Gas Law Research Articles

Development Trend Physics Mobile Learning In 21St Century: A Systematic Literature Review

This study aims to analyze the development of the design and implementation of mobile learning in physics learning. This research has been conducted via a systematic literature review research. The research subjects consisted of fifty journal articles selected from the Scopus Index database, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, or ERIC from 2012 to 2022. The data have already been analyzed related to the year of publication, research objectives, and physics concepts used. The results of this study showed that the number of studies has increased over the years. In addition, the use of Physics Mobile Learning can have a positive impact on increasing students' various abilities. Most of the concepts that have been utilized are in the material of sound waves, Newton's laws, physical quantities and measurements, heat, momentum impulses, and gas laws. As a consequence, the learning media can be textbooks inter-actively. Thus, the development of Physics Mobile Learning needs to facilitate in complex and modern ways.

Simulation and Experimental Study on the Internal Leak Behavior in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Components

In this paper, the diffusion law of helium gas inside composite materials was obtained through numerical research and an experimental approach. The influence of fiber and the fiber–resin interface on permeability was discussed in the actual numerical model. It was found that the leak rate and the mass concentration at the fiber–resin interface were higher than those in the resin, and the leak rate symmetrically distributed along the horizontal central line. Meanwhile, a homogenized model for the leak rate simulation in carbon fiber composite components was established, and its accuracy was verified through the experiment and the actual numerical model. The simulated result and the test data demonstrated that the leak rate increased with the pressure and decreased with the thickness of the specimen.

Gas Rules!: An Electronic Strategic Intervention Material for Online Learning: Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Perceptions

This study investigated the effectiveness of the electronic strategic intervention material Gas Rules! in teaching Ideal Gas Laws to grade 10 students. A quasi-experimental design was used, with 15 participants in a control group exposed to a modular approach and 15 in an experimental group exposed to the E-SIM. The instruments used for data collection were an entry/exit test and a perceptions questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used for data analysis. Results showed that the modular approach and E-SIM effectively improved students' conceptual understanding of gas laws. However, the E-SIM enhanced students' conceptual understanding more effectively than modules. Additionally, students had positive perceptions of the E-SIM, and there was a significant correlation between their perceptions and conceptual understanding. The study concluded that the Gas Rules! E-SIM is an effective and superior tool for teaching gas laws to grade 10 students in basic education. Future research could investigate the impact of E-SIMs on students with different learning styles and abilities.

Securing State’s Asset: Legal Protection of Natural Resources of Oil and Gas

The legal framework for oil and natural gas activities in Indonesia is established by Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Natural Gas, which was officially published in the State Gazette in 2001. SKK Migas, which replaced BP Migas, is responsible for the management of upstream oil and gas activities based on Cooperation Contracts (KKS). The upstream activities are conducted through Cooperation Contracts (KKS) as specified in Article 6 of the Oil and Gas Law. According to Article 1, number 19 of the Oil and Gas Law, a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) refers to a cooperative arrangement that aims to maximize the benefits from exploration and exploitation activities for the state and ensure the welfare of the people.

An analysis of li-ion induced potential incidents in battery electrical energy storage system by use of computational fluid dynamics modeling and simulations: The Beijing April 2021 case study

To further grasp the failure process and explosion hazard of battery thermal runaway gas, numerical modeling and investigation were carried out based on a severe battery fire and explosion accident in a lithium-ion battery energy storage system (LIBESS) in China. The composition and transport law of gas caused by large-scale LIB failure were theoretically analyzed, and the explosion risk of thermal runaway gas mixture in complex space after accidental ignition were systematically discussed by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. After the investigation, the underground cable trench is the key channel that causes the thermal runaway gas of lithium iron phosphate batteries to be transported to the building 20 m away and induces the explosion. After about 8500 s of battery burning, the average concentration of the thermal runaway mixed gas diffused from the cable trench is 16.4%. The arrangement of obstacles in the accident building is the main factor determining the explosion overpressure of thermal runaway gas, and the overpressure generated at the end of the obstacle path exceeds 70 kPa. Multiple windows in the battery room play an effective explosion-venting effect, but increase the damage range of outdoor high-temperature flame. In addition, the System-Theoretical Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) was used to analyze the causes of the accident, and the safety constraints that should be imposed by the three control levels of the government, functional departments and energy storage power stations were introduced to prevent battery failure and fire accidents in the BESS. The research method and analysis results will provide important ideas and reference for the investigation of fire and explosion accidents in BESS.

Development and Evaluation of Respirometric in Situ Corrosion Monitoring System

There is a growing need for a system to be used for real-time in-situ monitoring of corrosion rates. This system/method allows the determination of real-time corrosion rates under realistic exposure conditions and is capable of following changing exposure conditions in situ. This is realized by a combination of optical Oxygen sensor measurements with either gravimetric volume sensitive techniques or pressure sensor based techniques in a closed chamber. This study was therefore aimed at developing and evaluating a low-cost, real-time corrosion monitoring system, using copper (Cu) as a test sample. Materials used were sourced locally, the circuitry was designed and used to develop the system with incorporation of sensors that can monitor temperature, humidity and pressure within an airtight glass bottle and placed in a housing which was fabricated. The developed system was then evaluated using a piece of Cu exposed to 5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) within the closed chamber were monitored; and thus Ideal gas and Henry laws were adopted to calculate the amount of gas molecules, and convert them to cathodic reactions. The methods were carried out in accordance with existing literature and standard procedure. Results of evaluation of the system showed that, the more Oxygen is being consumed, the higher the corrosion. Mass loss validation measurements carried out at the end of exposure showed a good correlation with the total recorded cathodic charge. Immersion corrosion kinetics can be monitored non-destructively and in real-time. Manometric approach showed that HER leads to a pressure increase while ORR leads to a decrease in pressure. ORR monitoring is possible based on the amount of consumed O2 by manometric and sensor-based approaches; sensitive, non-destructive corrosion rate measurements are possible on Cu and could be monitored remotely.

Газовое право – формирование и развитие

At present, the importance of gas law has increased significantly due to the demand for gas as an energy resource in domestic and foreign markets. The International Energy Agency states that, despite the clear trend to further prioritize low-carbon renewable energy sources, the use of natural gas will continue to grow strongly in the coming years in all scenarios studied by the International Energy Agency. In addition to the natural gas market, the LNG and LPG markets also continue to develop. To date, there are not many legal studies on gas law. However, representatives of legislative bodies, experts, academia and energy companies emphasize the need to improve the legal regulation of gas markets at the national and international levels. In order to fully study and develop gas law, it is advisable to conduct a number of legal studies, including comparative legal studies with foreign gas law, including the law of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the law of potential importers of Russian gas.

МЕТОДИКА РОЗВ’ЯЗУВАННЯ ГРАФІЧНИХ ЗАДАЧ НА ІЗОПРОЦЕСИ В ШКІЛЬНОМУ КУРСІ ФІЗИКИ

The article deals with the theoretical and methodological aspects of the implementation of the author's methodical approach of solving graphic problems on gas laws as one of the key issues of the school physics course and an integral component of the students' subject competence. It is noted that despite the availability of various literary sources related to physics teaching methods, an important issue of the modern educational process in physics in general and problem solving in particular is the implementation of active methods, techniques and forms of learning to in school practice. They encourage students to active thinking, develop their cognitive interest, and form a culture of intellectual work and independent practical actions. It is noted that the effective assimilation of the main questions of the corresponding topic of the school course in physics, taking into account the principles of scientificity, clarity and generalization, will be facilitated by meaningful compactness, unity and a clear sequence of educational and cognitive actions of students during the solving of graphic problems at the first lessons. The author proposes the algorithm of problem solving that includes the following stages: 1) systematization of information about the main gas laws and their graphic representation; 2) students find out the nature of the change in one of the three parameters of the gas state; 3) construction of a closed process with an ideal gas on the other two diagrams for cases when individual sections of graphic represents loop process (that is, assume a change in all three gas parameters); 4) solving graphic problems for gas laws which are not loop processes; 5) solving graphical problems for loop processes in the form of circles on the initial diagrams. The authors' own pedagogical experience shows that the organization of the educational process based on the proposed methodical approach is effective and efficient, which is confirmed by the level of cognitive activity and educational success of both school students and students of higher education in recent years. Key words: graphic problems, gas laws, loop process, methods of solving physical problems, subject competence of students in physics, school physics course.

Solid State Neuroscience: Spiking Neural Networks as Time Matter

We aim at building a bridge between to a priori disconnected fields: Neuroscience and Material Science. We construct an analogy based on identifying spikes events in time with the positions of particles of matter. We show that one may think of the dynamical states of spiking neurons and spiking neural networks as time-matter. Namely, a structure of spike-events in time having analogue properties to that of ordinary matter. We can define for neural systems notions equivalent to the equations of state, phase diagrams and their phase transitions. For instance, the familiar Ideal Gas Law relation (Pυ = constant) emerges as analogue of the Ideal Integrate and Fire neuron model relation (Iin ISI = constant). We define the neural analogue of the spatial structure correlation function, that can characterize spiking states with temporal long-range order, such as regular tonic spiking. We also define the “neuro-compressibility” response function in analogy to the lattice compressibility. We show that similarly to the case of ordinary matter, the anomalous behavior of the neuro-compressibility is a precursor effect that signals the onset of changes in spiking states. We propose that the notion of neuro-compressibility may open the way to develop novel medical tools for the early diagnose of diseases. It may allow to predict impending anomalous neural states, such as Parkinson’s tremors, epileptic seizures, electric cardiopathies, and perhaps may even serve as a predictor of the likelihood of regaining consciousness.

Experimental Verification of the CFD Model of the Squeeze Film Lifting Effect

The presented study shows the results of the research into the squeeze film levitation phenomena. The system introduced in the investigation is composed of a vibrating surface, air squeeze film, and the surface of the body freely suspended over the film. The use of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model used in the system allows us to determine the steady state, periodic behavior of the air film (described by Navier–Stokes, continuity equations, and ideal gas law), and the lifted object dynamics. The model allows us to determine multiple factors, among others, mean film thickness and pressure distribution inside the fluid film. The influence of factors, such as vibration amplitude, frequency, and load on the lifting conditions, was presented. A series of calculations show the levitations height in the range of 5.61 up to 58.12 microns, obtained for masses of samples between 5–20 g, vibration frequency of 5–25 kHz, and the motions amplitude of 0.5–1.5 µm. A series of CFD multivariable calculations for a standing wave inducer were not previously published. The CFD model was validated with the use of experiments on a specially developed test rig. The authors experimentally obtained the height of levitation up to 200 microns.

Smoldering charcoal detection in forest soil by multiple CO sensors

Cleaning up residual fires is an important part of forest fire management to avoid the loss of forest resources caused by the recurrence of a residual fire. Existing residual fire detection equipment is mainly infrared temperature detection and smoke identification. Due to the isolation of ground, temperature and smoke characteristics of medium and large smoldering charcoal in some forest soils are not obvious, making it difficult to identify by detection equipment. CO gas is an important detection index for indoor smoldering fire detection, and an important identification feature of hidden smoldering ground fires. However, there is no research on locating smoldering fires through CO detection. We studied the diffusion law of CO gas directly above covered smoldering charcoal as a criterion to design a detection device equipped with multiple CO sensors. According to the motion decomposition search algorithm, the detection device realizes the function of automatically searching for smoldering charcoal. Experimental data shows that the average CO concentration over the covered smoldering charcoal decreases exponentially with increasing height. The size of the search step is related to the reliability of the search algorithm. The detection success corresponding to the small step length is high but the search time is lengthy which can lead to search failure. The introduction of step and rotation factors in search algorithm improves the search efficiency. This study reveals that the average ground CO concentration directly above smoldering charcoal in forests changes with height. Based on this law, a CO gas sensor detection device for hidden smoldering fires has been designed, which enriches the technique of residual fire detection.

The Effect of Using PhET in Changing Malaysian Students’ Attitude to Learning Physics in a Full Virtual Environment

This study investigated the effect of physics inquiry learning using PhET Interactive Simulation on form four students’ attitudes toward physics in a fully virtual environment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. This quantitative study employed the Quasi-Experimental Design by administering the Attitude Toward Physics Lesson Scale (ATPLS). Fifty-nine form four students from a rural school located in Selangor, Malaysia, participated in this study. The control group (n1= 25) was taught in the standard thematic order as the usual teaching approach by the teacher during online lessons. In eight lessons, students only watched videos related to laboratory experiments that covered Gravitational Force, Newton’s Laws, and Gas Laws. Meanwhile, the experimental group (n2= 34) used the PhET Interactive Simulations as a treatment to explore the same topics. All test results underwent a normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis evaluation. The data in this study were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings revealed that PhET Interactive Simulation negatively impacts students’ attitudes towards physics inquiry learning during the full virtual online lessons. Further study is expected to pair PhET Interactive Simulation with other e-learning tools or platforms to provide better instant feedback and enhance students’ attitudes in physics inquiry learning.

The Gas in Graphene Bubbles: An Improved van der Waals Equation Description

An accurate description for the shape of the graphene bubbles is essential for research and application of these gas bubbles in tuning electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the two-dimensional nano materials. The present work reveals that the structural parameters of the bubble can not be described by the theoretical model based on the ideal gas law, which underestimates the structure parameters by 48%. The invalidity of the ideal gas law is due to the extremely large pressure of the gas inside the bubble that can be as high as 1 gigapascal, far beyond the applicability condition of the ideal gas law. To capture this effect, we develop an improved van der Waals equation with the quadratic nonlinear term of the gas density, which is found to provide an accurate description for the shape of the bubble. Further molecular dynamics simulations show high coincidence with the above van der Waals equation model for both graphene bubbles and MoS2 bubbles.

Momentum work and the energetic foundations of physics. II. The ideal gas law derived via processes

In Paper I of this series, the elastic collision was described via simultaneous processes, where the energy is conserved at any moment. In this paper, we critically review the kinetic theory of gases, which was developed based on Newtonian mechanics, and show that it violates the principle of the conservation of energy. By placing the energy conservation at the beginning of the deductive formalism, we derive the ideal gas law via equally strong simultaneous counter-processes at the walls, namely, momentum work and volume work. Several new insights into the state variables of an ideal gas are obtained: (i) pressure cannot be expressed via the kinetic energy of an ideal gas, and (ii) temperature can be interpreted as a particle-related (microscopic) state variable. The historical choice to set a zero point of the potential energy for a confined ideal gas needs to be corrected, and the internal energy of an ideal gas turns out to include more forms of energy than specified in the kinetic theory of gases. Finally, and importantly, we show that the process approach to an ideal gas and thus to collisions is experimentally confirmed.

Mesospheric and Upper Stratospheric Temperatures From OMPS‐LP

AbstractWe report the development of a temperature profile data set from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS‐LP) instrument on the Suomi NPP satellite. The data set covers a roughly 10 year period from 2012 to 2022, and temperatures are provided in the altitude range between 35 and 70 km. The algorithm uses daytime Rayleigh scattered radiation near 350 nm to estimate atmospheric density profiles, which are vertically integrated using the hydrostatic equation to estimate atmospheric pressure. Temperature profiles are then derived using the ideal gas law. Spectral structures in the OMPS‐LP radiances are a source of systematic errors that limit the absolute accuracy to ±2 K. However, since the systematic errors do not change significantly over time, the relative accuracy is better than ±1 K. Our temperature data set has been designed to supplement global temperature maps produced by assimilation of data from traditional meteorological sensors, including GNSS radio occultation sensors, that provide high quality atmospheric temperature profiles up to 40–55 km. We show comparisons to other co‐located temperature datasets to validate our product.

Numerical and experimental study on water-heat-salt transport patterns in shallow bare soil with varying salt contents under evaporative conditions: A comparative investigation

Soil salinization is aggravated by evaporation, resulting in salt crystallizing on the soil surface. Soil salinization is harmful to agriculture and has significant implications for the engineering and construction industry. Therefore, this paper investigates water and salt transport in saline soils through comparison of numerical simulations with indoor evaporation tests. Based on Darcy's law, ideal gas law, mass conservation law, and energy conservation law, a one-dimensional transient mathematical model of coupled water-heat-salt transport is derived. The bottom of the model represents a recharge boundary condition, the sides of the soil column are insulated and impermeable, and the top serves as a heat source. The results show that the greater the salinity of the soil, the more drastic the temperature change, and at the same time, the greater the water retention of the soil. The temperature gradient along the height of the soil column provides a tremendous driving force for water-salt transport, and although the volumetric water content of the soil column at 3 ∼ 4 cm dissipates quickly, there is a gradient of increasing salt concentration towards the ends and decreasing towards the middle. The modeled results agree with the experimental data, indicating that the model can effectively simulate the water-heat-salt transport process for different saline sites under evaporation conditions. The model is essential for the improvement of saline soils and for finding new methods to prevent further soil salinization.

Stratospheric temperature measurements from nanosatellite stellar occultation observations of refractive bending

Abstract. Stellar occultation observations from space can probe the stratosphere and mesosphere at a fine vertical scale around the globe. Unlike other measurement techniques like radiosondes and aircraft, stellar occultation has the potential to observe the atmosphere above 30 km, and unlike radio occultation, stellar occultation probes fine-scale phenomena with potential to observe atmospheric turbulence. We imaged the refractive bending angle of a star centroid for a series of occultations by the atmosphere. Atmospheric refractivity, density, and then temperature are retrieved from the bending observations with the Abel transformation and Edlén's law, the hydrostatic equation, and the ideal gas law. The retrieval technique is applied to data collected by two nanosatellites operated by Terran Orbital. Measurements were primarily taken by the GEOStare SV2 mission, with a dedicated imaging telescope, supplemented with images captured by spacecraft bus sensors, namely the star trackers on other Terran Orbital missions. The bending angle noise floor is 10 and 30 arcsec for the star tracker and GEOStare SV2 data, respectively. The most significant sources of uncertainty are due to centroiding errors due to the fairly low-resolution stellar images and telescope pointing knowledge derived from noisy satellite attitude sensors. The former mainly affects the star tracker data, while the latter limits the GEOStare SV2 accuracy, with both providing low vertical resolution. This translates to a temperature profile retrieval up to roughly 20 km for both star tracker and GEOStare SV2 datasets. In preparation of an upcoming 2023 mission designed to correct these deficiencies, SOHIP, we simulated bending angle measurements with varying magnitudes of error. The expected maximum altitude of retrieved temperature is 41 km on average for these simulated measurements with a noise floor of 0.39 arcsec. Our work highlights the capabilities of stellar occultation observations from nanosatellites for atmospheric sounding. Future work will investigate high-frequency observations of atmospheric gravity waves and turbulence, mitigating the major uncertainties observed in these datasets.

The bubble effect on the thermal expansion coefficient of few-layer MoS2

The thermal expansion coefficient of van der Waals layered structures plays an important role in governing the thermal stability of high-performance electronic devices. Meanwhile, bubbles are frequently observed in the van der Waals layered structures due to the weak inter-layer interaction and the extremely small bending stiffness of the layered structure, but the effect of bubbles on the thermal expansion coefficient for layered structures remains unclear. We derive an analytic formula for the bubble effect on the length variation of the MoS2 layer. In the analytic derivation, the MoS2 layer is described by three mechanics models, including the elastic membrane theory, the nonlinear plate theory, and the linear plate theory. The gas inside the bubble is described by two types of state equations, including the ideal gas law and the generalized van der Waals equation. It is found that the nonlinear plate theory with the generalized van der Waals equation gives the most accurate description for the bubble effect, since MoS2 has a moderate bending stiffness. The analytic formula shows that the bubble can cause strong thermal contraction for few-layer MoS2 with increasing temperature. The analytic predictions are verified by comprehensive molecular dynamic simulations for few-layer MoS2 with different layer numbers and different gas molecule numbers. These results shall be valuable for understanding the thermal stability of functional devices based on the van der Waals layered structure.

Engineering Game Theory of Green Hydrogen towards Energy Transition using Shariah Jurisprudence Developmental Framework based on Ethical Decision-making from Philosophy of Technology

Purpose: This paper is designed to address problems on commercial laws and illustrate sustainable development modellings of ethical decision-making and shariah jurisprudence method to interpret the statutory laws for renewable energies and develop an equation for exhibition of its economic impacts along with the 2050 planning of storage capacity for renewable power percentage of energy transition in relation to service of electricity demands.
 Methodology: Hamburg to Rotterdam Rules are legal instruments of commercial transactions pertaining to transportation laws of goods under agreements. Meanwhile, statutory interpretation serves as an illustration of legislative framework formulated for public welfare and safety, in harmony with constitutional laws. Electricity regulations are statutory laws for reflexive judgement of the laws of thermodynamics pertaining to mass conservation, momentum theorem, and energy equation concerning economics of the business environment.
 Findings: Green hydrogen is a technical product of concession for renewable energies. The paradigm shift to solar power is a form of energy transition to target carbon emission towards zero level through reduction of greenhouse gases. Sustainable development is a monetary framework of business innovations and marketing of goods and services. However, there are apparent limitations on these contract laws, hence, issues can be raised concerning environmental laws of business transactions pertaining to technological services.
 Recommendation: If green economy is the 2050 plan of energy transition, the pressure relative to viscosity of hydrogen power of solar energy must be developed congruent to Ideal Gas Law, exhibiting relativity to Euler and Lorenz number in connection with thermal conductivity and its resistance akin to viscosity. 

Investigation of high-density polyethylene pyrolyzed wax for asphalt binder modification: Mechanism, thermal properties, and ageing performance

The thermal pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a fixed bed reactor has been studied in the temperature range of 450–550 °C with two different nitrogen carrier gas flowrates, 2 and 4nullLnullmin−1, to study the effect of these process parameters as well as the resultant vapour residence times on the formation of wax and its chemical and thermal properties. The technology had a high selectivity to waxes, with a yield of up to 91.87% wax from high-density polyethylene at 500 °C using a nitrogen carrier gas flowrate of 4nullLnullmin−1 and subsequent 1.76 second vapour residence time, calculated using the ideal gas law. The waxes were characterised using techniques including gas-chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The process operating temperature especially and its subsequent effect on vapour residence times within the reactor had a considerable impact on both the chemical and thermal properties of the waxes. Higher operating temperatures yielded more olefinic waxes due to the promotion of degradation radical mechanisms such as β-scission. They were observed to have higher melting points and thermal stability. An investigation was conducted to assess the thermal properties and ageing performance of the waxes. Thermal conditioning in an ashing oven at 170 °C for 0–6 hours was conducted with a detailed analysis of GC-MS and FTIR at each stage of thermal exposure to further support thermal characterisation results. The changes in chemical composition were attributed mainly to oxidation and polymerization ageing reactions and were seen to be more prominent in the more unsaturated waxes produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The wax produced at 550 °C was determined the optimal wax for binder modification in hot-mix asphalt pavement design due to lower volatile/mass loss. A lower temperature range was suggested for optimal blending conditions to further reduce loss of volatiles with initial blending and storage.