Carbon Monoxide Gas Research Articles

Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem Pemantauan Kualitas Udara berbasis IoT menggunakan Wemos D1 Mini dan Android

Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based monitoring and control systems have been widely used in daily life, for example, in smart cities, smart homes (or home automation), and intelligent transportation applications. One example of the application of IoT in smart cities and smart homes is the air quality monitoring system. Monitoring air quality, both indoors and outdoors, is essential for health. This study aims to design and implement an IoT-based air quality monitoring system. The hardware in this system uses the Wemos D1 Mini board, the MQ-9 gas sensor to measure carbon monoxide (CO) gas levels, and the MQ-135 gas sensor to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) gas levels. An Android-based application is also implemented to access and display the results of air quality measurements by the system stored in the cloud database (Firebase). System testing is carried out using smoke from burning paper at varying distances from the sensors. The system test results show that the implemented system can measure CO gas levels in the room from 7 ppm to 38 ppm. The measurement results for CO2 gas levels in the room are between 200 ppm to 1000 ppm.

METHODS TO REDUCE NOX FORMATION DURING GAS COMBUSTION IN BOILERS

A study of reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions using various methods and their combinations on operational typical steam and water heating boilers of Ukraine during combustion gas fuels was conducted. The experimental research of the power steam TGMP-314 boiler showed that when volume thermal stress of the firebox was reduced to qv » 0.09 MW/m3 (55 % of the nominal power), and the flue gas recirculation factor r = 17 %, the nitrogen oxides emissions were reduced by 75 % and they almost meet the requirements of the IED directive. This measure to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides is also possible for other types of boilers, and it is advisable to implement for those combustion plants with an excess capacity of about 40–50 % and which have exhausted their factory-designated resource. On the water heating boiler KVGM-180, equipped with standard gas recirculation smoke exhauster, the research was conducted with aim to reduce of NOx emissions at combustion natural gas with recirculation of flue gases into the blowing air. NOx emissions were reduced by 67% to European standards, and the concentration of carbon monoxide in flue gases was below СО≤100 mg/Nm3 (at 3% O2) by a recirculation factor was of about r = 30%. The standard burners in the KVGM-180 boiler are two flow of air and can be considered a type of staged combustion burners. That is, in this case, a combination of the staged combustion burners and flue gas recirculation into blowing air was used. The research of combustion a methane and carbon dioxide mixture in the ratio of CH4 (76 %) and CO2 (24 %) (biogas) with regard to reduce the formation and emissions of nitrogen oxides in the DKVR-6.5-13 steam boiler was conducted. The obtained level of NOx in the flue gases is within the range of 63–76 mg/Nm3 (at 3 % O2), which fully complies with the EU standards for the operation of CP from 1 MW on natural gas and other gas fuels. Bibl. 34, Fig. 3, Tab. 1.

Rational design of trimetallic AgPt–Fe3O4 nanozyme for catalyst poisoning-mediated CO colorimetric detection

Carbon monoxide (CO) is not only a highly poisonous gas that brings great health risk, but also a significant signaling molecule in body. However, it is still challengeable for development of alternative colorimetric probes to traditional organic chromophores for simple, sensitive and convenient CO sensing. Here, for the first time, we rationally design a novel hydrophilic AgPt–Fe3O4 nanozyme with a unique heterodimeric nanostructure for colorimetric sensing of CO based on the excellent peroxidase-like catalytic activity as well as highly poisonous effect of CO on the nanozyme's catalytic activity. Both experimental evidence and theoretical calculations reveal the trimetallic AgPt–Fe3O4 nanozyme is susceptible to poisoning with the strongest affinity towards CO compared to individual Fe3O4 or Ag–Fe3O4, which is attributed to the adequate exposure of the active metallic sites and efficient interfacial synergy of unique heterodimeric nanostructure. Accordingly, a novel nanozyme-based colorimetric strategy is developed for CO detection with a low detection limit of 5.6 ppb in solution. Furthermore, the probe can be prepared as very convenient test strips and integrated with the portable smartphone platforms for detecting CO gas samples with a low detection limit of 8.9 ppm. Overall, our work proposes guidelines for the rational design of metallic heterogeneous nanostructure to expand the analytical application of nanozyme.

Medical Aspect of Tobacco Smoke's Adverse Effects on Human Health

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is an annual rate of 7 million deaths because of tobacco use, and this rate is expected to step up to 8 million deaths in 2030 by virtue of smoking-related health complications. Furthermore, it is pathetic to know that almost more than 23% of high school students use tobacco, which if continued at the current rate; about 5.6 million teenagers would be vulnerable to death as mentioned by the World Health Organization. On the other hand, smokers do not only harm themselves but also increase the incidence of pneumonia, asthma, and bronchitis for passive smokers, which by the way contribute to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, infant death syndrome and slow-growing lung cancer are prevalent in children with continuous exposure to second-hand smoke. These adverse effects emerge from the complex mixture of chemicals present in submicron-sized particles suspended in cigarette smoke like carbon monoxide, benzene, nitrogen oxides, and other gases. Thus, it seems that tobacco smoking has been spreading worldwide as an epidemic with devastating lethal disorders represented in diverse pulmonary, neurological, and cardiovascular-related diseases. Wherefore, this paper discusses the harmful effects of tobacco smoke on human health in accordance with the modern advanced genetic technologies used in exploratory investigations for the relation between smoking and the emergence of human diseases.

Carbon monoxide gas sensor based on Co/Ni-MOF-74 coated no-core-fiber Michelson interferometer

A Michelson interferometric carbon monoxide (CO) fiber-optic sensor based on Co/Ni-MOF-74 is proposed and fabricated. The bimetallic-ion-coordination MOFs material Co/Ni-MOF-74 was prepared by solvothermal method. Through XRD and XPS characterizations, the results show that Co/Ni-MOF-74 and Ni-MOF-74 have the same crystal structure. Co/Ni-MOF-74 has a good adsorption effect on CO, and it is integrated into the optical fiber sensing structure for CO detection. In the CO concentration range of 0–35 ppm, the sensitivity and linearity are 0.022 35 dB/ppm and 0.999 36, respectively. The detection limit of the sensor is about 1.990 46 ppm. The presented fiber-optic sensor has excellent selectivity, resistance to temperature interference and good time stability, and it is expected to be applied to the detection of trace CO.

A Review for In Vitro and In Vivo Detection and Imaging of Gaseous Signal Molecule Carbon Monoxide by Fluorescent Probes.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a vital endogenous gaseous transmitter molecule involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes in living biosystems. In order to investigate the biological function of CO, many technologies have been developed to monitor the level of endogenous CO in biosystems. Among them, the fluorescence detection technology based on the fluorescent probe has the advantages of high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, simple operation, especially non-invasive damage to biological samples, and the possibility of real-time in situ detection, etc., which is considered to be one of the most effective and applicable detection techniques. Therefore, in the last few years, a lot of work has been carried out on the design, synthesis and in vivo fluorescence imaging studies of CO fluorescent probes. Furthermore, using fluorescent probes to detect the changes in CO concentrations in living cells and tissues as well as in organisms has been one of the hot research topics in recent years. However, it is still a challenge to rationally design CO fluorescent probe with excellent optical performance, structural stability, low background interference, good biocompatibility, and excellent water solubility. Therefore, this review focuses on the research progress of CO fluorescent probes in the detection mechanism and biological applications in recent years. However, this popular and leading topic has rarely been summarized comprehensively to date. Thus, the research progress of CO fluorescent probes in recent years is reviewed in terms of their design concept, detection mechanism, and their biological applications. In addition, the relationship between the structure and performance of the probes was also discussed. More significantly, we hope that more excellent optical properties fluorescent probes for gaseous transmitter molecule CO detection and imaging will overcome the current problems of high biotoxicity and limited water solubility in future.

Thermal Energy and Exhaust Emissions of a Gasifier Stove Feeding Pine and Hemp Pellets

This paper presents the results of research on the energetic use of self-combusted hemp pellets and co-firing with pine pellets. The tests were carried out with the use of a boiler equipped with a Lester Projekt Company gasifying burner and an automatic fuel feeding system. The boiler is equipped with an additional heat exchanger that enables the simulation of any heat load. The experimental stand so built guaranteed to obtain results adequate to the real operating conditions. The research material consisted of pellets made of waste biomass of the Futura 75 sowing hemp and pine sawdust pellets. The experiment was carried out in five proportions by mass of mixtures of both fuels (C-hemp, P-pine): 0:100 (P100), 25:75 (C25/P75), 50:50 (C50/P50), 75:25 (C75/P25), 100:0 (C100). For each variant, the following were determined: effective boiler power, boiler energy balance, boiler energy efficiency, the volumetric composition of flue gas (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide), excess air coefficient and the dust content of particle matter—PM10, PM2.5. The heating value was also determined for hemp pellets and pine sawdust pellets, accordingly 17.34 and 19.87 MJ·kg−1. The obtained test results were related both to the volume of exhaust gases leaving the boiler and to one kilowatt hour of heat produced. The obtained test results showed that the boiler fed with pine pellets achieved the highest thermal power (P100)—14.17 kW, while the smallest—hemp pellets (C100)—4.92 kW. The CO2 emissivity increased with the addition of pine pellets, from 26.13 g (C100) to 112.36 g (P100) relating to 1 m3 and from 430.04 g (C100) to 616.46 g (C25/P75) relating to 1 kWh of heat. In terms of dust emissions, it was found that the combustion of hemp pellets and mixtures thereof is a little worse than that of pine pellets.

Correlation Air CO Level with HbCo Level, Hemoglobin, and Blood Pressure to Street Vendors in The Gading Fajar Sidoarjo Street Vendor Area

Motor vehicles emit exhaust gas emissions that produce pollutants, one of the compounds contained is carbon monoxide (CO). CO may cause intoxication in humans if exposed for a long time especially street vendors because the work area is filled with vehicle fumes containing CO gas. High CO levels in the air indicate HbCO levels to increase. The increased of HbCO levels will cause abnormal hemoglobin levels and induce vasoconstriction which makes blood pressure increase. The purpose of this study was to prove the correlation between CO levels in the air with HbCO, hemoglobin, and blood pressure levels to street vendors in the Gading Fajar Sidoarjo Street Vendor Area. This research uses the Conway diffusion cell method and is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design implemented at the Surabaya Health Laboratory Center and the Hematology Laboratory of Medical Laboratory Technology Department Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya in March 2022. Blood tests was carried out on 25 street vendors using random sampling technique. The results showed that average air CO level was 11.0 ppm and 13.3 ppm; mean HbCO levels 0.87%; mean hemoglobin levels 14.4 g/dL; mean systolic blood pressure levels 128 mmHg; and the mean of diastolic blood pressure levels 80 mmHg. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The outcome of normality test showed that the data was not normally distributed. Statistical tests was performed using Spearman correlation. The conclusion showed there was correlation between air CO level with HbCO level, hemoglobin level, and blood pressure level on street vendors in the Gading Fajar Sidoarjo Street Vendor Area. If CO levels in the air increase, then HbCO levels and blood pressure also increase. Street vendors are expected to always use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as mouth masks when working to reduce the risk of exposure to CO gas and doing a healthy lifestyle as a preventive effort to avoid health problems.

A novel approach for ultrafast and highly sensitive carbon monoxide gas sensor based on PEDOT/GO nanocomposite

An ultrafast and highly sensitive carbon monoxide gas sensor based on PEDOT/GO nanocomposites has been addressed in this work. A new approach was utilized to materialize PEDOT/GO via a straightforward and inexpensive polymerization in the presence of GO. Many characterization techniques, including FE-SEM, AFM, TGA, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, have been utilized to confirm the successful formation of the PEDOT/GO nanocomposite. Moreover, the chemosensitivity modality has been used to measure the materials’ resistivity and sensing performance. The PEDOT/GO-based sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity when exposed to a wide range of CO concentrations, from 20 ppm to 270 ppm. Our experimental outcomes demonstrated that incorporating PEDOT into GO enhanced the sensor sensitivity (from 16% for pure PEDOT to 44% for composite), which resulted in quick response/recovery times (43 s/42 s) and exceptional long-term stability at room temperature. Based on the results of this work, it seems likely that the proposed sensor, with its low cost, simple development process, and excellent sensing performance, could be a good candidate for real-time CO detection.

Analisis Parameter Karbon Monoksida (CO) dari Aktivitas Transportasi di Sekitar Industri Pertambangan Nikel

Outdoor air contamination comes from a moving source of smoke and smoke from burning vehicles such as motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks. Morosi subdistrict is an industrial area who populated by several mineral purification companies. The company certainly has considerable human resources, in which many workers use vehicles to optimize work time. Worker mobility becomes a contributor to increased burning, leftover air pollution from the transport known as carbon monoxide. Monitoring the number of carbon monoxide (CO) pollutants will be necessary in view of future effects. The CO Level measures were performed with a measuring procedure referring to the Indonesian National Standard is 19-7117.10-2005, in use of portable carbon monoxide meters. This research indicated at the morning concentration levels of gas CO on the axle road Puuruy-Morosi reached 8000 μg/Nm3 and by midday it reached 5000 μg/ nm3 and the CO concentration it’s still safe for human. But in the afternoon the CO concentration increased and reached 15000 μg/Nm3 exceeds the air quality standard of 15000 μg/Nm3.

Unjuk kerja catalytic converter katalis tembaga krom terhadap penurunan temperatur emisi bas buang motor bensin

Catalytic Converter is a technology used to reduce air pollution which is installed in the exhaust gas (muffler) of gasoline motorized vehicles. This Catalytic Converter serves to accelerate the oxidation of Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas emissions, as well as to reduce Nitrogen Oxide (NOx). Changes in exhaust emissions mentioned above are strongly influenced by the working temperature of the Catalytic Converter. Chrome Copper metal material as a catalyst material, will be investigated and tested on a laboratory scale, first to see the effect of changes in engine speed to temperature, secondly changes in temperature when using a Catalytic Converter with a Copper catalyst and thirdly changes in temperature when using a Chrome Copper Catalyst in the exhaust gas channel . The results of the study were first obtained that changes in engine speed affect the increase in temperature of the Catalytic Converter, the higher the engine speed the temperature rises and vice versa at low engine speed the temperature tends to decrease. The two installations of the Catalytic Converter caused the temperature to drop, at 3000 rpm engine speed (without the Catalytic Converter) the temperature was 317.5 ºC and fell to 227.36 ºC in 5 catalyst cells, 218 ºC in 10 cells and 230 ºC in 15 cells. (with Cu Catalytic Converter). Whereas in the installation of a Chrome Copper Catalytic Converter, at 3000 rpm engine speed (without Catalytic Converter) the temperatur of 317.5 ºC drops to 237.5 ºC in 5 catalyst cells, 240.84 ºC in 10 cells and 249 ºC in 15 cells, where the decrease in temperatur that occurs is higher with the use of a copper catalyst.

Experimental Investigations of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of IC Engine Based on the Selection of Best Bio-oil and Biodiesel Blend: an Integrated CRITIC-TOPSIS Approach

Selection of optimum bio-diesel blend for internal combustion (IC) engine is crucial. The process of selecting the ideal blend requires a multidimensional analysis. In order to tackle the challenge, an efficient decision-making strategy is required. This paper uses the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method to offer the selection of a suitable oil and bio-diesel blend based on the performance of the diesel engine under various load circumstances. In order to measure the weights of evaluating criteria, Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) are used. At first, seven different oils and seven assessment parameters, namely kinematic viscosity, cetane number, heating value, cloud point, pour point, flash point and density are attempted to select the acceptable oil for making bio-diesel. Next, the ranking of bio-diesel blends is performed based on the evaluation criteria, namely Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), nitrogen oxide (NOx), smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. The results show that hemp seed oil is closer to diesel and higher in ranking. The recommended order of blend is B20 > Diesel > B40 > B60 > B80 > B100. The study indicated that B20 is the optimum blend for diesel engines. In order to meet the economy and pollution standards for the green revolution, decision-makers can use the new insights into MCDM approaches described in this article. This study also demonstrates that the suggested methods for choosing the best bio-diesel blend differ from the existing literature.

STUDY OF CLINICAL PROFILE, SPIROMETRIC FUNCTION TEST, DIFFUSING CAPACITY OF CARBON MONOXIDE, 6 MINUTE WALK TEST AND CHEST X-RAY FINDINGS IN TEXTILE DYE-PRINTING WORKERS IN SURAT CITY

INTRODUCTION The textile industry consists of several processes including dyeing, printing etc. and due to the exposures to various chemicals at work, these workers frequently complain of respiratory symptoms. Spirometry allows us to measure FEV1,FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio,FEF25- 75%.Diffusion Capacity of Lung for Carbon Monoxide(DLCO) test indicates the diffusion of Carbon Monoxide gas across the alveolar membrane. In 6 Minute walk Test ,Pulse rate and SpO2 is measure at the start and at the end of the test. (At 0 min and at 6 min) and then fall or rise in Pulse or SpO2 is observed. METHODOLOGY This study included all the subjects according to the inclusion criteria(40) coming to Respiratory Medicine OPD during the study period (15 months). Data was collected and analyzed .RESULTS Majority of the patients were male, (50%) and smokers. Dry cough seen in – 29 patients (72.5%) & Dyspnoea on exertion in 15(37.5%) patients. Chest X-Ray was normal in – 21patients (52.5%), followed by Prominent Broncho-Vascular markings (BVM) was seen in 10(25%) patients. On Spirometry Findings, 24 (60%) patients were normal, 8 (20%) patients showed Restrictive Pattern, 6 (15%) showed Obstructive Pattern and 2 (5%) patients showed Mixed Pattern. In DLCO ndings, 27 patients showed normal (67.5%) and 13 (32.5%) patients showed Decreased Pattern. CONCLUSION Duration of exposure to dye and smoking were signicantly associated with Clinical features, reduced 6 Minute Walk distance, Abnormal Spirometry and DLCO ndings. FEF25-75% was signicantly decreased in most of the dye-workers in present study. As the Dyeing-workers are working in hazardous environment, there should protocols be formed for routine medical check-up at frequent interval in textile industry to detect occupation related diseases at early stage and to intervene the problem timely.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Defluorinative Coupling of Difluoroalkenes and Aryl Boronic Acids for Ketone Synthesis

AbstractThe transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylation reaction is a useful approach for ketone synthesis. However, it is often problematic to use exogenous carbonyl reagents, such as gaseous carbon monoxide. In this manuscript, we report a novel palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of gem‐difluoroalkenes and aryl boronic acids that yields bioactive indane‐type ketones with an all‐carbon α‐quaternary center. Characterization and stoichiometric reactions of the key intermediates RCF2PdII support a water‐induced defluorination and cross‐coupling cascade mechanism. The vinyl difluoromethylene motif serves as an in situ carbonyl precursor which is unprecedented in transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions. It is expected to raise broad research interest from the perspectives of ketone synthesis, fluoroalkene functionalization, and rational design of new synthetic protocols based on the unique reactivity of difluoroalkyl palladium(II) species.

Palladium-Catalyzed Defluorinative Coupling of Difluoroalkenes and Aryl Boronic Acids for Ketone Synthesis.

The transition-metal-catalyzed carbonylation reaction is a useful approach for ketone synthesis. However, it is often problematic to use exogenous carbonyl reagents, such as gaseous carbon monoxide. In this manuscript, we report a novel palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes and aryl boronic acids that yields bioactive indane-type ketones with an all-carbon α-quaternary center. Characterization and stoichiometric reactions of the key intermediates RCF2 PdII support a water-induced defluorination and cross-coupling cascade mechanism. The vinyl difluoromethylene motif serves as an in situ carbonyl precursor which is unprecedented in transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. It is expected to raise broad research interest from the perspectives of ketone synthesis, fluoroalkene functionalization, and rational design of new synthetic protocols based on the unique reactivity of difluoroalkyl palladium(II) species.

Design and Development of Carbon Monoxide Gas Leak Detector in Vehicle Cabin

Vehicles are very important in transportation that humans widely use in carrying out their activities, including one of them is a passenger car. Safety and security factors in traveling are the most important aspects of traveling. The condition that often occurs in passenger cars is the frequent leakage of carbon monoxide gas in the vehicle cabin. Usually, CO gas leaks occur in the AC hose. So, this research aims to design an Arduino-based carbon monoxide gas leak detector. This research is a research with research and development approach method or Research and Development (R&D). This research aims to produce a carbon monoxide detector design to automatically detect carbon monoxide gas leaks in the vehicle cabin based on Arduino Uno. The design performance of this CO gas leak detector can be obtained from the CO gas content of the MQ7 sensor, then the buzzer will make a sound, while the LCD will display the status "Safe/Alert/Very Dangerous" as a warning to passenger car drivers. DC motor will move the power window if the CO gas content exceeds the threshold of more than 25 ppm.

Optical diagnostics of pentane autoignition using corrected filtered natural emission of species (C-FNES) technique

A recently developed optical technique, based on filtered infrared emission of species, was used to measure gas temperature, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide concentrations during n-pentane mixture's autoignition. The optical technique is named Corrected Filtered Natural Emission of Species (C-FNES) and is based on the plane of line-of-sight radiation emission of species in the mid-wavelength range. Thus, the whole combustion chamber can be observed and analyzed to determine gas temperature and species concentrations. The main objective of this work is to evaluate and validate C-FNES technique in comparison to the laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) technique. In addition, the technique was used to evaluate the kinetic model performance in predicting gas temperature and some of the species concentrations. Simulation was performed using the LLNL and NUI Galway mechanism models and which demonstrated their inability to predict the FNES and LAS measured data. It was shown that the corrected FNES technique produces similar data as that obtained through the LAS technique under the studied conditions, and can be used to measure the gas temperature and species concentration at a wide range of temperatures.

Calibrating and Graduating of Multi-Sensor Gas Analyzer

Introduction. The article is devoted to the calibration and graduation of the multi-sensor gas analyzer developed at the V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The modern trend in the development of medical equipment, in particular, containing built-in measuring devices, consists in its miniaturization, intellectualization, the use of information technologies, and the introduction of wireless and network means of data transmission. The purpose of the article is to design, create electronics and software for recording the concentration of three gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide), test and calibrate the device. Results. Three prototypes of sensor modules for oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have been created. The structure, scheme of connection of sensor modules, and the principle of operation of the gas analyzer was described. Testing and optimization of these prototypes were performed. Auxiliary pneumatic equipment for checking the performance of devices, their calibration and graduation was manufactured. Measurement technique was developed and test measurements of the specified gases were performed. The calibration technique was developed and the device was calibrated using two test gas samples such as ethanol vapor and air-gas mixture of carbon dioxide. In addition, a special software has been developed, which allow observe a registered input signal from sensor modules and store it to the file. Conclusions. As a result of the work, prototype of the device was created, its testing, calibration and graduation were carried out at the State Enterprise "Ukrmetrteststandart", 4 certificates of metrological attestation were obtained. The gas analyzer can be used for screening of healthy persons based on study of exhalation to predict the risk of diseases. Keywords: multi-sensor gas analyzer, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, calibration, graduation.

The use of carbon monoxide breath test to detect the effect of iron overload on erythrocyte lifespan in MDS.

To investigate the effect of iron overload (IO) on red blood cell (RBC) lifespan in MDS patients with the use of carbon monoxide breath test. The red blood cell lifespan of 93 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and 22 healthy volunteers in the control group were measured by alveolar gas carbon monoxide (CO) assay, with the detection of liver iron concentration, iron metabolism index, erythropoietin (EPO) concentration, peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines, etc. The MDS patients were divided into the severe IO group, mild IO group and non IO group according to liver iron concentration. The effect of IO on RBC lifespan was analyzed in MDS patients. The RBC lifespan of MDS patients in the severe IO group was significantly lower than that in the mild IO group (p<0.05), while the RBC life span in the mild IO group was significantly lower than that in the non IO group (p<0.05). The expression of inflammatory cytokines in the severe IO group was significantly higher than that of the mild and non IO groups. After receiving iron removal treatment(ICT), the expression of inflammatory cytokines was decreased significantly, and the RBC lifespan was significantly prolonged (p<0.05).Besides, liver iron concentration was significantly positively correlated with EPO concentration, while EPO concentration was significantly negatively correlated with RBC lifespan, especially in the MDS-RS subgroup. The RBC lifespan in the EPO>1000 group was significantly lower than that in the EPO<1000 group. IO can shorten RBC lifespan in MDS patients, which may be result from the increase of endogenous EPO and the over-expression of inflammatory cytokines. After ICT, the ineffective hematopoiesis caused by increased EPO may reduced and the decrease of inflammatory cytokine may significantly prolong the RBC lifespan in MDS patients.

Near-Unity Electrochemical CO2 to CO Conversion over Sn-Doped Copper Oxide Nanoparticles.

Bimetallic electrocatalysts have emerged as a viable strategy to tune the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) for the selective production of valuable base chemicals and fuels. However, obtaining high product selectivity and catalyst stability remain challenging, which hinders the practical application of eCO2RR. In this work, it was found that a small doping concentration of tin (Sn) in copper oxide (CuO) has profound influence on the catalytic performance, boosting the Faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 98% for carbon monoxide (CO) at -0.75 V versus RHE, with prolonged stable performance (FE > 90%) for up to 15 h. Through a combination of ex situ and in situ characterization techniques, the in situ activation and reaction mechanism of the electrocatalyst at work was elucidated. In situ Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed that the binding energy of the crucial adsorbed *CO intermediate was lowered through Sn doping, thereby favoring gaseous CO desorption. This observation was confirmed by density functional theory, which further indicated that hydrogen adsorption and subsequent hydrogen evolution were hampered on the Sn-doped electrocatalysts, resulting in boosted CO formation. It was found that the pristine electrocatalysts consisted of CuO nanoparticles decorated with SnO2 domains, as characterized by ex situ high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. These pristine nanoparticles were subsequently in situ converted into a catalytically active bimetallic Sn-doped Cu phase. Our work sheds light on the intimate relationship between the bimetallic structure and catalytic behavior, resulting in stable and selective oxide-derived Sn-doped Cu electrocatalysts.