Gasification Process Research Articles

Oxygen updraft gasification of euro cotton banknotes waste for hydrogen-rich syngas production

Euro cotton banknote waste (BW) is one of the challenges that the EU region has recently sought vigorously to integrate into the circular economy and to encourage research and investment in its valorisation in order to preserve this sector and reduce its environmental risks. Within this framework, this research aims to study the possibility of treating BW using gasification process and converting it into hydrogen (H2)-rich syngas. Gasification experiments were performed on euro banknote-based cotton waste that underwent pre-pelletizing treatment to produce uniform BW granules. The conversion process was carried out using a continuous updraft gasifier system with a capacity up to 1 kg/h in oxygen agent. To optimize the process and obtain ideal conditions that can release the maximum amount of H2 into the synthesized gas, the experiments were conducted at different temperatures (700, 800, 900 °C) and air-fuel equivalence ratios (ER: 0.19, 0.24, 0.29). The syngas, tar, and soot gasification products were characterized using Gas chromatography, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that at 700°C (ER = 0.24), the maximum syngas production rate (1.16 kg/h) with HHV 9.1 MJ/kg can be obtained together with production of 0.05 kg/h (tar) and 0.79 kg/h (soot). Meanwhile, the highest H2 content (up to 19%) was obtained at 900 °C (ER = 0.19) with less tar (0.01 kg/h) and soot (0.49 kg/h). Accordingly, BW treatment using the gasification process is a promising technology for its disposal, especially at a high temperature (900 °C) to convert it into H2-rich syngas with smaller quantity of tar and soot components.

Gasification of different biomasses in a concurrent fixed bed reactor: thermodynamics assessment towards its bioenergy potential

Gasification is considered a promising technique for converting biomass into fuels and chemicals products. Its viability must be guaranteed when obtaining great conversion yields, gas with high calorific value and low tar content. It is also important to develop efficient equipment that work with different biomasses. Aiming to assess this potential, this paper evaluated the operational performance of a fixed-bed and concurrent flow gasifier as well as the gas quality by using five different biomasses in gasification process, which were: in natura and torrefied eucalyptus woodchips, in natura and torrefied pine pellets and eucalyptus charcoal. Gas and biomasses characterizations were made and some improvements for conversion optimization were discussed. The results showed that biomasses gasification was technically feasible, reactors’ performance and operation were affected by biomasses chemical and physical properties. Torrefied biomasses reduced the percentages of CO2 (-18.4%) and H2 (-12.1%), while increased the CO (+12.7%) in the gas, contributing positively to the rise in calorific value. The highest efficiencies were obtained in eucalyptus woodchips gasification, on average 53.2% of cold efficiency, with no differences between in natura and torrefied woodchips. Finally, in order to increase biomass conversion into gas, modifications in the reactor reduction zone are recommended, such as the creation of a physical barrier to increase gases residence time. Our study will help encourage bioenergy and gasification technologies in developing countries.

Effect of the ash melting on heat and mass characteristics and reaction rate during corn stalk pellet gasification

In order to investigate the effect of ash melting on the gasification process of biomass pellet, a high-temperature visual gasification system was set up, meanwhile, a biomass melting gasification model for a single pellet was built. Considering that the fusion temperature range of ash is from 1418 K to 1558 K, 1396 K (below 1418 K), 1491 K (between 1418 K and 1558 K), 1591 K and 1677 K (above 1558 K) were chosen as the experimental temperatures. Results show that ash melting could absorb heat, thereby resisting the heat transfer inside pellet. When the gasification temperature is higher than 1558 K, as the larger spherical particles caused by ash melting and coalescing peels off from the pellet surface, the pellet covered by melting ash could be directly exposed to the environment, which is conducive to the heat and mass transfer.

Экологические особенности восстановления нарушенных земель приполярья при использовании растительных сообществ в Тюменской области

This paper provided research on the restoration of disturbed lands in the circumpolar area using plant communities in the Tyumen Region. The opening up and development of the circumpolar and polar zones of the Tyumen Region has been carried out for 60 years. Construction is underway and dozens of cities, hundreds of villages, many industrial facilities have been built, thousands of kilometers of pipelines have been laid. As a result of these constructions, the vegetation of the tundra and forest-tundra was destroyed over vast areas, and the bottom of the ancient ocean was opened. Work to restore the soil and vegetation cover of the lands of the Far North, carrying out biological reclamation, is a new and rather complex matter. The goal of our research was to develop a technology for biological land reclamation using perennial grasses, peat and fertilizers for given conditions. Work to restore disturbed lands was carried out in the permafrost zone of the subpolar and polar zones of the Tyumen Region. The natural and climatic conditions of the territory are characterized by a long eight-month winter with little snow and a short summer with cold winds, mainly from the north. Experimental tests on biological land reclamation were carried out near the city of Novy Urengoy, subpolar zone, in a quarry adjacent to gas processing complex № 6. According to observation data over three years of research, at a peat application rate of 1.0 thousand m3/ha, the yield in the control variant was 17.1 c/ha. With a minimum dose of flour of 2 t/ha, the dry matter yield reached 22.9 c/ha. When the dose of dolomite flour was increased to 4–8 t/ha, the yield of dry mass of perennial grasses was 23.4–23.7 c/ha. These experiments need to be continued.

Low-power electrodeless 2.45 GHz microwave plasma generation in ambient air with dielectric resonators

Abstract Microwave (MW) plasma, as an electrodeless non-thermal plasma technique, holds significant potential for gas processing applications under near-ambient conditions. However, current MW plasma methods suffer from low energy efficiency due to the high power required for molecular breakdown via vibrational excitation. A promising approach to mitigate this challenge involves using a pair of high relative permittivity dielectric resonators (DRs) in close proximity to enhance the electric field within the small gap between them, thus reducing power consumption. In this study, we combined simulations and experiments to investigate the electric field enhancement effect of DRs with varying shapes, geometrical parameters (e.g., radius and height), gap distances, and orientations relative to the electric field polarization and MW propagation directions. Simulations performed using Ansys HFSS demonstrate that edge-to-edge configurations of hexagonal, square, and triangular prism DRs can achieve significant electric field enhancement over a broad range of geometric parameters. DRs fabricated from calcium titanate were tested experimentally using a simple setup with a kitchen microwave (2.45 GHz) at ambient pressure. With input power below 100 W, stable and highly confined plasma was generated using hexagonal and triangular prism DRs. These results suggest a simple, cost-effective, and low-power method for generating MW plasma under ambient conditions, offering particular advantages for chemical processing in rural areas utilizing renewable energy resources.

Microbial manganese redox cycling drives co-removal of nitrate and ammonium.

Manganese (Mn), abundant in the Earth's crust, can act as an oxidant or a reductant for diverse nitrogen biotransformation processes. However, the functional microorganisms and their metabolic pathways, as well as interactions, remain largely elusive. Here, a microbial consortium was enriched from a mixture of freshwater sediments and activated sludge by feeding ammonium, nitrate and Mn(II), which established manganese-driven co-removal of nitrate and ammonium with removal rates of 5.83 and 2.30mgN L-1 d-1, respectively. The batch tests and metagenomic analyses revealed a nitrate-dependent anaerobic manganese oxidation (NDMO) process mediated by Anaerolineales and Phycisphaerales and a manganese reduction coupled to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Mnammox) process mediated by Chthonomonadales. Based on identified key genes involved in the nitrogen and manganese metabolic pathways, nitrate was likely reduced to nitrite and nitrogen gas in the NDMO process while ammonium was oxidized to nitrite in the Mnammox process, which in turn fuelled the Anammox process carried out by Candidatus Brocadia. This revealed the microbial interactions of NDMO, Mnammox, and Anammox processes responsible for manganese-driven co-removal of ammonium and nitrate. These findings provide a potential solution for biological nitrogen removal and expand our understanding of the nitrogen and manganese biogeochemical cycles.

Research of The Possibilities of Reducing the Quantity of CO2 in the Premises of the E&E Foundry in Gjakova

The cupola furnace is a type of melting furnace used in foundries for melting cast iron. The primary purpose of studying the emission of gases in the cupola furnace is to understand and mitigate environmental and operational impacts. Emission research in the cupola furnace involves the analysis of gases released during the melting process. The key gases of interest include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Environmental Impact: Understanding the composition and quantity of emissions helps in assessing the environmental impact of cupola furnace operations. This is crucial for compliance with environmental regulations and standards. Studying gas emissions provides insights into the combustion efficiency and overall performance of the cupola furnace. It allows for optimization of the process to enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Worker Health and Safety: Monitoring emissions is essential to ensure a safe working environment for foundry workers. At Foundry E&E, a total of 7800 kg of pig iron is produced during one scrap smelting. Measurements of process gases in the working spaces and in the chimney exceed the standard values of CO2 and CO quantities. We performed the measurements with the "aeroqual-gas sensing" series 500 apparatus. The amount of CO2 near the scarp melting cupola furnace was 325 ppm, while the amount of CO2 in the chimney reached the value of 2047 ppm. The aim of the work is to achieve the reduction of metallurgical coke, and the return of the process gas through the blowers in the areas of the cupola furnace in the Foundry E&E, and with this we will achieve the reduction of CO2

Hydrogen‐Rich Bio‐Syngas Production of Empty Fruit Bunch by Novel Limonite Catalytic Gasification

AbstractCatalytic biomass gasification is a promising thermochemical conversion pathway for converting palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) into hydrogen (H2) as future energy needed to support the global net‐zero emission goal in 2050. This study developed a limonite catalyst, a byproduct of nickel mining, to enhance hydrogen‐rich bio‐syngas production from EFB gasification. The findings demonstrate that limonite has successfully catalyzed the biomass gasification process with an increase in bio‐syngas production by 27–30 % volume. At an operating temperature of 700 °C, the use of limonite catalyst and steam as gasifying agent produced 24 L of bio‐syngas with H2/CO ratio 15.84, and H2 accounting for the largest share at 63.45 % volume.

Cross-Linked Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene)-Coated Quartz and Kaolinite Proppants For Hydraulic Fracturing Applications

AbstractThe hydraulic fracturing operation, used as a production process in shale gas and coalbed methane reservoirs in the oil and natural gas industry, consists of fracturing fluid, proppant, and many other chemicals. This study successfully produced hydraulic fracturing proppants based on quartz and kaolinite minerals using divinyl benzene cross-linked styrene polymer with an in situ suspension polymerization method. Morphological analysis of the prepared proppants confirmed their spherical structure and the sphericity of quartz and kaolinite proppants were determined as 0.9. The polymer shells of the prepared proppants showed thermal resistance up to 375 °C and then decomposed between 375 °C and 575 °C. As a result of mechanical tests, quartz proppants showed a crush resistance of 14.08% under a load of 18,000 psi. Similarly, a crush resistance of 14.28% for kaolinite proppants was determined under a load of 15,000 psi. The apparent densities of quartz and kaolinite proppants were determined as 1.635 g/cm3 and 1.365 g/cm3, respectively. However, quartz proppants mostly display brittle breakage behavior, while kaolinite proppants are plastically deformed under the applied load.

Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Gasification of Fresh and Pyrolysis Residues of Macadamia F.Muell Nutshells: The Catalytic Properties of Na, K, and Co

Residual Macadamia F.Muell nutshell gasification assisted by CO2 was studied in this work. Monometallic Co, Na, and K and bimetallic CoNa and CoK catalysts were prepared and tested in the catalytic process. The idea of this research was to try to find any synergism between already known catalytically active components and to investigate possible ways to use mixed materials. All the materials under investigation were examined by SEM-EDX and XRD. The DTA-TG of the initial fresh macadamia nutshell was presented in this work. The synergism between the Co and K components was revealed in the CO2-assisted gasification process. The found optimal catalyst was 1.5 wt%K-1.5 wt% Co/PMNS.

Characterization of the Porosity and Permeability of Gasified Coal in UCG Process: An Experimental and Simulation Study.

Under the environment of energy transformation in the world, underground coal gasification (UCG) is an important means to realize the green and clean development and utilization of deep coal resources. Due to a series of complex chemical reactions, the porosity and permeability of coal have changed significantly. Accurately characterizing the porosity and permeability of gasified coal is of great significance to the field screening, production control, and numerical simulation of the UCG project. In this study, the porosity and permeability of coal samples are studied by means of experiment and numerical simulation, respectively. Subsequently, a predictive model for porosity-permeability relationships is established with its feasibility verified by comparison to previous experimental results. In the experimental phase, a nitrogen atmosphere simulates pyrolysis conditions, while an air atmosphere replicates gasification environments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to characterize the porosity and permeability changes in heat-treated coal samples. For the numerical simulation component, through the analysis of UCG physical and chemical processes, the UCG three-dimensional numerical simulation model at the field scale is established by using CMG-STARS simulation software, and the changes in porosity and permeability during coal gasification are analyzed. The result shows that following heat treatment experiments, the average equivalent pore diameter of the coal sample increases to 0.748 μm, an increase of 493.65%, with general expansion observed across pore diameters. Additionally, the average shape factor decreases from 3.20 to 2.584, suggesting enhanced roundness in the porosity characteristics. Post-heat treatment observations reveal an increase in pore quantity alongside expanded diameters, thus indicating significant alterations in pore structure. Through 3D UCG numerical simulation, the evolution of coal porosity and permeability is categorized into three distinct stages: 25-320, 320-750, and 750-1000 °C. This categorization reflects the evolutionary model of the pore structure during coal gasification. In the predictive model, the permeability of coal during pyrolysis and gasification is represented as an exponential function of the porosity. As the porosity increases, the growth rate of permeability initially rises slowly before gradually accelerating. Furthermore, it is observed that in the gasification process, the increase in coal permeability with respect to porosity is less pronounced than that observed during pyrolysis. The findings presented in this paper hold significant implications for field screening, process design, and optimization of UCG applications.

Performance Analysis of Gasification Coupled with IC Engine for Emission Control: Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

The gasification of biomass waste, such as Prosopis Juliflora wood( karuvellam wood), holds significant potential for reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability. This study focused on investigating the gasification process of Prosopis Juliflora wood using an two stage air-preheated, Double throat downdraft gasifier. This gasifier will create reduced emission and tar-free producer gas, which will aid in the operation of the internal combustion engine. Prosopis Juliflora wood's ideal parameter was calculated for different equivalent ratio. Prosopis Juliflora wood's producer gas composition and calorific value (CV) were found to be CO = 18.1%, H2 = 12.7 %, and CV = 1092 kcal/Nm3. After determining the optimal operating point, the focus shifted to using this gas to power internal combustion engine in dual fuel mode. Diesel and producer gas from Prosopis Juliflora wood powered a 10 HP Field Marshall engine, single-cylinder, water-cooled, with a compression ratio of 16.6, coupled with an alternator and load bank. To compare the performance characteristics of diesel engines, combustion and emissions behaviours, were observed and analysed and a thorough analysis of the engine's behaviour during operation with producer gas was conducted. and a thorough analysis of the engine's behavior during operation with producer gas was conducted

Catalytic effects of simulated biomass ashes on coal gasification reactivity and the transformation evolution of minerals during gasification process

Catalytic effects of simulated biomass ashes on coal gasification reactivity and the transformation evolution of minerals during gasification process

A Comprehensive Exploration of Biomass Gasification Technologies Advancing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Part I

The pursuit of sustainable energy sources on a worldwide scale is a crucial and pressing matter, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) offering a comprehensive framework for properly addressing this challenge. This two-part paper provides an overview of the various technologies now available for the process of biomass gasification. Compared to other renewable energy sources, which have undergone significant technological advancements in recent years, the field of biomass conversion is still relatively new. Keeping up with the newest breakthroughs becomes increasingly crucial as new conversion techniques are rapidly being created. In the thermochemical conversion process called ‘biomass gasification’, biomass solid source materials are degraded or incompletely burned in an oxygen-free or oxygen-deficient high-temperature atmosphere, resulting in the production of biomass gas. Part I delves into different biomass gasification techniques, including upstream, gasification and downstream processes, highlighting their importance in transforming biomass into clean and combustible gases.

Effect of inlet angle on the mixing process of hydrogen-blended natural gas in venturi tube

Effect of inlet angle on the mixing process of hydrogen-blended natural gas in venturi tube

From biogas to biomethane: Evaluating the role of microalgae in sustainable energy production – A review

Methane, predominantly derived from fossil resources, is a highly utilised energy source due to its high energy density. However, the rapid consumption of fossil fuels has precipitated anthropogenic climate change and resource depletion, compelling the necessity for a transition towards sustainable and climate-compatible energy sources. This review examines biogas upgrading technologies, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological methods, with a particular focus on photosynthetic CO2 fixation to enhance methane purity and meet biomethane purity standards. Biological processes, in particular those utilising microalgae, demonstrate considerable potential for CO2 sequestration and have the capacity to reduce emissions while simultaneously generating valuable byproducts. The review investigates key process parameters, including pH, liquid-to-gas (L/G) ratio, temperature, and gas retention time (GRT), along with the removal efficiency of CO2. The mass transfer of CO2 and the role of microorganisms are also examined. Furthermore, biological, and chemical/physical upgrading technologies are economically and ecologically compared.

Study on potassium recovery of coal gasification process in supercritical water

Study on potassium recovery of coal gasification process in supercritical water

Nitinol Reactive Oxygen Assist Gas Laser Micromachining: Demystifying the Implications Imposed Upon Pseudoelasticity and the Shape Memory Effect for Nickel-Titanium Alloys

Herein, a novel investigation examines a long-pulse microsecond laser cutting process with an oxygen assist gas and the subsequent effects on martensitic phase transformations for binary nickel-titanium alloys. To establish a comprehensive comparative analysis, a reactive oxygen assist gas process, a standard inert argon assist gas process, and athermal femtosecond laser micromachining are studied in order to form a complete analytical assessment of how laser processing can inflict implications upon pseudoelasticity and shape memory. In-situ thermography reveals an approximate 1.5-times increase in thermal area for an argon assist gas when compared to oxygen. In conjunction with thermal analysis, electron backscatter diffraction and optical microscopy demonstrates 1.7 to 25 μm of epitaxial grain recrystallization associated with the elevated level of thermal propagation. Low cycle fatigue testing of pseudoelastic performance realizes a 12.7 % decrease in the achievable upper plateau stress when comparing long-pulse cutting to femtosecond cutting. Furthermore, when the laser power exceeds 30 W, the ultimate tensile strength suffers notable reductions of 25 % and 40 % for the oxygen and argon processes respectively when compared to femtosecond micromachining. Bend and free recovery testing provides insights into shape memory performance of the endothermic phase transformation from B19’ martensite to B2 austenite, revealing marginal ∼1.5 ˚C reductions in the active austenite finish (Af) temperature as laser power was increased from 10 W to 60 W. Lastly, long-pulse laser processing results in notable ∼15 ˚C shifts in the austenite start (As) temperature during the reverse martensite phase transformation from B19’→R→B2.

Kinetic characterization of CO2 gasification for coal-char: A case study

ABSTRACT Gasification of coal under CO2 environment is an attractive option for mitigating CO2 emissions. Kinetic characterization of coal-char is beneficial for understanding its performance during gasification processes in practical systems. India has 4th largest coal reserve in the world; however, very few studies have been conducted on Indian coal for assessing thermal as well as kinetic behavior during CO2 gasification. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the reaction kinetics during CO2 gasification of coal-char from Talcher, which has the largest coal reserve among Indian coalfields, using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at 900–1050°C. The studied coals are of sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous. It has moderately high ash yield (15–31%) and > 68% of reactive macerals. Specific surface area of char gradually increases from 2.83 m2/g to 42.71 m2/g with increase in temperature. Furthermore, the char surface area shows a strong correlation with the reactivity index. The kinetic parameters are determined by using first-order and nth-order kinetic models, namely, volumetric, shrinking core, and random pore models. The activation energy (Ea) shows a range of 118–194 kJ/mol and 162–213 kJ/mol for first order and nth-order models, respectively. The temperature significantly influences the reaction rate, suggesting a chemical reaction control zone for the studied temperature range. This study also highlights the morphological evolution of char pore structure with temperature.

Fates of nutrient elements and heavy metals during thermal conversion of cattle slurry-derived anaerobic digestates

Thermal processes are emerging as promising solutions to recovering phosphorus and other nutrient elements from anaerobic digestates. The feasibility of nutrient element recovery depends largely on the fates of nutrient elements and heavy metals during thermal processing. This study assesses the partitioning of macronutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Mn) between condensed and gaseous phases during thermal conversion of cattle slurry digestates in gas atmospheres of pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification processes. This study also assesses the chemical forms of macronutrients retained in combustion ashes. The partitioning of elements between condensed and gaseous phases was quantified by mass balances based on elemental analyses of char and ash residues. The char and ash residues were prepared in a fixed-bed, batch reactor at temperatures within the range 800–1000 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to identify the chemical forms of macronutrient elements in combustion ashes. Volatilisation of P was low (< 20%) when the digestates were heated in inert and oxidising atmospheres, whereas a reducing atmosphere volatilized P to a major extent (~ 60% at 1000 °C). Oxidising atmospheres increased volatilisation of N but suppressed volatilisation of K, Na, and Zn. Volatilisation of the following elements was low (< 30%) in all investigated operating conditions: Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu. The combustion ashes contained both high concentrations of P (around 7 w/w%) and acceptable concentrations of regulated heavy metals (Cu, and Zn) for application on agricultural and forest soils in Finland. Phosphorous was retained in the combustion ashes in the form of whitlockite. This form of P is expected to be available to plants when the ashes are added to soil.