Gas Prices Research Articles

Financial toxicity of total cancer care immunotherapy patients and caregivers: impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and inflation.

Financial toxicity, cancer-treatment-related financial harm, is associated with expensive treatments like immunotherapy. The purpose of this study was to explore financial toxicity among advanced cancer patients receiving immunotherapies and their caregivers and, secondarily, to study how recent inflation and the COVID-19 pandemic impacted these experiences. Advanced cancer patients receiving immunotherapies and their caregivers were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews about supportive care needs from 2022 to 2023. The Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity was collected. Guided by Jones et al.'s cancer financial toxicity model, the content analysis was conducted by two trained coders using NVIVO R1. Sixteen patients and 10 caregivers (including 7 dyads) across 5 states participated in interviews in 2022-2023. Participants averaged 63.43years (SD = 12.75), and patients received an average of 14.6months of immunotherapy (SD = 9.415). The majority lived in non-metropolitan areas (67%) and were white (95%). Three theory-driven themes were developed: (1) Sources of Financial Toxicity, (2) Buffers of Financial Toxicity, and (3) Consequences of Financial Toxicity. Inflation was added to financial toxicity for non-metropolitan dwelling participants due to increased prices of gas and accommodation. Social support systems buffered the impact of financial toxicity. Material and psychological impacts of financial toxicity disproportionately affected younger and privately insured participants. While immunotherapy patients face high medical costs of treatment, the burdens of accessing treatment for people living at a distance from the cancer center can exacerbate financial toxicity. Clinicians and researchers should also consider external financial pressures such as national economic impacts that compound the financial toxicity of treatment.

The Eectricity Crisis and the Feasibility of Nuclear Energy in Egypt

The power outage crisis is increasing in Egypt, negatively affecting many other sectors such as industry, agriculture, and trade. In light of the lack of sufficient capacity to meet the growing needs of consumers, which has led to regular power shortages and power outages. While Egypt needs additional energy, the production of gas and oil needed to generate thermal energy decreased in 2014, and Egypt moved from an exporter of natural gas to a net importer. In addition to this, the volume of subsidies allocated to energy increased, the rise in global prices for oil and natural gas, and the need for huge investments to create Power generation plants, development of transportation networks, and distribution of electrical energy, which led to pressure on the general budget. A continuous and reliable supply of electricity is needed for Egypt's social and economic development. Accordingly, the government encouraged the development of new energy, invited the private sector to participate in energy generation, and a number of government reforms were made in order to enhance competition in the energy market, which required the need to study the possibility of providing it using nuclear energy. Its stations have a high load capacity, operate almost at full capacity all the time, are characterized by the stability of the electrical network and energy independence, and avoid the risks of fuel price shocks, and the costs of generating electricity from them decrease with increasing production. The importance of this research lies in highlighting the challenges facing the structure of the electricity sector in Egypt, and studying the advantages enjoyed by nuclear energy as the most important renewable energy sources in the world. Its importance also lies in comparing nuclear energy with other energy sources, and trying to benefit Egypt from obtaining this energy for use. In economic development projects, rationalizing tariffs and supporting their access to the poor. <i>This research is divided into</i>:<i>The first topic</i>: The electricity generation crisis in Egypt and a development vision for the contribution of nuclear energy to its solution, <i>The second topic</i>: trends in development planning for establishing nuclear plants in Egypt. The electricity generation crisis in Egypt and a development vision for the contribution of nuclear energy to its solution.

Implementation Status and Suggestions of “Coal-to-gas” Policy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

With the acceleration of industrialization for the past few years, the level of air pollution has also increased significantly. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is one of the regions that need to be improved urgently. The air pollutants produced by coal burning are the main source of pollution in this region, so it is of great practical necessity for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region to replace coal burning with clean energy. At present, the status of the "coal-to-gas" policy of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has achieved remarkable results. With the strong support of the government, air pollution has been effectively improved. However, there are still many problems such as "one-size-fits-all" policy, imperfect financial subsidy mechanism, tight gas source, differentiated scope of policy implementation, and hidden dangers of rural equipment safety. For these reasons, the government should formulate differentiated policies according to local conditions, implement "coal-to-gas" and "coal-to-electricity" synchronously, improve the subsidy mechanism, strengthen technical and equipment support, enhance gas supply security, stabilize gas price and strengthen publicity and training.

The costs of hydrogen and conventional energy carriers: temporal evolutions and mutual price correlations – global insights with a focus on Belgium

ABSTRACT Energy systems design is challenged by uncertainties in energy carrier costs. This study explores hydrogen and conventional energy carrier costs, providing global insights with a focus on Belgium. Over two years, European natural gas prices surged 55-fold, while solid biomass prices varied only 1.8-fold over 13 years. Regression analysis (adjusted R 2 >0.9) reveals mutual correlations among energy carriers, allowing for cost ranking relative to the natural gas price. The relationship between electricity and natural gas prices underscores financial challenges for heat pumps in Belgium. Hydrogen cost estimations for 2024 are 43.7, 48.8, 16.4, and 17.5 €/GJH2,LHV for green, yellow (grid), grey and blue hydrogen, respectively. Achieving cost parity between blue and grey hydrogen requires a carbon tax of 67.5–123 €/tonCO2. Present approach incorporates uncertainties in energy carrier costs by varying natural gas price scenarios, facilitating prompt identification of cases for in-depth evaluation in future energy systems.

Dynamic speculation and efficiency in European natural gas markets during the COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine crises

Efficiency and dynamic speculation literature focused on financial and crude oil markets whereas empirical studies on natural gas markets are limited. This study examines market efficiency and dynamic speculation in major European natural gas hubs (the Zeebrugge (ZEE) hub of Belgium, Title Transfer Facility (TTF) hub of the Netherlands, and National Balancing Point (NBP) hub of the UK) during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict. Using the Asymmetric multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (A-MFDFA) and the power law exponent (PLE) approach, we show that European natural gas markets exhibit an asymmetric multifractal behavior and long-memory effects, with variations observed during crises. The ZEE hub in Belgium and the NBP hub in the UK demonstrate a higher multifractality under different trends during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, respectively. Notably, the TTF hub in the Netherlands emerges as the most efficient market during all subperiods. Moreover, our results, using the PLE approach, suggest that European gas market inefficiencies during crises can be attributed to speculative strategies that create self-perpetuating dynamics and diminish market transparency, leading to heightened risk and volatility in gas prices. Our findings underscore the need for regulatory intervention to mitigate excessive speculation and enhance transparency in gas markets. Diversifying gas supplies and fortifying European gas hubs emerge as pivotal strategies to bolster resilience and stability during crises.

High-temperature heat pumps in industrial heating networks: A study on energy use, emissions, and economics

Industrial heat significantly contributes to global primary energy use and primarily relies on fossil-fuel combustion. Recovering residual heat in the industry offers a means to reduce overall energy use. However, the temperature and amount of residual heat available varies widely across industrial sites. Some may have a large amount of residual heat available at relatively high temperatures, while others may not have any residual heat available. Furthermore, for most industries, the residual heat available is at temperatures below 100 °C, while the heat demands are at higher temperatures. Hence, clustering these industries by industrial heating networks, using high-temperature heat pump integration, could offer a promising solution. Research on this concept regarding energy use, emissions and economics is however lacking in the literature. This study however distinguishes and subsequently compares three different heat network configurations in terms of their energy use, carbon emissions and financial appraisal. These configurations include a ‘consumer based heat upgrading network’, a ‘supplier based heat upgrading network’ and a ‘supplier based heat upgrading network with an additional hot water network’. For this purpose a generic methodology is developed, using first and second law principles completed with empirical data for performance and costs. The methodology is applied to data collected from ten companies clustered within the North Sea Port, Ghent (Belgium). The results indicate that the first configuration exhibits the most efficient use of energy and consequently also has the lowest carbon emissions. In addition it also has the lowest levelized cost of heat. This configuration shows, depending on maximum supply temperature of the heat pump, a potential reduction in carbon emissions ranging from 70 % to 80 % in comparison to natural gas boilers. Considering low gas prices, a positive financial appraisal is difficult without carbon taxation. On the other hand, an evaluation during the energy crisis of 2021–2022 indicates that the even without carbon taxation, the levelized cost of heat decreases by 19 % compared to a gas boiler at a maximum heat pump temperature of 160 °C. It was also found that in scenarios of dynamic energy prices a hybrid configuration of a consumer based heat upgrading network and a natural gas boiler could lower the LCOH compared to the individual solutions, by up to 7.6 % compared to the best individual solution. This is done by activating the technology with the lowest operational cost in each time frame.

Assessment of a coupled electricity and hydrogen sector in the Texas energy system in 2050

Due to its ability to reduce emissions in the hard-to-abate sectors, hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in future energy systems. This study modifies a sector-coupled dynamic modeling framework for electricity and hydrogen by including policy constraints, carbon prices, and possible hydrogen pathways and applies it to Texas in 2050. The impact of financial policies, including the US clean hydrogen production tax credit, on required infrastructure and costs are explored. Due to low natural gas prices, financial levers are necessary to promote low-carbon hydrogen production as the optimized solution. The Levelized Costs of Hydrogen are found to be $1.50/kg in the base case (primarily via steam methane reformation production) and lie between $2.10 - 3.10/kg when production is via renewable electrolysis. The supporting infrastructure required to supply those volumes of renewable hydrogen is immense. The hydrogen tax credit was found to be enough to drive production via electrolysis.

Rethinking the theory of quiet politics: bad corporate behavior and the failure of quiet politics in the east coast gas crisis in Australia, 2022

Abstract The theory of quiet politics has two propositions; first, that business interests prefer to engage with governments in ‘quiet’ arenas shielded from the media and the day-to-day political fray, and second that business interests exert power over governments in quiet politics. We counter the second proposition, arguing that business generally exercises influence rather than power in quiet politics. One precondition for the successful exercise of influence is the acceptance by business of certain protocols of behavior in interactions with governments. In this paper we underline the importance of such protocols by exploring the dynamics of a conflict between the east coast gas industry and the federal government in Australia amidst steep rises in domestic gas prices and supply restrictions in 2022. The gas industry behaved badly in the economy and in politics and did not abide by the relevant protocols of engagement with the government. The government responded aggressively and quiet politics failed. The paper underlines the importance of the behavioral pre-conditions for business influence in quiet politics and what can go wrong if this fails.

A Gas Cylinder Delivery Service in Oman

Gas is one of the basic requirements that must be available in every home, purchased from gas stations and street vendors. However, issues may arise in reaching gas stations or finding sellers in certain areas when gas is needed urgently. Our project aims to create a desktop application for a gas cylinder delivery service, enhancing the community's experience by facilitating the timely delivery of suitable gas cylinders. The application lists gas cylinder owners in Omani society, providing customer data like name, phone number, city, and governorate. Customers can pay using cash and choose cylinder size and price. The app also determines delivery time based on location. It facilitates communication between buyers and sellers in Arabic and English. The gas cylinder delivery service application requires login information like username, phone number, and city, then opens a location service home page. The home page features an "Order Now" button, allowing users to choose from a list of gas cylinder sellers, specifying size and price. After confirmation, customers can choose payment method, delivery location, and expected delivery time. Then the seller receives an order containing the buyer's data and a gas cylinder, and the application confirms the delivery to the customer after completion. Oman's technological advancements have made society accustomed to mobile phones, software, and applications, making the location of the gas cylinder delivery service to people easier than the traditional method of finding sellers.

Assessing the Future of Oil and Gas Production and Local Government Revenue in Five Western US Basins

Oil and gas production is a major source of public revenue in many US regions, but uncertainty exists over the future of demand for hydrocarbons. We model how oil and gas production and related government revenue change in five western US basins depending on future oil and natural gas prices under three scenarios of climate policy ambition. We find that the Green River and San Juan basins experience production declines across all scenarios, while production in the Bakken, Permian, and Powder River basins are more dependent on prices. Government revenue generally follows the direction of production, but these relationships are not directly proportional. Under the lower price scenarios, revenue declines more steeply than production because it reflects both production and prices, which both decline. Long-term permanent funds, which are in place across all the states we examine, provide an important fiscal cushion for school districts, their primary beneficiary. JEL Classification: H71, H72, H73, O13, Q41, Q48

Impact of the socioeconomic crisis in Lebanon on people with epilepsy.

The economic crisis in Lebanon, which began in 2019, has affected the healthcare system and patients' incomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the obstacles faced by people with epilepsy (PWE) during this crisis and to assess its impact on their quality of life. The method used was a cross-sectional study conducted among PWE aged 18-65 years, who were asked to complete a comprehensive questionnaire covering sociodemographic aspects, clinical aspects, the impact of the economic crisis, and the QOLIE-31 (version 1.0), validated in English and Arabic, which assesses the quality of life of PWE. 71 patients were included in the study with an average age of 35.2 years [23.5; 62.5] (53.5% were males). Their average QOLIE-31 score was 50.3 (+/- 17.9). A significant proportion (71%) of patients reported difficulties during the crisis, with 25% reporting having had seizure-related injuries in the years 2022-2023 and 36.6% reporting an increase in seizure frequency compared to that prior to 2020. Moreover, many patients had to change (33.8%) or discontinue (18.3%) antiseizure medications, due to drug shortages, rising costs, and high gas prices. To mitigate these challenges, patients sought solutions such as obtaining medications from abroad (34%) or through donations (8%) or purchasing from the black market (8%). Low quality of life was associated with unemployment, low education level, the presence of focal seizures with impaired awareness or generalized seizures, polytherapy, seizure-related injuries, and medication changes during the economic crisis. These results highlight the considerable challenges faced by PWE in Lebanon during the economic crisis, emphasizing the negative effect of the crisis on their quality of life and seizure control. This study analyzed the obstacles faced by 71 people with epilepsy during Lebanon's economic crisis and showed that many patients had to change (33.8%) or discontinue (18.3%) antiseizure medications, due to drug shortages, rising costs, and high gas prices. To mitigate these challenges, patients sought solutions such as obtaining medications from abroad (34%) or through donations (8%) or purchasing from the black market (8%). This affected their quality of life. In fact, low quality of life was associated with unemployment, low education level, focal seizures with impaired awareness or generalized seizures, polytherapy, seizure-related injuries, and medication changes.

Synthetic natural gas (SNG) production by biomass gasification with CO2 capture: Techno-economic and life cycle analysis (LCA)

The integration of renewables with CCUS technologies has the promising potential to deliver energy applications with overall negative CO2 emissions which would significantly contribute to the climate neutrality. Moreover, the renewable-based synthetic fuels are predicted to replace the conventional fossil fuels. The current work evaluates key techno-economic and environmental indicators for the SNG production from various renewable fuels (e.g., sawdust, residual wood, organic wastes, agricultural and urban wastes etc.) through gasification process fitted with decarbonization capability. The investigated plant capacity was set to 500 MWth SNG with 60 % CO2 capture rate of primary fuel (biomass). The overall concept was evaluated using various process engineering approaches e.g., reactor & process modelling and simulation, model validation, heat and power analysis, techno-economic assessment combined with detailed environmental impact by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The investigated design shows promising performance indicators such as high cumulative energy efficiency (69 %) and carbon conversion to SNG, almost zero plant specific CO2 emissions (3 kg/MWh) and overall negative carbon emissions (−457 kg/MWh) from the whole biomass chain. The SNG production cost is not yet fully competitive versus the EU natural gas prices (53 vs. 30–35 €/MWh) but it shows promising potential considering the trends of increasing fossil prices and CO2 emission tax.

The Economic Shockwaves of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Energy Sources Prices – The Impact on International Energy Markets

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has raised concerns regarding the stability of the global energy sector, considering that Russia is a big player in the industry, producing and exporting crude oil and natural gas globally. This study aimed to empirically investigate the impact of the conflict on the prices of energy sources in international markets. The analysis was conducted using secondary data. The data was for prices of various commodity products, including diesel, petroleum, natural gas, and crude oil. The data was collected on multiple international markets for periods from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2023. The analysis was conducted using trend analysis and event study. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) was adopted to run the event study analysis. The results indicated that immediately after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, major energy products such as US crude oil, European crude oil, and the global energy index experienced a sharp rise in price, followed by significant price volatility over the following up to seven months. The review of OPEC energy prices also indicated an increase in prices, and volatility was experienced in countries producing and exporting oil products. The event study further revealed that there was a sharp increasing trend immediately after the event date and an upward trend for more than ten months after the event, resulting in the highest prices recorded in the event window. The study suggested three policy implications - conflict should serve as a wake-up call on diversification of energy sources, investment in alternative, sustainable and green sources of energy to reduce the dependence on oil, and promotion of international cooperation on energy security.

Research on multi-energy coupled preheating system of city gate station based on Modelica simulation

Natural gas depressurization at city gate stations can cause hydrate formation, necessitating preheating before pressure regulation. To reduce the high energy consumption of traditional city gate station preheating processes, this study introduces four novel multi-energy coupled systems: photovoltaic-air source heat pump (PV-ASHP), solar thermal-combined heat and power-ASHP (ST-CHP-ASHP), CHP-ASHP, and ASHP system, with a typical city gate station in Shanghai taken as the research case. Dynamic energy simulation systems were developed in Dymola software to evaluate the proposed systems from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives, conducting a comparison with conventional boiler preheating systems, including sensitivity analysis of energy prices on system economics. Results indicate PV-ASHP has the lowest annual total cost (ATC) and shortest discounted payback period, while ATC values for ST-CHP-ASHP, CHP-ASHP, and ASHP increase by 6.4 %, 9.6 %, and 12.6 %, respectively. ST-CHP-ASHP and PV-ASHP demonstrate advantages in primary energy rate and carbon emissions, with ST-CHP-ASHP performing slightly better than PV-ASHP. Currently, PV-ASHP demonstrates the highest development potential. If photovoltaic feed-in tariffs remain constant, and natural gas prices decrease by over 12.5 % or CHP feed-in tariffs increase by over 38.4 %, ST-CHP-ASHP becomes more economically viable. This research provides valuable insights for retrofitting China's existing city gate station preheating systems.

Dynamic feed scheduling for optimised anaerobic digestion: An optimisation approach for better decision-making to enhance revenue and environmental benefits

Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers a sustainable solution for clean energy production, with the potential for significant revenue enhancement through enhanced decision-making. However, the complexity and limited flexibility of AD systems pose challenges in developing reliable optimisation methods. Changing feeding strategies provides opportunities for efficient feedstock utilisation and optimal gas production, especially in volatile gas markets.To provide better decision-making tools in AD for energy production, we propose an integrated site model for the dynamic behaviour of the AD process in a biomethane-to-grid system and optimise production based on predicted gas prices. The model includes methods for optimal feed co-digestion strategies and integrates these results into a scheduling model to identify the optimal feedstock acquisition, feeding pattern, and potential gas storage operation considering feedstock availability, properties, sustainability, and fluctuating gas demand under different pricing variations.The methodology was tested on a 150 tonnes per day farm-scale AD plant in the UK, processing energy crops and manure considering both environmental (global warming potential) and economic objectives. The results showed strong adaptability of the proposed feeding schedule to the general trend of gas prices over time. To address the challenge of immediate price peaks, typically unattainable due to the system's sluggish behaviour and high retention times, the impacts of on-site storage were explored, leading to annual revenue increases ranging from 2 % to 7.4 %, depending on the pricing scheme, which translates to a significant boost in terms of revenue.

FEATURES AND EXPERIENCE OF CONVERTING GAS-OIL BOILERS OF INDUSTRIAL CHP PLANTS TO BURNING BIOMASS AND SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL

The paper examines the features of biomass as a fuel and substantiates that for agrobiomass waste with a high content of alkali metal oxides and slag properties of ash, it is more appropriate to burn it in a dense bed in the form of pellets, which ensures a temperature at the exit from the furnace of no more than 900 °C, a low part of fly ash and low content of unburned carbon in it, and so eliminates the risk of smoldering deposits with their melting and slagging. Technical solutions are given and the experience is presented of gas and oil boilers of CHP plants of sugar factories reconstruction with their transfer to the burning of biomass and/or coal in a dense bed on a direct-flow grate with the replacement of the air heater with air-water heater, with the addition of stages of the boiling economizer to compensate for the decrease in the heat perception of the furnace screens, maintaining the overall height of the boiler and the plane of the boiler cell. The reconstruction of boilers according to the developed technical solutions is possible to perform in the interval between production seasons, its implementation on boilers BKZ-75 GMA of Radekhiv and Chortkiv sugar factories allowed to achieve acceptable technical, economic and environmental indicators and ensured payback due to the difference in commercial prices of gas and of agrobiomass pellets. It is proposed to replicate the positive experience in the creation of decentralized regulating thermal generation capacities of the country. Bibl. 30, Fig. 3, Tab. 4.

Az európai uniós szankciók eseményhatás-elemzéssel történő vizsgálata

This study examines the impact of the European Union’s sanctions against Russia and the news about them on gas prices. Using the event study methodology, we primarily seek to answer whether the different types of news related to sanctions (any mention of the sanctions package, announcements of its content or adoption) impacted gas prices significantly and in differing ways. The 24 selected events were analysed using three different model variants (market model, GARCH, EGARCH) and four different (3-, 5-, 10-, and 15-day) window lengths. Our results confirmed our hypothesis that the mere mention of sanctions has an upward effect on gas prices, similar to the other two types of news.

Asymmetric impact of energy prices on financial cycles based on interval time series modeling

Energy prices crucially affect financial cycles. We employ the bivariate empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) model to disaggregate the daily interval data of the volatility index (VIX) and rely on the threshold autoregressive interval model (TARI) to incorporate energy prices into the forecasting model. Furthermore, the threshold interval decomposition ensemble (TIDE) is used to forecast the VIX series with nonlinearities to improve the forecasting accuracy. Moreover, we apply the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Diebold–Mariano test (DM) to evaluate the TIDE model performance across various frequency components and the final integration results. This paper demonstrates a significant correlation between energy prices and financial cycles, along with a temporal asymmetry effect. While the impact of energy prices on improving VIX forecasting is minimal in the short term, it becomes substantial over medium and long terms. Specifically, the influence of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) prices on the VIX is notable in both medium and long terms. Our results offer new insights and methodologies for predicting financial cycles, assisting investors in evaluating volatility-related exchange-traded products. Additionally, these findings are crucial for developing more effective policies to promote green energy development.

Net-zero carbon emission oriented Bi-level optimal capacity planning of integrated energy system considering carbon capture and hydrogen facilities

The integrated energy system (IES) is considered an efficient energy provision paradigm to improve the utilization efficiency of renewable generation (RG), reduce energy cost and improve energy supply reliability. However, the multi-dimensional uncertainties and the hydrogen utilization have posed enormous challenges to the optimal planning of the IES. This paper proposes a net-zero carbon emission oriented bi-level optimal planning model for the IES with full consideration of the multiple operational uncertainties in the IES (RG, multiple demands). The upper level is an optimal capacity configuration model, and the economic costs, energy selling profits, the penalty for power abandonment and energy supply shortage are settled as the objectives. The lower level is an optimal energy dispatch model with the objective function of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES on typical days. An integrated energy system framework consisting of multiple energy flows is formulated in the presence of carbon capture system (CCS) and hydrogen-to-power (H2P) facilities. To fully characterize the uncertainties of RG and multiple demands, a data-driven scenario generation method is adopted to expand the operational scenarios, in which probability distribution assumptions and prior knowledge are not necessary. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed solution is extensively demonstrated through numerical simulation, and a sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the impact of changes in electricity and gas prices on the IES planning results.

Inflation forecasting in turbulent times

AbstractIn the recent years many countries were hit by a series of macroeconomic shocks, most notably as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, raising inflation rates to multi-decade highs and suspending well-documented macroeconomic relationships. To capture these tail events, we propose a mixed-frequency Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model with Student t-distributed innovations or with stochastic volatility. Whereas inflation, industrial production, as well as oil and gas prices are available at monthly frequencies, real gross domestic product (GDP) is observed at a quarterly frequency. Thus, we apply a mixed-frequency setup using the forward-filtering–backward-sampling algorithm to generate monthly real GDP growth rates. We forecast inflation in those euro area countries that extensively import energy from Russia and therefore have been heavily exposed to the recent oil and gas price shocks. To measure the forecast performance of the mixed-frequency BVAR model, we compare our inflation forecasts with those generated by a battery of competing inflation forecasting models. The proposed BVAR models dominate the competition for all countries in terms of the log predictive density score.