Gas Phase Equations Research Articles

Effect of low blockage ratio obstacle on explosion characteristic in methane/air mixture

Methane/air explosion is one of the common hazards in process and mining industries. In this study, the methane explosion propagation is studied, and two-dimensional configuration is considered. The gas phase equations are solved using an OpenFOAM code for compressible reacting flow, EXiFOAM. The effects of the low blockage ratio (LBR) obstacles are investigated. The results show that the flame propagation speed, flame structure, shock wave propagation, and gas flow are considerably affected by LBR obstacles. Specifically, the flame propagation speed first increases and then decreases. As the initial pressure increases, the flame propagation speed gradually increases. The maximum speed is up to 500 m/s, when the initial pressure is 1.5 MPa. If the flame propagation is prevented, resulting in the flame deformation. Moreover, the flame disruptive phenomenon is captured due to the reflected waves. In front of the obstacle, the cellular structures of the high-pressure distribution are formed. Note that the tiny cellular structures are produced in the wake of the leading shock. Furthermore, a high-speed flow region and two low-speed flow regions are produced around the LBR obstacles. It is found that as the initial pressure increases, the explosion pressure is larger, while the temperature change is not obvious. These research findings have implications for enhancing safety production in coal mines.

Calculation Model of Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure of Double-Layer Combined Production in Coalbed Methane Wells

Bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP) is the key factor to determine a reasonable working system and achieve long-term stable production of coalbed methane (CBM) wells. However, there is no special BHFP model for double-layer combined production (DLCP). Generally, the constant mass model (CMM) for single-layer production is applied to treat the double reservoirs as a whole, ignoring the changes of fluid mass in each section and the acceleration pressure drop in the reservoir section. The calculation results have great errors, and the BHFP of the lower reservoir is used to adjust the production system of the two reservoirs, which does not meet the requirements of the upper reservoir. In this paper, the expression of acceleration pressure drop assumed to be zero in CMM is decomposed and derived, the relationship between acceleration pressure drop and unit length radial flow is established, and then the pressure drop formula of reservoir section with radial inflow is obtained. The reservoir is divided into several sublayers, and the pressure drop equation for each sublayer is established. According to the water flow and gas flow in the reservoir and nonreservoir sections, the corresponding velocity equations of water phase and gas phase are derived. The above equations are combined to establish the variable mass model (VMM) for DLCP with three stages. The field data are substituted into the VMM and the CMM, and the accuracy of the new model is verified. The results show that in the stages of double-layer water production and double-layer gas production, the errors of the two models are less than 5%, while in the stage of gas-water coproduction, the error of the VMM is 2.75%-6.58%, and the error of the CMM is 7.15%-15.18%. The VMM is more accurate. In addition, in the stages of water production and gas-water coproduction during DLCP, the BHFP of the two reservoirs differs greatly, with a maximum difference of 49.1%. Therefore, the two reservoirs need to adjust the production rule according to their respective BHFP. To sum up, the VMM can accurately give the BHFP of each reservoir, which is more realistic. It also solves the problem that one BHFP cannot accurately adjust the production rule of the two reservoirs, so as to provide technical support for the formulation of optimal production rule and the realization of high production.

Effect of Carbon Particle Feeding as Radiant Absorbent for Enhanced Heat Transfer

Abstract Carbon particles can be used as catalyst in solar reactors where they serve as radiant absorbent and nucleation sites for the heterogeneous decomposition reaction. Unlike commonly used metal catalysts, carbon catalyst does not have durability problem and high cost. However, in order to achieve sustainable catalytic decomposition of feedstock over carbon catalysts at elevated temperatures, the surface area of the carbon particles must be maintained. A subsequent treatment of deactivated carbon samples with CO2 at about 1000 °C would increase the surface and would recover the original activity as catalyst. In a windowed solar reactor, carbon particles are directly exposed to the high flux irradiation providing efficient radiation heat transfer directly to the reaction site. Therefore, one of the key parameters to achieve higher conversion efficiencies in a solar reactor is the presence and transport of carbon particles. In this paper, a transient one-dimensional model is presented to describe the effect of carbon particle feeding on energy transport and temperature profile of a cavity-type solar receiver. The model was developed by dividing the receiver into several control volumes and formulating energy balance equations for gas phase, particles, and cavity walls within each control volume. Monte Carlo ray tracing method was used to determine the solar heat absorbed by particles and cavity walls, as well as the radiative exchange between particles and cavity walls. Model accuracy was verified by experimental work using a solar receiver where carbon particles were injected uniformly. Comparison of simulation results with the experimentally measured temperatures at three different locations on cavity receiver wall showed an average deviation of 3.81%. The model was then used to study the effect of carbon particle size and feeding rate on the heat transfer, temperature profile, and energy absorption of the solar receiver. Based on the simulation results, it was found that injection of carbon particles with a size bigger than 500 µm has no significant influence on heat transfer of the system. However, by reducing the particle size lower than 500 µm, temperature uniformity and energy absorption can be enhanced.

Numerical Investigation of Ethanol and Acetone spray injection into gaseous enviroment

In this paper, the effect of evaporating sprays of Ethanol and Acetone injected into a cylindrical gaseous environment is numerically investigated. To make this investigation the Eulerian gas phase equations together with the Lagrangian liquid phase equations are solved assuming a two-way coupling between the two phases. According to the results, after a certain time from the start of injection, the overall percentage of total evaporation of acetone becomes significantly higher than ethanol, but at the early spraying time, both alcohols had similar overall evaporation rates. Also, in terms of spray tip penetration, they have almost the same amount of progress and more or less the same behaviour. Also due to the almost identical injection flow rate of the droplets, the effects on the velocity fields in the gas phase have been almost similar. The important point to compare is the gas phase temperature field for both sprays after 1.5 ms of injection. Due to the fact that most of the evaporation occurs when the particles reach boiling temperature and the fact that all the heat required for evaporation is taken from the gas phase, the ambient temperature becomes much lower in ethanol spray because ethanol’s boiling temperature and latent heat are both much higher than acetone.

Validation of a Numerical Approach for Simulation of the Thermal Decomposition Behaviour of Biomass in Grate Combustion Plants

The overall objective of the modelling work is to develop CFD aided design tools for optimum grate fired biomass-to-energy (BtE) and waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. An important part of this work has been to develop a flexible detailed transient fuel-bed model taking into account drying, pyrolysis, and char combustion/gasification, for different fuels (i.e. MSW fractions, and softwood and hardwood, including their bark and GROT (branches and treetops)). The fuel-bed model has been implemented in a CFD tool, ANSYS Fluent.The fuel bed consists of a large number of thermally thick particles. In this work, the fuel bed model is made up of representative particles, and the motion of every representative particle is individually tracked (Lagrangian tracking through Fluent's Discrete Phase Model). Thermochemical degradation and conversion of the representative particles are calculated by a thermally thick single particle model (SPM), with boundary conditions obtained from the solutions of the gas phase equations. The SPM model then provides sources to the gas-phase equations. In the modelling approach, the gas phase is solved using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Under the given conditions, the gas flow in the bed is laminar.The developed model was validated against detailed experimental results from pyrolysis of dried spruce wood pellets in an electrically heated fixed bed reactor, with varying final pyrolysis temperature (600-800°C), heating rate (5-20 K/min) and purge gas composition (none, 100% N2 and 90/10% N2/O2). The experimental results included transient temperature measurements in different locations in the reactor and inside the pellets bed throughout the thermal decomposition process, as well as gas measurements of permanent gases.Through the CFD simulations, the main experimental trends could be reproduced, verifying the validity of the detailed modelling approach. This work is a step towards detailed modelling of biomass grate combustion units, which is required to improve their environmental and energetic performance.

Pressure propagation and flow restart in the multi-plug gelled pipeline

An understanding of pressure propagation mechanisms is crucial in finding suitable conditions for the temporary storage, transmission and attenuation of a large pressure signal in a multi-plug gelled pipeline. The current work investigates the transient flow start in a multi-plug gelled pipeline, filled with a weakly compressible, thixotropic waxy gelled crude oil. A multi-plug gel can form either naturally or artificially. We solve time-dependent mass and momentum conservation equations for the gas phase and conservation equations together with a shear-history-dependent constitutive model for the gel phase to capture the transient phenomena. An advection equation traces the motion of the gel–gas interface using the volume of fluid method. The results of this work show that pressure propagation in the first gel plug compresses it. The compressed first gel plug further compresses the gas pocket, which delays pressure propagation in the downstream gel. The delay in the pressure propagation through the second gel plug creates a high-pressure gradient in the first gel plug. A high-pressure gradient in the first gel results in faster degradation of the first gel. Degraded gel offers a substantially lower resistance to flow, allowing a high-pressure gradient in the second gel. A steeper pressure gradient assists the breakage of the next gel plug and results in a sequential gel breakage. This sequential gel breakage allows flow restart in a long pipeline. The results also indicate that the compressibility of the gas pocket dominates the overall compressibility of the system, controlling both pressure propagation and flow-restart time.

Structures and burning velocities of flames in iron aerosols

The steady flame propagation through a non-volatile fuel suspension is studied. An Eulerian description is used for the gas-phase, while particles are tracked in a Lagrangian framework. The gas-phase model includes both species transport and energy conservation equations. Moreover, expansion of the gas-phase, including particle slip velocity, is taken into account. Gas-phase properties are realistically dependent on temperature and composition. The particle model includes both the transport of oxidizer and surface kinetics. Lastly, a consistent formulation is used for the exchange of mass between the phases. When the particle conversion rate is diffusion-limited, the burning velocity is found to be dependent on local oxygen concentration. Moreover, the effect is sufficiently strong, such that the maximum burning velocity is found at fuel-lean conditions. This demonstrates that both energy and species transport equations in the gas phase and dispersed phase equations must be solved together.

Compressible multiphase particle-in-cell method (CMP-PIC) for full pattern flows of gas-particle system

The compressible multiphase flows in a gas-particle system often arise in many engineering applications and nature phenomena. This study focuses on the development of a novel method, i.e. the compressible multiphase particle-in-cell (CMP-PIC), which can be capable of simulating all pattern flows of gas-particle system from dilute to dense and granular flows. The equivalent relation of the momentum equations of the particle phase between the Baer and Nunziato (B-N) model and the MP-PIC model is the key support for the modeling of gas phase, particle phase and coupling effects. For the gas phase, the governing equations are constructed in the Eulerian frame and the B-N model is taken as reference to derive the equations of gas phase and two-way coupling terms. A transport five-equation model for multi-material compressible flows is adopted in gas equation. Additionally, the disperse particle is tracked in the Lagrangian coordinate based on the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The collisions among particles are simulated with coarse-grained discrete element method (DEM) model which provides more physical manner rather than empirical collision stress model. Moreover, a two-way coupling model is derived based on a comparative study with B-N model. Thereafter a set of unified HLL/HLLC solvers is developed for the discretization of the convective and nozzling terms of gas phase equations. A high order interpolation operator with certain enlarged smooth length is applied for the robust computation of coupling effects. Overall, the advantages of traditional compressible two-fluid model, DEM and PIC model are integrated into the current CMP-PIC model, and it can simulate the transition flows from dilute to dense or vice versa, which is difficult for traditional methods. This Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is implemented in an in-house parallel code and validated against experimental observations involving different shock induced multiple phase flows. The qualitative and quantitative comparison shows that numerical results perform good consistence with experimental and theoretical results.

Prediction of dehydration performance of supersonic separator based on a multi-fluid model with heterogeneous condensation

Supersonic separation is a novel technology. A multi-fluid slip model for swirling flow with homogenous/heterogenous condensation and evaporation processes in the supersonic separator was built to estimate the separation efficiency. This model solves the governing equations of compressible turbulent gas phase and dispersed homogenous/heterogenous liquid phase considering droplet coalescence and interphase force. Its prediction accuracy for condensation and swirling flows was validated. Then, the flow field, slip velocity and droplet trajectory inside the separators with different swirl strengths were investigated. The maximum values of radial slip velocity are 29.2 and 8.26 m/s for inlet foreign droplet radius of 1.0 and 0.4 µm. It means the larger foreign droplet has a better condensation rate. However, the residence time of larger foreign droplet in core flow is shorten. Thus, the inlet radius of foreign droplet has to be moderate for best separation efficiency. Finally, the dehydration performances of separator were evaluated. The optimal radius of inlet foreign droplet to maximize the dehumidification and efficiency was found. For the separator with swirl strength of 22%, the optimal radius is 0.85 µm at inlet pressure of 250 kPa, where the maximum dew point depression is 42.41 °C and the water removal rate is 87.82%.

Numerical study on arc-droplet coupled behavior in magnetic field controlled GMAW process

The metal transfer behavior is one of the most pivotal links of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for improving the welding quality. Arc impacts the current path and heat input on the droplet surface, in reverse, the metal droplet detachment makes the arc to flicker. It is hard to make the metal transfer process clear with only experimental methods since the limited measuring space and high temperature in the welding region. In this work, with the help of computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS FLUENT, a magnetohydrodynamic model including argon arc plasma and steel wire and the droplet is constructed by using two independent governing equations of gas and metal phase for the mass, momentum, and energy balance. Comparing the magnetic field controlled GMAW with conventional GMAW, the temperature field, current density distribution, electric potential field, static pressure field and also metal vapor mass fraction distribution are highlighted. It is shown that the metal transfer frequency decreases and droplet diameter increases with 180 A welding current when applying an external constant axial magnetic field 0.002 T. So, the arc length decreases before the detaching moment, the current density expands in the arc region and the voltage decreases. The centrifugal movement impedes the downward flow and transfers heat from the droplet center to the outside region.

Model analysis of atmospheric non-thermal plasma for methane abatement in a gas phase dielectric barrier discharge reactor

A physical model of a non-thermal plasma reactor for the abatement of CH4 emissions is presented. The model includes mass balances for neutral, charged and radical species, the enthalpy balance for the gas phase and specific equations for electron temperature and density. The kinetic scheme of CH4 abatement couples the GRI-Mech set of radical reactions (325 steps) with ten sets of plasma reactions (108 steps), which comprise elastic collisions, direct ionization, dissociative ionization, excitation and attachment reactions. The model is validated based on literature results that explore the effects of Specific Input Energy, gas temperature and H2O addition. The results highlight that dissociative electron-impact reactions produce chemically active OH and O radicals, which boost CH4 conversion, making H2O a key abatement promoter in the plasma process. The heating effect induced by electron collisions is relevant, suggesting that an accurate control of thermal insulation is crucial to characterize the reactor performance.

Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Flame Spread between Parallel Plates of Thick Combustible Solid

ABSTRACT To identify the occurrence conditions of a symmetry-breaking phenomenon, numerical simulations of flame spread along parallel, combustible plates are performed. Two-dimensional, time-dependent conservation equations for gas-phase with a one-step global reaction coupled to one-dimensional heat conduction for the solid-phase are simultaneously solved. The flame spread having two leading edges was successfully simulated and the behaviors were examined under various flow velocities and channel heights. Based on the time histories of the leading edges, the simulated flame behaviors are distinguished into three modes: symmetric, asymmetric and oscillation, in addition to the extinction. The occurrence conditions of those modes are summarized. The results indicate that the local extinction caused by an excess of the scalar dissipation rate is a key process of the symmetry-breaking. Since coexistence of flames in narrow channel is unstable, the local extinction occurs to achieve a stable state for the system to burn.

An experimental and numerical study of thermal and chemical structure of downward flame spread over PMMA surface in still air

This study presents the results of a comprehensive experimental investigation and numerical simulation of the downward flame spread over PMMA slabs. For the first time, in the case of downward flame spread over PMMA slab 9.6 mm thick, temperature and species concentration fields in the gas-phase flame, temperature profiles in the condensed phase and dependence of the heat flux to the burning surface on the distance from the flame front were obtained. A coupled model of heat and mass transfer involving two-dimensional elliptic conservation equations both for gas phase and solid fuel has been used with the fuel surface approximation of the samples burnout. This allowed us to state, for the indefinite intermediate mode (in terms of the sample thickness, which are not neither thermally thin nor thermally thick), a mathematical model ensuring good agreement between the experimental and calculated macro parameters of combustion. The results of comparing the experimental and calculated data allowed us to determine a number of facts, which, despite the satisfactory agreement between the simulation and the experimental data in the main macro parameters, indicate the necessity of further improvement of the model derived. Such facts are: the increasing disagreement between the calculation and the experiment in the position of the maxima of the temperature in the gas phase as the distance from the flame front grows; essential difference in the width of the MMA and O2 consumption zone between the calculation and the experiment; identification in the experiment of CO as an intermediate product. Further improvement of the model should be aimed at more detailed development of the combustion reaction mechanism, which should consider at least two steps.

Effect of unsteadiness on droplet evaporation

The aim of the present study is an investigation of the impact of gas phase unsteadiness in the evaporation of single component fuel droplets. For this purpose, the results of quasi-steady (QS) approach and Abramzon-Sirignano model (AS) are compared with the fully transient (FT) approach. In the FT and QS approaches, species, momentum and energy conservation equations in gas phase and energy equation in liquid phase have been solved in consideration of totally variable properties. The results of the FT approach at atmospheric pressure for fuels with different volatilities, show a very good agreement with experimental data which are available in the literature. The results of different approaches are obtained for three different fuels, heptane, decane, and hexadecane at temperatures of 500 K and 800 K. By using two measures of unsteadiness related to the mass fraction of fuel vapor and surface temperature, the amount of the steadiness of processes in the gas phase has been checked and deviation of the QS approach and AS model from FT approach has been justified. The results indicate that the temperature and type of fuel have significant effects on unsteadiness. Increasing temperature and decreasing the fuel volatility, increase the deviation of the two approaches from FT approach. Also it is found that the QS approach gives better results for small diameters while the AS model shows better lifetime estimation for large diameters.

Numerical tracking of sorbent particles and distribution during gas desulfurization in pulverized coal-fired furnace

Furnace sorbent injection for sulfur removal from flue gas presents a challenge, as the proper process optimization is of crucial importance in order to obtain both high sulfur removal rates and good sorbent utilization. In the simulations a two-phase gas-particle flow is considered. Pulverized coal and calcium-based sorbent particles motion is simulated inside of the boiler furnace. It is important to determine trajectories of particles in the furnace, in order to monitor the particles heat and concentration history. A two-way coupling of the phases is considered ? influence of the gas phase on the particles, and vice versa. Particle-to-particle collisions are neglected. Mutual influence of gas and dispersed phase is modeled by corresponding terms in the transport equations for gas phase and the equations describing the particles turbulent dispersion. Gas phase is modeled in Eulerian field, while the particles are tracked in Lagrangian field. Turbulence is modeled by the standard k-? model, with additional terms for turbulence modulation. Distribution, dispersion and residence time of sorbent particles in the furnace have a considerable influence on the desulfurization process. It was shown that, by proper organization of process, significant improvement considering emission reduction can be achieved.

Performance of drag models for simulation of fluidized beds with Geldart D particles

CFD-DEM algorithm which couples the macroscopic governing equations for gas phase and the second law of motions for individual particles in the system, is more accurate than the continuum based description of the particle phase. However, certain key challenges still remain which are the massive computational time and the selection of appropriate drag correlation. In the present work, coupled CFD-DEM simulations of two and three dimensional fluidized beds are carried out using the open source code MFIX, first, to understand the performance of different drag laws and second to investigate the effect of scaling down the actual geometry on fluidization behavior. The average gas and solid phase properties such as bed pressure drop, and the mean particle velocity, are determined and compared with the experimental results to benchmark the numerical simulations.

Numerical investigation of hydrogen detonation suppression with inert particle in pipelines

To numerically study the propagation process of detonation of H2O2N2 mixture and explosion suppression process with inert particle explosion, this paper developed theoretical models for detonation of one-dimensional combustible system and explosion suppression with inert particle based on two-fluid model by considering elementary chemical reactions, shock wave as well as momentum and energy transport effects between gas and particle phases. Meanwhile, Riemann invariant was derived on the basis of the one-dimensional problem. Gas and particle phase equations were solved using TVD and MacCormack schemes, respectively, Stiffness of equations was addressed by time-splitting scheme. Runge-Kutta method was employed to solve chemical reaction. Based on these equations, numerical method was constructed to analyze detonation of H2O2N2 mixture and explosion suppression process. The results showed that under certain initial conditions, high-temperature fireball induced shock wave formed and subsequently developed into detonation. After loading suitable concentration of inert particle into a certain explosion suppression area, combustion flame decelerated due to the transfer of momentum and energy between gas and particle phases, and distance between shock wave and flame increased gradually to lose energy support. Meanwhile, inert particles also absorbed shock wave energy. The two effects proceeded simultaneously and mutually fed back to rapidly attenuate shock waves, thereby successfully suppressing explosion. The inert particle density, concentration and diameter were critical important to explosion suppressant. Besides the product, reactant and some mainly radical components affected the detonation velocity. Especially, OH radicals were present almost only in the combustion reaction zone, indicating their significant impact on the chemical reaction rates.

Generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory for EMMS-based two-fluid model

It has long been recognized that the solid particles in circulating fluidized bed risers are distributed heterogeneously in the form of clusters. In response to this fundamental phenomenon, an EMMS-based two-fluid model has been developed recently from the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, however, its microscopic foundation remains unknown. In this study, the statistical mechanics foundation of EMMS-based two-fluid model was presented using generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory. With respect to the gas phase, a new method was developed by considering the fluctuations at different scales simultaneously, with which we can for the first time derive the correct governing equations of gas phase via kinetic theory, in the sense that both the molecular stress and the Reynolds (or pseudo-Reynolds) stress can be obtained simultaneously, whereas all previous kinetic theory analyses failed to predict the appearance of Reynolds (or pseudo-Reynolds) stress in the momentum conservation equation of gas phase due to the assumption of uniform structure, although it is physically always existent no matter how small the Reynolds number is. In case of particle phase, the generalized Boltzmann equation considering the spatio-temporal variation of the volume, density and velocity of clusters was firstly derived, a set of macroscopic transport equations was then derived in different phase spaces. It was shown that the governing equations of dense phase in the EMMS-based two-fluid model derived from continuum mechanics viewpoint corresponds to the macroscopic transport equations at (r,t) space. Therefore, present study launches a solid microscopic foundation of EMMS-based two-fluid model. Finally, CFD simulations have been carried out to validate EMMS-based two-fluid model and to study the effect of gas phase pseudo-turbulence.

Determining the optimal shaking rate of a reciprocal agitation sterilization system for liquid foods: A computational approach with experimental validation

A new canning process where a reciprocating agitation is carried out in horizontally oriented containers has been recently demonstrated to reduce processing times and enable energy savings with less degradation in the quality of processed food products. Reciprocal agitation by imposing additional forces enhances convective mixing with increased production efficiency. The reciprocal agitation uses the horizontal acceleration in addition to gravity and sum of these forces lead to a considerable increase in the heat transfer rates. In the literature, there have been experimental approaches to evaluate heat transfer enhancement. However, due to the balance among these forces, there might be an optimum reciprocal agitation rate for the increased heat transfer depending upon the physical properties of the liquid processed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the optimum agitation rates by developing a computational model for heat transfer. For this purpose, a multi-phase model simulation was performed using a finite volume method based on discretization of governing flow equations for liquid and gas phase in a non-inertial reference frame of moving mesh. Experimental studies for model validation were carried out in a reciprocally agitated retort using 98.2mm×115mm cans containing distilled water with 2% headspace as a model case. The model results were in agreement with the experimental data, and the optimum reciprocal agitation rate was determined. The results of this study are to be used to optimize the process with respect to improve the health-promoting compounds of processed foods.

Research on the Muzzle Blast Flow with Gas-Particle Mixtures Based on Eulerian-Eulerian Approach

ABSTRACTThe issue on the muzzle blast flow with gas-particle mixtures was numerically investigated in this paper. The propellant gas in the cannon was assumed to be gas-particle mixtures consisting of a variety of gaseous species and particles. The model made use of the Eulerian-Eulerican approach, where the particle were modeled as a second fluid with parameters like bulk density, velocity and temperature, interacting with the gas flow. A high-resolution upwind scheme(AUSMPW+) and detailed reaction kinetics model were employed to solve the chemical non-equilibrium Euler equations for gas phase. The Euler equations for particle phase were solved by MacCormack scheme. The particle diameter and the mass fraction of particle were tested to show their effects on the development process of muzzle blast flow with gas-particle mixtures. The distribution of the main flow parameters of both gas and particle were obtained at different time intervals. The results show the evolution of the muzzle blast flow with gas-particle mixtures and demonstrate the effects of key parameter on the flow field of the gas-particle flow. This paper is a significant investigation for understanding the muzzle blast flow with gas-particle mixtures, which can provide valuable reference for the research on the muzzle blast flow.