fuels such as hydrogen, methane, ammonia, or methanol. This study examines the potential of synthetic natural gas (SNG) technology as a viable energy storage solution. The paper introduces three distinct SNG production systems, all of which are based onthe processes of biomass gasification and methanation. Case 1 assumes further CO2 capture from generated SNG, and Cases 2 and 3 additionally assume hydrogen production and almost complete CO2 utilization by syngas hydrogenation via the methanation process. The methanation process converts syngas and hydrogen into SNG with a high methane content (>90 vol% dry), that can be injected into the natural gas grid. The thermodynamic and economic potential of SNG production systems is presented in this work. The simulations were conducted using the AspenONE software. The methanation process was analyzed for various design conditions such as methanation temperature and pressure, and different H2:CO, and H2:CO2 ratios. The estimated cold gas efficiency of proposed SNG production systems varies from 63.27% to 77.10% and can be increased up to about 69.10–75.58% when the recovery of heat from methanation is considered. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the break-even price of SNG, considering different scenarios for the costs of feedstock, specifically biomass and electricity. The results indicate that under the most optimistic conditions, the break-even price of SNG is estimated to be 115 €/MWhSNG, 58€/MWhSNG and 67 €/MWhSNG for Cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

Shaping Methods of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Natural Gas Storage

The eco-friendly advantages of cleaner fuels such as natural gas have been extensively documented. However, the practical utilization of these fuels is restricted by the limitations of existing gas storage technologies. In this discussion, this paper evaluates the broad spectrum of possibilities that gas fuels present for transforming the energy sector, while also addressing the hindrances posed by current storage technologies that impede this transition. This paper scrutinizes the practical implications of natural gas storage, employing crystalline, porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) while referring to the latest benchmark outcomes and ultimate storage objectives in this domain. Specifically, this delve into the industrial constraints posed by the typically powdered form of MOFs and emphasize the recent advancements in MOF shaping. In contrast to their unprocessed powder condition, the features of MOFs as shaped in this study are examined, and a full review of several structuring methods is provided. The industrial usage of MOFs in applications involving gas processing is anticipated to be accelerated by this research.

Optimizing fuel transport and distribution in gradient channel anode of solid oxide fuel cell

Precise geometrical adjustment of an anode is crucial for optimizing the performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Fuel gas components of SOFC, including H2, CH4, CO, CO2 and H2O, are complex in composition but play a significant role in determining the efficiency of SOFC. This study examines the fuel transport and distribution and the resultant SOFC performance by constructing various gradient channel anode (GCA) structures. The findings show that compared to the traditional un-gradient channel anode (un-GCA) cell, the GCA cell results in more uniform gas distribution and better diffusion of fuel gases, particularly H2, CH4 and H2O. Because of the improved gas diffusion in the anode electrode, the GCA (12 μm) cell exhibits a 2.34 % improvement in power density compared to the un-GCA cell at 800 °C and 0.6 V. Additionally, after increasing the mole fractions of H2 and CH4 in the fuel gas, the power density of the GCA (12 μm) cell is improved by 2.42 % compared with that of the un-GCA cell under the same condition. This study provides clear evidence that incorporating the gradient channel structure in the anode can effectively enhance gas transport, minimize localized gas aggregation and eventually improve the performance of SOFC.

Alternative Gaseous Fuels for Marine Vessels towards Zero-Carbon Emissions

The maritime industry is recognized as a major pollution source to the environment. The use of low- or zero-carbon marine alternative fuel is a promising measure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants, leading to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Hydrogen (H2), fuel cells particularly proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and ammonia (NH3) are screened out to be the feasible marine gaseous alternative fuels. Green hydrogen can reduce the highest carbon emission, which might amount to 100% among those 5 types of hydrogen. The main hurdles to the development of H2 as a marine alternative fuel include its robust and energy-consuming cryogenic storage system, highly explosive characteristics, economic transportation issues, etc. It is anticipated that fossil fuel used for 35% of vehicles such as marine vessels, automobiles, or airplanes will be replaced with hydrogen fuel in Europe by 2040. Combustible NH3 can be either burned directly or blended with H2 or CH4 to form fuel mixtures. In addition, ammonia is an excellent H2 carrier to facilitate its production, storage, transportation, and usage. The replacement of promising alternative fuels can move the marine industry toward decarbonization emissions by 2050.

Effect of higher H2S concentration over CO2 in acid gas mixtures during geosequestration

Decarbonisation of most industrial processes is imperative to achieve climate neutrality. In oil and gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) and natural gas are being discovered together with increasingly higher quantities of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The negative effects of acid gases (predominantly CO2 and H2S) in that industry mean they have to be separated before both natural gas and petroleum fuels can be classified as safe for transportation and usage. The separated acid gas, usually composed of a higher CO2 volume is stored and utilised in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or geologically stored (geosequestered) in formations. There are increasingly instances in which higher volume of H2S acid gas mixtures are being discovered and explored. In this work, the effects of a higher mole percentage H2S in an acid gas mixture is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The analysis found that it was easier for higher CO2 acid mixtures to reach pressure convergence comparatively. It has also been discovered that higher H2S acid gas mixtures had lower interfacial tension, which makes them more hydrophilic and more miscible with the formation water. The higher H2S acid gas content mixtures also have wider water coverage widths and greater interfacial interactivity between the injected and formation fluids. From the density profiles, H2S gas in the higher H2S acid gas mixture is found to have more influence on the higher H2S acid gas/water injection/sequestration process compared to the effect of CO2 on the higher CO2 acid gas mixture/water. While H2S is slightly more polar than the nonpolar CO2, the carbon of CO2’s ability to form strong dipole–dipole interactions with the oxygen of water increases the CO2's polarity, and this is reflected in the assertion of the primacy of the {text{O}}_{{{text{H}}_{{2}} {text{O}}}} cdots {text{C}}_{{{text{CO}}_{{2}} }} interaction over all other pairs from the radial distribution function in the water/acid gas mixture during geosequestration. This demonstrates also that a reduction in interfacial tension is possible even for hydrophobic phases.

Numerical investigation of performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of spark-ignition engine fuelled with compressed natural gas and hydrogen

The combustion of gasoline engines running on blends of compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuels was investigated using the quasi-dimensional and two-zone model. This model could investigate and predict the combustion characteristics, emissions, and performance parameters of petrol engines using MATLAB software. The impact of hydrogen inclusion to compressed natural gas on the cylinder temperature, pressure, cumulative work done, and heat transfer related to compressed natural gas was investigated. The engine’s thermal efficiency and output power were increased while specific fuel consumption was decreased when hydrogen was blended up to 20%. The highest decline in specific fuel consumption of 20% hydrogen was 25.1% for compressed natural gas. The torque values are 4.25, 4.34, 4.42, 4.51, and 4.60 N·m for compressed natural gas, hydrogen with compressed natural gas HCNG 5%, HCNG 10%, HCNG 15%, and HCNG 20%, respectively, at rated speed of 2500 r/min. The peak decreases in peak cylinder temperature and pressure for HCNG 20% compared to compressed natural gas are 5.9% and 5.2%, respectively. For HCNG 20%, the greatest cylinder pressure, temperature, and cumulative work done were 7.9 MPa, 2309.97 K, and 190.88 J, respectively. NO x emissions were increased for hydrogen-compressed natural gas blends but hydrocarbon emissions were decreased. In comparison to compressed natural gas, the highest hydrocarbon emission reduction is up to 2.64% for HCNG 20%. The model's validity was examined in comparison to the findings from the literature and the Diesel RK program. The results show that the MATLAB code is appropriate. Several alternative fuels can be used using this mathematical model.

Problems and prospects of creating modern agricultural gas diesel engines: A literature review

In conditions of constant growth in the cost of traditional oil products and their shortage, the issue of using alternative fuels becomes urgent. The purpose of the article is to identify ways of using alternative types of fuel for the operation of diesel engines. Research methods – analysis and verification of data obtained from scientific publications, which are part of the world-famous scient metric databases, for the relevance of the subject of research. The research results reveal the advantages and disadvantages of dual-fuel engines operating on gaseous fuel with diesel fuel additive, the impact of this type of engine on emissions and toxicity of exhaust gases, in particular nitrogen oxides NOx. The application of the so-called gas nozzle and the cross-section of the holes of its nozzles are substantiated. It was analysed and established that the most economically expedient is the use of liquefied petroleum gas for the operation of diesel engines by implementing the gas-liquid cycle; it was found that the most promising for this is gas cylinder equipment of the so-called 4th generation. A retrospective analysis of studies of internal combustion engines with gas cylinder equipment showed an increase in motor resource when using gaseous fuels, as well as the negative side of using gaseous fuels, which consists in reduced power when converting carburettor engines, however, the use of these fuels for the operation of diesel engines completely eliminates this disadvantage. Based on the research analysis, the influence of the ignition dose, when the engine is operating on the gas-diesel cycle, on the performance at different loads was also established, and a recommendation was found to switch to the diesel cycle from the gas-diesel cycle at loads less than 30% of the nominal one. The optimal scheme for the implementation of the gas-diesel cycle, which is relevant and promising for more widespread energy and transport vehicles, has been substantiated and selected. Based on the analysed schemes, it was established that the scheme that can be taken as a basis for further research in this direction is the scheme of the DG-Flex BOSCH gas-diesel system. The practical value of the work lies in the justification of complex conversion with partial replacement of diesel fuel with liquefied petroleum gas as the most rational way of converting serial diesel engines into dual-fuel engines