Gas Mass Research Articles

The Relationships between Active Galactic Nucleus Power and Molecular Gas Mass within 500 pc of the Center of Elliptical Galaxies

The physical quantity that directly controls the feedback of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in elliptical galaxies remains to be determined. The discovery of molecular gas around the AGNs suggests that the gas is fueling the AGNs. Therefore, we analyze Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data for the CO line (J = 1–0, 2–1, 3–2) emission and estimate the mass of molecular gas within 500 pc of the center of 12 noncentral elliptical galaxies (NCEGs) and 10 of the brightest cluster galaxies. We find that the mass (M mol ∼ 105–109 M ☉) is correlated with the jet power of their AGNs, which is represented by Pcav≈4.1×1042(Mmol/107M☉)1.3ergs−1 , although NCEGs alone do not show the correlation. We also find that M mol is correlated with the AGN continuum luminosities at ∼1.4 GHz (L 1.4) and ∼100–300 GHz (L con). Since P cav reflects galactic-scale, long-term AGN activity, while the continuum luminosities reflect local (≲500 pc), short-term AGN activity, our results suggest that AGN activity depends on the amount of gas, regardless of its timescale. On the other hand, we cannot find a clear correlation between the mass of the black holes in the AGNs (M BH) and P cav. This suggests that M mol, rather than M BH, is the main factor controlling AGN activity. We confirm that the origin of the continuum emission from the AGNs at ∼1.4–300 GHz is mostly synchrotron radiation.

A Comparative Analysis of Gravity Waves in He and Ar Densities in the Martian Thermosphere

AbstractIn this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of gravity waves (GWs) in the Martian upper thermosphere, utilizing He and Ar densities measured by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. Our investigation revealed that GWs are a persistent phenomenon in Martian thermospheric He densities, akin to their presence in heavier species like Ar and CO2. Intriguingly, we observed that local time and seasonal variations in He GW amplitudes exhibit an almost opposite pattern compared to those in Ar. A significant breakthrough was the identification of a temperature‐dependent transition wavelength distinctly demarcating short and long wavelengths. This transition wavelength, which increases with increasing background temperatures, profoundly influences the dominance of GW amplitudes in He and Ar. In the short‐wavelength limit, GW amplitudes in He prevail, while GW amplitudes in Ar take precedence in the long‐wavelength limit. During periods of lower temperatures during midnight and the dawn terminator, transition wavelengths fall within the observed wavelength range enabling the study of dominance of GWs in He and Ar. Conversely, higher temperatures (>180 K) during daytime and the dusk terminator eliminate transition wavelengths within our observational range. Consequently, the amplitudes of GWs in He dominate over those in Ar. Furthermore, under nominal dust conditions, GWs in both He and Ar exhibit an inverse relationship with their respective background densities. During global dust storm, this inverse relationship is maintained for GWs in He, while GWs in Ar display a slight positive correlation with background Ar densities.

The ALMA View of Positive Black Hole Feedback in the Dwarf Galaxy Henize 2–10

Henize 2–10 is a dwarf starburst galaxy hosting a ∼106 M ⊙ black hole (BH) that is driving an ionized outflow and triggering star formation within the central ∼100 pc of the galaxy. Here, we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array continuum observations from 99 to 340 GHz, as well as spectral line observations of the molecules CO (1–0, 3–2), HCN (1–0, 3–2), and HCO+ (1–0, 3–2), with a focus on the BH and its vicinity. Incorporating centimeter-wave radio measurements from the literature, we show that the spectral energy distribution of the BH is dominated by synchrotron emission from 1.4 to 340 GHz, with a spectral index of α ≈ − 0.5. We analyze the spectral line data and identify an elongated molecular gas structure around the BH with a velocity distinct from the surrounding regions. The physical extent of this molecular gas structure is ≈130 pc × 30 pc and the molecular gas mass is ∼106 M ⊙. Despite an abundance of molecular gas in this general region, the position of the BH is significantly offset from the peak intensity, which may explain why the BH is radiating at a very low Eddington ratio. Our analysis of the spatially resolved line ratio between CO J = 3–2 and J = 1–0 implies that the CO gas in the vicinity of the BH is highly excited, particularly at the interface between the BH outflow and the regions of triggered star formation. This suggests that the cold molecular gas is being shocked by the bipolar outflow from the BH, supporting the case for positive BH feedback.

Physical Properties of Hyperluminous, Dust-obscured Quasars at z ∼ 3: Multiwavelength Spectral Energy Distribution Analysis and Cold Gas Content Revealed by ALMA

We present a UV to millimeter spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis of 16 hyperluminous, dust-obscured quasars at z ∼ 3, selected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. We aim to investigate the physical properties of these quasars, with a focus on their molecular gas content. We decompose the SEDs into three components: stellar, cold dust, and active galactic nucleus (AGN). By doing so, we are able to derive and analyze the relevant properties of each component. We determine the molecular gas mass from CO line emission based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. By including ALMA observations in the multiwavelength SED analysis, we derive the molecular gas fractions, gas depletion timescales, and star formation efficiencies (SFEs). Their sample median and 16th–84th quartile ranges are fgas∼0.33−0.17+0.33 , t depl ∼ 39−28+85 Myr, and SFE ∼ 297−195+659 K km s−1 pc−2, respectively. Compared to main-sequence galaxies, they have lower molecular gas content and higher SFEs, similar to quasars in the literature. This suggests that the gas in these quasars is rapidly depleted, likely as the result of intense starburst activity and AGN feedback. The observed correlations between these properties and the AGN luminosities further support this scenario. Additionally, we infer the black hole to stellar mass ratio and black hole mass growth rate, which indicate significant central black hole mass assembly over short timescales. Our results are consistent with the scenario that our sample represents a short transition phase toward unobscured quasars.

At the end of cosmic noon: Short gas depletion times in unobscured quasars at z ∼ 1

Unobscured quasars (QSOs) are predicted to be the final stage in the evolutionary sequence from gas–rich mergers to gas–depleted, quenched galaxies. Studies of this population, however, find a high incidence of far–infrared–luminous sources–suggesting significant dust-obscured star formation–but direct observations of the cold molecular gas fuelling this star formation are still necessary. We present a NOEMA study of CO(2–1) emission, tracing the cold molecular gas, in ten lensed z = 1 − 1.5 unobscured QSOs. We detected CO(2–1) in seven of our targets, four of which also show continuum emission (λrest = 1.3 mm). After subtracting the foreground galaxy contribution to the photometry, spectral energy distribution fitting yielded stellar masses of 109 − 11 M⊙, with star formation rates of 25−160 M⊙ yr−1 for the host galaxies. These QSOs have lower LCO′ than star–forming galaxies with the same LIR, and show depletion times spanning a large range (50−900 Myr), but with a median of just 90(αCO/4) Myr. We find molecular gas masses in the range ≤2−40 × 109(αCO/4) M⊙, which suggest gas fractions above ∼50% for most of the targets. Despite the presence of an unobscured QSO, the host galaxies are able to retain significant amounts of cold gas. However, with a median depletion time of ∼90 Myr, the intense burst of star formation taking place in these targets will quickly deplete their molecular gas reservoirs in the absence of gas replenishment, resulting in a quiescent host galaxy. The non–detected QSOs are three of the four radio–loud QSOs in the sample, and their properties indicate that they are likely already transitioning into quiescence. Recent cosmological simulations tend to overestimate the depletion times expected for these z ∼ 1 QSO–host galaxies, which is likely linked to their difficulty producing starbursts across the general high-redshift galaxy population.

Wound healing effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) cream on second-degree burn in animal model.

Second-degree burn, the most common among burn degrees, underscores the importance of timely and proper treatment in influencing prognosis. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), renowned for its potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, also serves as an effective antiseptic for open wounds. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of nutmeg essential oil and analyze the wound healing effect of nutmeg cream on second-degree burns in an animal model. An experimental study with a completed randomized design was conducted on Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats with second-degree burn. This study had four groups and each group consisting of four rats: B (burn-treated base cream), B+N (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream), B+SSD (burn-treated silver sulfadiazine (BSS)), and B+N+SSD (burn-treated 3% nutmeg cream and SSD in a 1:1 ratio). The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil was conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The burn diameter and burn wound healing percentage were measured from day 0 to 18. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis using the least significant difference (LSD) was employed to analysis the effect. The phytochemical analysis of nutmeg essential oil found that myristicin, terpinene-4-ol, terpinene, safrole and terpinolene were the most abundant putative compounds in nutmeg essential oil. On day 0, the average burn wound diameters were 1.4 cm in all groups and increases were observed in all groups on day 3. The wound diameter decreased until day 18 with the smallest burn wound diameter was found in the B+N group (0.86±0.37 cm), followed by B+SSD (0.93±0.29 cm). The B+SSD group exhibited the highest percentage of burn wound healing (56.80±14.05%), which was significantly different from the base cream (p<0.05). The percentage of burn wound healing in rats given 3% nutmeg cream was 41.88±13.81%, suggesting that nutmeg cream could promote burn wound healing in rats induced by second-degree burns.

Cold molecules in H I 21 cm absorbers across redshifts ∼0.1–4

Absorption lines at high-redshift in front of quasars are quite rare in the millimeter (mm) domain. Only five associated and five intervening systems have been reported in the literature. Nevertheless, these discoveries provide very useful information that is complementary to emission lines, allowing, for instance, to distinguish between inflows and outflows. These lines are also good candidates for studying the variations of the fundamental constants of physics. Here we report the findings of our search for CO and other molecules in emission and absorption in front of a sample of 30 targets, comprising 16 associated and 14 intervening H I 21 cm absorbers. The observations were made with the IRAM-30 m telescope simultaneously at 3 mm and 2 mm, exploring several lines of the CO ladder and HCO+, depending on the redshift. We detected eight targets in emission, of which five are new. The derived molecular gas masses range from 109 to 7 × 1011 M⊙ and the highest redshift detection (z = 3.387) corresponds to a relatively average-metallicity damped Lyman-α absorber for this redshift. We also report four new detections in absorption. Two of the associated CO absorption line detections at high-redshift (z = 1.211 and 1.275) result from high-spatial-resolution follow-up observations with NOEMA. The disparity between the mm molecular and H I 21 cm absorption lines for these and another intervening system detected in HNC at z = 1.275 is attributable to radio and mm sight lines tracing different media. We compare the atomic and molecular column densities of 14 known high-redshift (z &gt; 0.1) molecular absorption line systems. The associated H I absorption lines are broad and exhibit multiple components, and the molecular absorption generally corresponds to the broader and weaker 21 cm absorption component. This indicates two distinct phases: one near galaxy centers with a larger CO-to-H I abundance ratio, and another with lower molecular abundance in the outer regions of the galaxy. In comparison, intervening absorption profiles correspond primarily to H I-dominated gas structure in galaxy outskirts, except for gas at low impact parameters in gravitationally lensed systems. The comparison of interferometric and single-dish observations presented here shows that the detection of absorption requires sufficient spatial resolution to overcome the dilution by emission and will be an important criterion for mm follow-up of 21 cm absorbers from ongoing large-scale surveys.

Hollow Porous Structures for Improving the Sensitivity of Colorimetric Array Gas Sensors

AbstractDetecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is a promising research area for disease diagnosis. Mass transfer behavior plays a crucial role in determining the detection performance of VOCs. However, the high mobility of exhaled breath poses a substantial challenge for the mass transfer process. Here, the distinct mass transfer behavior of mobile gaseous molecules is discovered by employing the schlieren imaging technique to visualize gas flow. The results demonstrate that hollow porous structures exhibit a higher gas flow flux than solid film and microporous structures, thereby generating a sufficient probability of contact reactions for mobile gaseous molecules. The proposed colorimetric array sensors offer enhanced sensitivity and stability for detecting mobile gaseous molecules. The discovery will serve as a foundational milestone is anticipated in elucidating the behavior of gas mass transfer and promoting its potential application in disease detection through the analysis of human exhaled breath.

Young, wild, and free: The early expansion of star clusters

Early expansion plays a fundamental role in the dynamical evolution of young star clusters. However, until very recently most of our understanding of cluster expansion was based only on indirect evidence or on statistically limited samples of clusters. Here we present a comprehensive kinematic analysis of virtually all known young Galactic clusters (t &lt; 300 Myr) based on the improved astrometric quality of the Gaia DR3 data. Such a large sample provides an unprecedented opportunity to robustly constrain the fraction of clusters and the timescale during which expansion has a prominent impact on the overall kinematics. We find that a remarkable fraction (up to 80%) of clusters younger than ∼30 Myr is currently experiencing significant expansion, whereas older systems are mostly compatible with equilibrium configurations. We observe a trend in which the expansion speed increases with the cluster-centric distance, suggesting that clusters undergoing expansion will likely lose a fraction of their present-day mass. Also, most young expanding clusters are extended, possibly due to the expansion itself. A comparison with a set of N-body simulations of young star clusters shows that the observed expansion pattern is in general qualitative agreement with that found for systems undergoing violent relaxation and evolving toward a final virial equilibrium state. However, we also note that additional processes likely associated with residual gas expulsion and mass loss due to stellar evolution likely also play a key role in driving the observed expansion.

Treatment of Coking Wastewater Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation Coupled with Fenton Oxidation Process.

Effective and economical processes for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater were urgently needed to reduce the persistent organic pollutants of external drainage. In the present work, we investigated the degradation of organic pollutants in coking wastewater through IHC/FO (imping stream hydrodynamic cavitation (IHC) coupled with the Fenton oxidation (FO) process) and IHC alone for their feasibility in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater. To select the optimum parameters, attention was paid to the effects of main operation conditions including inlet fluid pressure, medium temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and initial Fe(II) and initial H2O2 concentrations. The results showed that the effects of conditions that need energy to be maintained (such as initial pH and inlet pressure) on the organic pollutant removal efficiency through IHC/FO were less pronounced than those through IHC alone. Moreover, the application of IHC/FO could remove more organic pollutants from coking wastewater than IHC even at an energy-efficient condition. For example, the highest COD removal efficiency of 12.5% was achieved in the IHC treatment at 0.4 MPa, pH 3, and 60 min for the reaction time. In the case of IHC/FO, the maximum COD removal of 33.2% was obtained at pH 7, 0.1 MPa, 12 mmol/L H2O2, and 3 mmol/L Fe2+ after reacting for 15 min. The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) absorption spectra and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further revealed that the kinds and amounts of pollutants (especially those that had benzenes) remaining in water treated through IHC/FO were much fewer and smaller than in water treated through IHC alone. The better performances of IHC/FO than IHC alone were likely related to the more hydroxyl radicals produced through IHC/FO. Taken together, our findings indicate that IHC/FO has great application potential in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.

In silico Toxicity Assessment and Quantification of Potential Genotoxic Impurity in Olmesartan Medoxomil Drug Substance using GC-MS/MS

This study was designed to assess the in silico toxicity of 4-chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (4-CMMD) in olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) using sophisticated advanced analytical GC-MS/MS method. The developed GC-MS/MS method is more sensitive as well as selective, for trace level analysis of genotoxic impurity 4-chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (4-CMMD) in olmesartan medoxomil (OLM). In silico genotoxicity of 4-CMMD have been confimed by ICH M7 guidelines and tested to be “POSITIVE” in both knowledge and statistical based approaches. The conditions of gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry were optimized on stationary phase DB-35MS, helium carrier gas as at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Quantification was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The absence of interference at the retention time of 4-CMMD indicates that the newly developed approach is very specific and selective for accurately measuring trace levels of impurities. Additionally, this method provided linear results which were validated by linearity solutions, with concentrations ranging from 3.74 to 45.12 ppm and an observed coefficient of regression of 0.9981. Sensitivity results shows this method is more sensitive detection limit (DL) achieved at 1.23 ppm and quantification limit (QL) achieved at 3.74 ppm. The developed method is precise and accurate according to the precision results, which show RSD values &lt; 10% and recovery &gt; 90%, both of which are within acceptable standards. The solution stability of the samples was assessed at both room temperature and refrigerated settings, and it was found to be stable for a period of 48 h. As a result, this method has been employed for the intented purpose of quantifying 4-CMMD at the trace levels in testing laboratories, pharmaceutical analytical laboratories, and quality control laboratories.

Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of phthalate esters in ambient air: A daily continuous monitoring study in the central Chinese city of Nanchang

In recent years, the atmospheric pollution caused by phthalate esters (PAEs) has been increasing due to the widespread use of PAE-containing materials. Existing research on atmospheric PAEs lacks long-term continuous observation and samples from cities in central China. To investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of PAEs in the ambient air of a typical city in central China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected in Nanchang from November 2020 to October 2021. In this study, the detection and quantification of six significant PAE contaminants, namely diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), were accomplished using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the concentrations of DEP, DnBP, DEHP, and DnOP were relatively high. Higher temperatures promote the volatilization of PAEs, leading to an increase in the gaseous and particulate PAE concentrations in warm seasons and winter pollution scenarios. The results of principal component analysis show that PAEs mainly come from volatile products and polyvinylchloride plastics. Using positive matrix factorization analysis, it is shown that these two sources contribute 67.0% and 33.0% in atmosphere PAEs, respectively. Seasonally, the contribution of volatile products to both gaseous and particulate PAEs substantially increases during warm seasons. The residents in Nanchang exposed to PAEs have a negligible non-cancer risk and a potential low cancer risk. During the warm seasons, more PAEs are emitted into the air, which will increase the toxicity of PAEs and their impact on human health.

Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.

The NOEMA observations of GN-z11: constraining the neutral interstellar medium and dust formation in the heart of cosmic reionization at z = 10.6

ABSTRACT We present results of dust continuum and [C ii]$\, 158\, {\rm \mu m}$ emission line observations of a remarkably UV luminous (MUV = −21.6) galaxy at z = 10.603: GN-z11. Using the Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA), observations have been carried out over multiple observing cycles. We achieved a high sensitivity resulting in a $\lambda _{\rm rest}=160\, {\rm \mu m}$ continuum $1\, \sigma$ sensitivity of $13.0\, \rm {\mu Jy \, beam}^{ -1}$ and a [C ii] emission line $1\, \sigma$ sensitivity of $31\, \rm {mJy\, beam^{ -1}\, km \, s}^{ -1}$ using $50\, \rm {km \, s}^{ -1}$ binning with a $\sim 2\, {\rm arcsec}$ synthesized beam. Neither dust continuum nor [C ii]$\, 158\, {\rm \mu m}$ line emission are detected at the expected frequency of ν[C ii]$= 163.791\, \rm {GHz}$ and the sky location of GN-z11. The upper limits show that GN-z11 is neither luminous in LIR nor L[C ii], with a dust mass $3\, \sigma$ limit of ${\rm log}\, (M_{\rm dust}/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) \, \lt\, 6.5-6.9$ and with a [C ii] based molecular gas mass $3\, \sigma$ limit of log (Mmol, [C ii]$/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) \, \lt \, 9.3$. Together with radiative transfer calculations, we also investigated the possible cause of the dust poor nature of the GN-z11 showed by the blue colour in the UV continuum of GN-z11 (βUV = −2.4), and found that ≳3 × deeper observations are crucial to study dust production at very high-redshift. Nevertheless, our observations show the crucial role of deep mm/submm observations of very high-redshift galaxies to constrain multiple phases in the interstellar medium.

Numerical study of gas–solid counterflow heat transfer in sinter vertical cooling furnace based on energy and exergy analysis

In order to understand the energy and exergy transfer processes in the sinter vertical cooling furnace (SVCF) detailedly, and obtain the optimal structural and operating parameters for the SVCF, a numerical study was conducted to investigate the parametric effects on the gas–solid counterflow heat transfer in the SVCF based on the energy and exergy analysis. The results indicate that, the larger the gas mass flow and bed layer height are, and the lower the inlet gas temperature is, the larger the waste heat recovery (WHR) quantity and exergy destruction quantity are. The recyclable exergy quantity initially rises and subsequently reduces with rising the gas mass flow and inlet gas temperature, and rises with rising the bed layer height. Taking the actual production condition of the 360 m2 sintering machine as the calculation object, the optimal structural and operating parameters of SVCF are 195 kg/s for the gas mass flow, 343 K for the inlet gas temperature and 7 m for the bed layer height by selecting the WHR quantity and exergy destruction quantity in the SVCF as the objective functions. The rate of WHR for the SVCF can reach 83.02 % under the above optimal condition, showing the remarkable WHR effect. The research results have an important guiding significance for the design and operation of SVCF.

GC-MS Investigation of Unidentified Pharmaceutical ability of Indigenous herbaceous vine, Tinospora cordifolia’s fruits

As the majority of pharmaceutical businesses rely on medical plants for the synthesis of pharmaceutical chemicals, medicinal plants are of significant interest to researchers in the field of biotechnology. The majority of herbal remedies and the products that are derived from them are frequently made from unrefined plant extracts, which include a complex mixture of various phytochemical components (plant secondary metabolites). The chemical characteristics of these components vary greatly between species. An intriguing device for determining the concentration of various active constituents in plants utilised in the cosmetic, medicine, the agriculture or medical sectors is the GC-MS method employed for the assessment of the extracted samples. The entire plant methanol extract of Tinospora was used in this work to identify bioactive elements employing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS results suggest several different chemicals, including (9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid , 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, .gamma.-Sitosterol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate and 2-Hydrazino-2-imidazoline in the Tinospora methanolic extract. As a result, the bioactive compounds in the methanol extracts of this herb may have chemopreventive, antitumor, anti-microbial, antioxidants, and hypoglycaemic potential. This study's findings suggest that the existence of these phytochemicals as well as bioactive substances in Tinospora cordifolia makes it a potential new reservoir of medications.

An Evaluation of Three Halogens (Cl, Br, and I) Data from a Geological Survey of Japan Geochemical Reference Materials by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis

Fifteen Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) geochemical reference materials were analyzed to determine the contents of three halogens (Cl, Br, and I) by using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and/or radiochemical NAA (RNAA). Two reference materials (JCp-1 and JSO-1) were analyzed using both INAA and RNAA. Although there were discrepancies in Cl and Br for JCp-1 between the INAA and RNAA data, probably due to sample heterogeneity, the INAA and RNAA data for JSO-1 were consistent with each other, within less than 7%, indicating that our RNAA data are reliable. With the repeated analyses of JR-3, the external repeatability of the data obtained using RNAA was evaluated to be 18% for Cl, 11% for Br, and 19% for I. Our RNAA data are in agreement with literature values using NAA for the three halogens, as well as those using isotope dilution mass spectrometry and ion chromatography for Cl. Systematically lower values when using neutron irradiation noble gas mass spectrometry (NI-NGMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with pyrohydrolysis can be observed, implying that there are losses for noble gas nuclides produced through the beta-decay of the neutron capture halogen nuclides in NI-NGMS and the non-quantitative recovery of Br and I during procedures in ICP-MS, respectively.

Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Adhatoda vasica and Assessing its Antibacterial Efficacy and Cytotoxic Impact on the A549 Cancer Cells

The current study investigated the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties of endophytic fungi obtained from medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica. We isolated and identified the endophytic fungi Humicola fuscoatra. by examining their morphological characteristics and microscopic structures. We then extracted their secondary metabolites using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts of the fungus H. fuscoatra have shown promising effectiveness against human pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. A strain of H. fuscoatra exhibited significant antibacterial activity. In addition, we have assessed the effects of ethyl acetate extracts from the fungus H. fuscoatra on the growth of the human lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro assays. Using ethyl acetate extracts from the fungus H. fuscoatra effectively suppressed the growth, survival, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. In this paper we studied in detail the identification of isolated endophytic fungi H. fuscoatra from Adhatoda vasica and characterized its active metabolite compounds. The ethyl acetate-extracted secondary metabolites from the fungal culture supernatant were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, which detected the presence of Hexadecanoic Acid, Hexadecane, Heptadecane, Octadecane, Octadecanoic acid, phytochemicals. The results suggest that the endophytic fungus H. fuscoatra found in medicinal plants has the potential to produce bioactive compounds. They could also be used as a biocontrol agent against bacterial pathogens and for therapeutic purposes in the A549 lung cancer cell line.

Effective yields as tracers of feedback effects on metallicity scaling relations in the EAGLE cosmological simulations

ABSTRACT Effective yields, yeff, are defined by fundamental galaxy properties (i.e. stellar mass M⋆, gas mass Mgas, and gas-phase metallicity). For a closed-box model, yeff is constant and equivalent to the mass in metals returned to the gas per unit mass locked in long-lived stars. Deviations from such behaviour have been often considered observational signatures of past feedback events. By analysing eagle simulations with different feedback models, we evaluate the impact of supernovae (SNe) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback on yeff at redshift z = 0. When removing supermassive black holes (BHs) and, hence, AGN effects, in simulations, galaxies are located around a plane in the M⋆–Mgas–O/H parameter space (being O/H a proxy for gas metallicity, as usual), with such a plane roughly describing a surface of constant yeff. As the ratio between BH mass and M⋆ increases, galaxies deviate from that plane towards lower yeff as a consequence of AGN feedback. For galaxies not strongly affected by AGN feedback, a stronger SN feedback efficiency generates deviations towards lower yeff, while galaxies move towards the opposite side of the plane (i.e. towards higher values of yeff) as SN feedback becomes weaker. Star-forming galaxies observed in the Local Universe are located around a similar 3D plane. Our results suggest that the features of the scatter around the observed plane are related to the different feedback histories of galaxies, which might be traced by yeff.

Mycoremediation Approach to Green Air: Phenanthrene and Anthracene Degrading Ability by Fusarium solani Isolate P11M-46

There are many health issues associated with air pollution that are rapidly increasing with time across the globe. Among many air pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of particular concern because of their carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and long persistence in the environment. The majority of these PAHs release into the air through anthropogenic activities and natural sources. After releasing into the air, PAHs usually return to the ground due to their high molecular weight. These hydrocarbon depositions can be categorized as wet or dry depositions. One of the most prominent deposition surfaces of these pollutants is the phyllosphere. Microorganisms such as fungi perform a key role in PAHs elimination through bioremediation processes. Epiphytic fungi such as Fusarium solani isolate P11M-46 utilizes the deposited phenanthrene and anthracene on the phyllosphere and convert those PAHs in to non-toxic levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of F. solani isolate P11M-46 to degrade phenanthrene and anthracene, through a mycoremediation approach. Leaf samples were collected from Panchikawatta, Orugodawatta, Pettah, Maradana, Colombo Fort, and Sapugaskanda urban areas in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, PAH degradation ability of isolated F. solani isolate P11M-46 was confirmed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effects of by-products produced from the biodegradation process on living beings were evaluated using Artemia salina and the by-products were identified using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). According to HPLC results, F. solani isolate P11M-46 showed 68% of degradation percentage in phenanthrene while exhibiting 76% degradation in anthracene within 6 days. The GCMS analysis confirmed that the by-products were Phenol, 2-(phenylmethyl) from phenanthrene and 9, 10-anthracenedione from anthracene. Toxicity assay with A. salina confirmed that these byproducts were not toxic to the phyllosphere. The findings of the present study revealed the potential use of phyllosphere F. solani isolate P11M-46 in the remediation of environmental pollutants phenanthrene and anthracene. And also the by-products produced during their degradation mechanism were also confirmed as nontoxic compounds. Therefore, F. solani isolate P11M-46 could be effectively used in the bioremediation of phenanthrene and anthracene in polluted environments as a bioremediator. &#x0D; Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Bioremediation, HPLC, GCMS, Toxicity