Distribution Of Gaseous Products Research Articles

Effects of operational parameters on bio-oil production from biomass.

In this study, the production of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of furniture sawdust, waste lubricating oil and their mixtures were investigated under certain operating conditions in the presence of lime and zeolites, by using a laboratory scale horizontal tubular reactor placed in a furnace. The main focus was to investigate the mutual effect of lime and commercial zeolite on the amount of the bio-oil production from furniture sawdust and waste lubricating oil. The selected operating parameters were pyrolysis temperatures and heating rate of 300°C and 650°C and flash heating or gradual heating rate (30°C/min). Additionally, three different additives were tested as catalysts; namely, lime (CaO), commercial zeolite (4A) and a natural zeolite (klinoptilolite). The amount of the produced bio-oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The distribution of solid, liquid and gaseous products was determined for each operational condition. It was seen that the amount of the bio-oil was influenced by the amounts of sawdust and zeolite in the mixture. Experimental results showed that higher temperatures were more effective for the higher bio-oil amount. Additionally, heating rate was quite significant at 300°C whereas it has a minor effect on the bio-oil amount at 650°C. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained for the mixture of sawdust and waste lubricating oil in the presence of both lime and commercial zeolite with flash heating rate at 650°C.

87 - Characterization of unique products in reactions of GSNO with H2S

The interplay between NO and H2S signaling has attracted much interest in redox proteomics of nitrosative and oxidative stress. Both small molecules appear to target similar pathways in organisms, by reacting with protein free thiols or metalloenzymes to alter or enhance function. We have previously investigated the N-based product speciation in the reaction of GSNO with H2S, specifically noting that the N-based gas product distributions are analogous to those of reactions of GSNO with reductants (e.g. ascorbic acid). We have also identified a plethora of unique glutathione-based products by LC-HRMS analysis. Single Ion Chromatograms (SICs) confirm that these species are present in the reaction mixture and are separated on the LC column prior to ionization. A number of small reactive thiols can be trapped with iodoacetamide (IA), including polysulfides (SnH2), glutathione polysulfides (GSSnH) and trithionitrates, GSN(SnH)2. Unusual trithionitrates are also observed as acetamide adducts, GSN(SnA)2, but only at low ratios of H2S to GSNO. Competition experiments suggest one initial product, the sulfenic acid GSOH, acts as precursor to persulfide and oxidized glutathione-based products. Addition of a non-electrophilic radical trap, vinyl cyclopropane, has little effect on the product distributions, suggesting radical intermediates are short-lived. Other unique dimedone adducts were observed that are attributable to the sulfinyl (GS(O)H) tautomer. We also observe small S-oxoacids, HSOH and S(OH)2, as the derivatized ISnD and DSnD adducts. As with GSOH, unique thioacetals are observed which derive from the sulfenyl tautomers of both HS(O)H and GS(O)H. These unique mixed-valence sulfides have little precedent in the literature but remain observable in reaction mixtures after many hours on the bench.

Catalytic gasification characteristics of rice husk with calcined dolomite

Tar formation is the main technical barrier in the development of biomass gasification at industrial scale because it can lead to serious operational problems in downstream equipment. This paper aims to investigate the effect of the operating conditions on gas composition, product distribution and tar composition in the air-gasification of rice husk in the presence of dolomite (untreated and calcined). Results show that an increase in the temperature leads to a lower tar formation and higher gas production. Light PAHs were found as the main tar compounds (1084–5661 mg/Nm3), whereas among other compounds, the most significant were the heterocyclic aromatics (phenol and pyridine) and heavier PAHs (pyrene and fluoranthene). In the case of light aromatics, the most abundant compound at 850 °C was toluene whereas at 950 °C, the most representative compound of the tar was ethylbenzene.

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with low-quality coal: Optimal design and synergistic effect from gaseous products distribution

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and low-quality coal can alternate fossil fuel partially and utilize biomass on a commercial scale. Gaseous products from co-pyrolysis process can be widely applied in industries due to the advantage in transportation and compression. Thus, investigation of synergistic effect and optimal design about gas products is essential for efficiently and comprehensively design of the process. In this research, three model compounds of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and wheat straw were co-pyrolyzed with a kind of low-quality coal via a drop tube furnace. Based on the component insight of biomass and response surface methodology, synergetic effects from gas distribution were investigated. The influence of reaction condition (biomass ratio and pyrolysis temperature) on the yield and high heat value (HHV) of gaseous products were explored. Optimal result for the objective of the highest effective gas yield during co-pyrolysis were obtained. Results revealed that both positive and negative synergic effects on yields and composition of pyrolysis gas were presented. When pyrolysis temperature was 600 °C, both wheat straw and three model compounds promoted the formation of H2 and CO. Negative effects on CO2 were observed when co-pyrolysis of cellulose/wheat straw with coal at the temperature of 600 °C to 800 °C. Whether positive or negative synergy existed depended on the mixing ratio, temperature and combined action of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. For coal and hemicellulose mixtures, the mixing ratio of 0.03 and temperature of 936 °C can get the highest yield of H2 (20.56 mmol/g). Moreover, the maximum yield of CO and CO2 was obtained at cellulose mixing ratio of 0.99 and 0.98 at 787 °C and 626 °C, respectively. Based on the view of biomass composition, the results can be used to optimize the gaseous products distribution during co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass.

Influence of the blend nickel/porous hydrothermal carbon and cattle manure hydrochar catalyst on the hydrothermal gasification of cattle manure for H2 production

This study presents the optimized hydrothermal gasification (HTG) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of Cattle Manure (CM) and Cattle Feed (Canola Stalks) for hydrogen-rich gas, bio-oil and porous carbonaceous catalyst support production as a potential procedure to handle cattle wastes and produce valuable energy carriers. Our main objective in the present research was to produce H2-rich gas from the wastes of dairy cattle in the presence of the efficient catalyst supported on a support that was prepared from the cattle feed. Therefore, with the aim of improving one of the momentous dimensions in the sustainable development that is the environmental protection, considerable efforts were focused on the maximum exploration of dairy cattle waste materials. Three operating parameters of temperature (380–440 °C), reaction time (5–30 min), and feed concentration (2.5–3.5 wt%) were examined and their optimized levels were found to be 440 °C, 20 min, and 2.5 wt%, respectively. The hydrothermal gasification was performed using Ni catalyst supported on activated carbon canola stalks (ACCs), CM hydrochar that was produced via the HTC and further ZnCl2 chemical activation of canola stalks, and the combination of ACCS and hydrochar (called blend) catalysts under the optimized conditions. The impact of catalyst supports on the distribution of gaseous products was assessed by various techniques and accordingly, the blend catalyst increased the H2 and total gas yields by the factors of 1.73 and 1.66, respectively. Furthermore, the bio-oil of the HTG process was also collected and analyzed using GC/MS analysis and it was found that the CM bio-oil is rich in phenol and its derivatives, furans, Nitrogen-containing compounds, and aromatic molecular structures.

Thermodynamic analysis of a new chemical looping process for syngas production with simultaneous CO2 capture and utilization

Since typical CO2 capture technologies lack the consideration of a reliable CO2 storage method or integration with CO2 utilization, this study proposes a new chemical looping reforming process for syngas production with simultaneous CO2 capture and utilization. It integrates chemical looping, mixed reforming (i.e. CO2 reforming and partial oxidation) and calcium looping using CO2 carriers (CCs) and oxygen carriers (OCs). This novel process implements energy-efficient operation, attains flexible H2/CO ratio, and captures CO2 with immediate CO2 conversion. Through thermodynamic screening, Fe- and Cu-based metal/metal oxides and CaO and MnO are identified as the potential OCs and CCs. For process characteristics, almost full CO2 capture is achieved, CH4 conversion rate is over 92.11%, maximum CO2 utilization rate is 99.18%, H2/CO ratio is close to 2, and energy consumption is reduced by 40.74% and 68.62% compared to that of conventional mixed reforming and tri-reforming processes, respectively. Steam addition, low pressure and high temperature are benefit to enhance system performance. From experiment results, gas product distribution, solid reactivity and crystalline phases for solid demonstrate the feasibility of this novel process. More importantly, this process provides a new route to achieve integrated CO2 capture and conversion with the clean usages of carbonaceous energy sources.

A predictive model of biochar formation and characterization

Biomass is increasingly being recognized as a promising carrier for both heat, energy and chemicals production. However, several aspects still require intense research activity towards a better design and optimization of industrial combustors, gasifiers and pyrolyzer. The objective of this work is to update the CRECK kinetic mechanism of biomass pyrolysis, allowing a better prediction of both yield and composition of the solid residue (biochar). Moreover, further model modifications allow to better describe the variability of hemicellulose in different biomass. To this end, a large set of literature experimental data is collected and organized into a database, which is used to further tune and validate the proposed kinetic mechanism. Although the kinetic model maintains the previous agreement in respect of the rate of biomass pyrolysis, formation and distribution of gas and tar products, the novelty of this work is the greater attention to the predictions of biochar yield and composition, in a wide range of operative conditions. The model describes the solid residue as a mixture of pure carbon together with lumped metaplastic compounds, which represent the whole range of oxygenated and hydrogenated groups bonded to the carbonaceous matrix. These metaplastic species are released to the gas phase with their own kinetics and describe the change of both mass loss and elemental composition of the biochar. These comprehensive predictions of biochar composition are crucial for an accurate description of the successive oxidation and gasification processes.

Comparison of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from unconventional ultra-sour and conventional gas feedstock for power: A case study of the United Arab Emirates

Abstract The electricity sector is UAE's leading CO2 emission source. The country is rich in fossil energy including gas. However, due to demand pressures the country has been forced to develop its unconventional gas resources containing over 20% hydrogen sulfide and 10% carbon dioxide. The sweetening process for this unconventional gas resource is particularly very energy and greenhouse gas emission intensive compared with conventional gas. The present analysis aims to quantify the well-to-grid GHG emissions per kilowatt hour (kWh) of domestic gas-based power delivered in the country. The GHG emissions are estimated making use of mathematical models, simulation software, and engineering principles. The well-to-grid emission lifecycle includes: gas extraction, raw gas gathering and transmission, gas processing, sweet gas product transmission, electricity generation, distribution and transmission, and end-use. Two types of gas resources were examined: ultra-sour and conventional gas. The results show that the well-to-grid GHG emissions of domestic gas-based power ranges from 546 to 630 g CO2 eq./kWh and 474–545 g CO2 eq./kWh for ultra-sour and conventional gas, respectively. Thus, placing the country in the low-mid range literature values (416–730 g CO2 eq./kWh).

Designing Oil and Gas Exploration Strategy For The Future National Energy Sustainability Based on Statistical Analysis of Commercial Reserves and Production Cost in Indonesia

Indonesia's declining oil production and rising domestic oil consumption have been a big issue for the last few decades which has turned Indonesia into a net oil importer from 2004 onward. The lack of exploration activities and other investments in oil and gas sector have resulted in the decline of Indonesia's oil production. This condition is a result of the plunge of global oil price which has fallen to its lowest level, i.e., US$43.14/Bbl (average oil price in 2016) over the last 12 years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the distribution of oil and gas production in Indonesia along with the production cost. This analysis will allow investors to find and map working areas in Indonesia with potential commercial reserves while maintaining the lowest possible production costs. The approach of this empirical study is to divide Indonesia into 6 (six) geographical areas, namely Sumatera, Natuna Sea, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. We have collected relevant data about commercial reserves and production cost from existing working areas. Our preliminary results depict that Kalimantan has the highest commercial reserves (i.e., 18.60 MMBOE per contract area) and Papua has the lowest production cost (i.e., US$3.24/BOE). Sulawesi, meanwhile, has the lowest commercial reserves (i.e., 5.39 MMBOE/Contract Area) and Natuna has the highest production cost (i.e., US$16.46/BOE). In summary, this study has shown that Eastern area of Indonesia might hold more oil and gas reserves which can be further managed by Contractor for the benefit of the Country. This study also recommends the Government of Indonesia to be aware of the condition of each working areas to maintain a sustainable oil and gas production on a National level and create attractiveness for investors in the future.
 Keywords: Commercial reserves, cost per barrel, energy, investment, production cost, working areas.

Effect of blending on fuel gas composition of pyrolysed plastic wastes

An investigation into the effects of blending on the gaseous product distribution of plastic wastes was successfully carried out. Waste Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and waste High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) samples were subjected to thermal pyrolysis in an electric tubular furnace. A study was also carried out to investigateFirst, the effect of heating rate on the volume of the gaseous products was studied. Previous research by other authors showed appreciable gas production occurred at a minimum heating rate of 20oC/min as such hHeating rate valuess of 22oC/min, 26oC/min and 32oC/min were adoptedused . It showed thatwith results showinged that a higher heating rates favoured the production of non-condensable gases in HDPE but caused a persistent decrease in LDPE. The investigation into the effects of blending was then carried out at a temperature range of 480oC – 600oC and heating rate of 22oC/min using blends of 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% and 100% LDPE in HDPE. The gaseous product was analysed by gas chromatography and results obtained showed a similarity in hydrocarbon product distribution for both LDPE and HDPE gas products. 100% LDPE showed a composition of 21.84%, 47.39%, 20.78%, 8.40%, and 1.59%; and 100% HDPE showed a composition of 18.88%, 46.91%, 22.89%, 9.59%, and 1.73% for C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5+hydrocarbon molecules respectively. The presence of LDPE in blends of LDPE-HDPE favoured the production of C1 up to 99 mol. %.

The reactivity of CuO oxygen carrier and coal in Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupled (CLOU) and In-situ Gasification Chemical-Looping Combustion (iG-CLC)

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has the primary advantage of the generation of a CO2 enriched flue gas, which greatly benefits CO2 capture. Many researchers have been particularly interested in developing combined or mixed oxygen carriers (OC) to enhance and improve single metal OC properties. To advance the development of mixed OC, this study first focused on the conditions that impact the chemical reactions taking place in both In-situ Gasification Chemical-Looping Combustion (iG-CLC) and Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupled (CLOU) for single metal Cu based OC with coal and the gas product distributions. The Cu compounds present during CuO reduction (CuO→Cu2O→Cu) were also investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a function of carbon conversion during the reaction. In this study, the reactivity of char with CuO was tested at two different ratios of CuO to coal char (ϕ = 26 and 8) at 850 °C and 950 °C in Ar and Ar + H2O. Char conversion rates were greater at higher reaction temperatures (950 °C vs 850 °C) for all rests. At a high ratio of oxygen carrier to char (ϕ = 26), char was fully converted by reacting with O2 released from CuO at both 950 °C and 850 °C in Ar. CuO was reduced to Cu2O resulting from the thermal release of gaseous oxygen. At a low ratio of oxygen carrier to char under Ar + H2O (ϕ = 8), char was fully converted at both 950 °C and 850 °C by char combustion with O2 from the OC and syngas CLC from char-H2O gasification. Additionally, CuO was reduced to metallic Cu. IG-CLC had a lower CO2 capture efficiency with CO in the product gas and a lower carbon conversion rate compared to CLOU. From a reactivity view point, CLOU is a promising process for coal chemical-looping combustion.

Functional Group in Situ Evolution Principles of Produced Solid and Product Distribution in Biomass Torrefaction Process

Low-temperature pyrolysis (torrefaction) is the first step for combustion. The produced vapors and solids undergo combustion with a different mechanism. Therefore, the composition of the vapors and the functional groups of the produced solids are very important for combustion because they directly influence the diffusion and transfer of oxygen. In this paper, low-temperature pyrolysis of pinewood was studied in a fixed-bed reactor and also by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The effects of temperature, flow rate of nitrogen, and atmosphere were considered to understand the distribution and properties of gas, liquid, and solid products. In situ DRIFTS was used to monitor the evolution of functional group on the solid during low-temperature pyrolysis. The results indicated that temperature was the dominant factor that influenced product formation. Gases released were mainly CO and CO2, and their yield increased with increasing temperature; noncondensable volatile...

Effect of water, fat, and protein in raw pork from swine carcasses on the pyrolytic gaseous and liquid product distribution

Pyrolysis is an effective way to dispose livestock carcasses. Pork is selected as meat from a representative carcass and the effect of its components (water, fat and protein) on the gaseous and liquid pyrolytic product distribution is investigated. Water has a significant influence on the amount of gaseous products formed, and its presence in raw pork (RP) leads to greater CO, H2, and CH4 yields through the steam gasification and steam reforming reactions. In addition, the presence of water results in higher conversion of N containing compounds into NH3, rather than HCN. Tar yields were mostly determined by the products obtained from the pyrolysis of fat, which include compounds derived from the cracking, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation of long chain fatty acids. The decomposition of protein led to the formation of small molecules like NH3, HCN, and phenols. In addition, protein and fat pyrolysis products react to form long chain amides and nitriles, increasing the tar yield. More toxic heterocyclic compounds are obtained in pyrolytic tar through the cyclisation of long chain hydrocarbons and nitriles under higher temperatures.

An overview of natural gas as an energy source for various purposes

Energy is gaining great prominence and priority regarding improvement the level of prosperity by completing the economic development of countries. Natural gas is becoming one of the most important energy sources in the world because of the low level of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of natural gas. For that reason, natural gas consumption is increasing rapidly in the world. Natural gas, which is the main raw material of various chemical products, meets a significant part of the world energy consumption. It is an obvious fact that natural gas is the second most considerable non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy source, after crude oil. This study deals with reviewing natural gas systems considering each aspect. In this context, natural gas as an energy source along with its historical development was briefly given first. Then, status of world natural gas market with regard to geographical distribution of natural gas reserves, consumption, production, lifetime and storage are investigated in all parts of the world. After this exploration of natural gas as primary energy source, pollution caused by natural gas is reviewed since it is utilized in many areas like residential buildings, vehicles and industry. Beside all these, available pipelines delivering natural gas to consumers and planned pipeline projects to be constructed in the near future are reported. Lastly, the use of liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternative energy source are discussed.

Theoretical study of the CO formation mechanism in the CO2 gasification of lignite

Reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics simulations of lignite and lignite-CO2 models were performed to investigate the CO formation mechanism of CO2 gasification process of lignite. A C++ program was developed to assess ReaxFF trajectories and to analyze elementary reactions involved in the mechanism. Calculated product distribution and relative amounts of main gas products show good agreement with reported experimental observations. We found that the CO formation pathways in the CO2 gasification of lignite begin with the chain carbon radical (Rn), which is formed by CH/CC bond cleavage reactions of aromatic moieties in the lignite or produced semicoke at high temperatures. These chain carbon radicals can react with CO2, forming oxidized carbon radicals, such as Rn-O-C-O, Rn-CO2 and Rn-O. Among these radicals, Rn-O and Rn-O-C-O are important precursors of CO. They produce CO molecules by releasing their C-O moieties at the end. The thermodynamic properties of these elementary reactions were obtained by density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level. The calculated overall enthalpy and entropy changes could clearly explain the experimental data. The density functional theory results show that most of these elementary reactions are endothermic and entropy increasing. High gasification temperatures are favorable for the reactions.

Influence of Carbon Dioxide on the Thermal Degradation Process of Representative Components of Combustible Solid Wastes Using Thermogravimetric–Mass Spectrometry

The thermal mass loss, gaseous-phase reactions, and reaction kinetics of five representative components of combustible solid wastes (CSWs), i.e., rice straw (RS), eucalyptus wood, blank printing paper (BPP), high-density polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), under argon (Ar) and carbon dioxide (CO2) atmospheres were studied by thermogravimetric–mass spectrometry to observe the effect of CO2 on the thermal degradation process. The CO2 atmosphere had a bigger influence than the Ar atmosphere on the thermal mass loss of CSW; CO2 affected the main gaseous product distribution, which was attributed to the complex gas reforming reaction that occurred in the gaseous phase, and abundant CO2 promoted the formation of CO and CH4. When the temperature was over 650 °C, the CO2 reduction reaction occurred in the solid phase and the residue of RS and BPP was mainly silicon, calcium, and potassium oxidizers. The best fitting mechanism of the first main mass loss stage of CSW in an Ar atmosphere was mainly the nucl...

Nickel Complexes of C-Substituted Cyclams and Their Activity for CO2 and H+ Reduction.

Several nickel(II) complexes of cyclams bearing aryl groups on the carbon backbone were prepared and evaluated for their propensity to catalyze the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO and/or H+ to H2, representing the first catalytic analysis to be performed on an aryl–cyclam metal complex. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed the attenuation of catalytic activity when the aryl group bears the strong electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl substituent, whereas the phenyl, p-tolyl, and aryl-free derivatives displayed a range of catalytic activities. The gaseous-product distribution for the active complexes was determined by means of controlled-potential electrolysis (CPE) and revealed that the phenyl derivative is the most active as well as the most selective for CO2 reduction over proton reduction. Stark differences in the activity of the complexes studied are rationalized through comparison of their X-ray structures, absorption spectra, and CPE profiles. Further CV studies on the phenyl derivative were undertaken to provide a kinetic insight.

Promising Impregnated Mn-based Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion of Gaseous Fuels

Promising impregnated oxygen carriers, based on copper and iron, have been previously developed for CLC with gaseous fuels (CH4, syngas, LHC). Recently, because of its low cost and environmental compatibility, Mn-based oxygen carriers are now being considered as an attractive option for chemical-looping combustion (CLC) applications. In this work, a screening of different commercial supports in fluidizable particle size for impregnated Mn-based materials has been carried out. Different oxygen carriers have been prepared by incipient impregnation on ZrO2, and CaAl2O4, and evaluated with respect to their mechanical resistance, fuel gas reactivity and fluidization properties such as agglomeration and attrition rate. In a first step, particles showing high enough crushing strength values were selected for the reactivity investigation. The redox reactivity was evaluated through TGA experiments at suitable temperatures for the CLC process (i.e. 850-950°C) using H2, CO and CH4. Multi cycle redox analysis and full physical and chemical characterization was also performed. In a second step, materials with high enough reactivity were prepared for fluidized bed evaluation. A batch fluidized bed installation with continuous gaseous fuel feed was used to analyze the product gas distribution during reduction and oxidation reactions at different operation temperatures, and agglomeration and attrition behavior of the selected materials. Results showed that an oxygen carrier impregnated using ZrO2 as support, had high enough reactivity and low attrition rate. Therefore, this material can be selected as a candidate for the development of CLC with syngas with promising results.

Co-Electrolysis, Quo Vadis?

This work focuses on the impact of reaction parameters of high-temperature co-electrolysis of carbon dioxide and water on the electrochemical performance and product gas distribution. Experiments have been performed with a conventional electrode (cathode) supported solid oxide cell. The electrochemical performance was investigated by I/V-curve measurements and impedance spectroscopy. The temperature was varied in the range of 750 to 900 °C. At 900 °C the impact of different feed gas compositions was investigated. The provided volumetric water vapor content was changed from 40 % with 20 % H2 up to 47.5 % with 5 % H2 in addition to the varied CO2 to H2O ratios 0, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Parameter controlled syngas tailoring was shown by ramps of increasing current densities (at 0.001 mA·s-1) and coupled online product analysis at feed flow rates of 2, 3 and 6 nl·h-1, confirming its principle.

Numerical simulation of scale-up effects of methanol-to-olefins fluidized bed reactors

Scale-up of fluidized bed reactors has long been regarded as a big challenge in chemical reaction engineering. While traditional scaling theories are mostly based on hydrodynamics similarity, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aided approach allows direct coupling between hydrodynamics and reaction factors and is expected to speed up the experiment-based scale-up process with lower cost. In this study, we aim to investigate the scale-up effects through simulations of a series of methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reactors of different sizes. The two-fluid model and energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS)-based drag models are combined in simulations. The fluidization characteristics in terms of flow structures, velocity distribution, mass fractions of gaseous product and coke distribution are presented against available experimental data for different-sized reactors. It is found that typical hydrodynamic features can be reasonably predicted, while the prediction of reaction behavior shows growing discrepancy with increasing reactor size. Possible reasons are discussed in the last section along with future work presented for scale-up studies.