Gas Injection Timing Research Articles

Effect of CO2 injection pressure on enhanced coal seam gas extraction

The CO2 displacement of coal seam gas can simultaneously promote gas extraction and CO2 sequestration, with gas injection pressure being a key factor influencing both efficiency and safety. This study examined the impact of varying CO2 injection pressure on gas extraction and sequestration. The findings indicated that higher CO2 injection pressures reduced the gas injection and extraction time costs, increased the equilibrium pressure and coal seam temperature, and decreased carbon sequestration efficiency. As the CO2 injection pressure increased, the CH4 cumulative desorption capacity and desorption rate rose by 4.98%, the time to reach the residual gas content critical value (TLV of 2 m3/t) shortened by 62.04 min, and the maximum CO2 storage per unit mass of coal increases by 3.6 m3/t. Increasing the injection pressure enhanced gas desorption and CO2 sequestration. A higher CO2 injection pressure resulted in a higher CH4 yield rate and a reduced CO2 injection rate in the later stages. Therefore, it is advisable to reduce the CO2 injection pressure during the low efficiency desorption stage.

Effect of Different Concentration of CO2 Gas Injected into Fresh Cement Paste Along with the Addition of Superplasticizer on the Mechanical Properties of Cement

This paper focused on examining the impact of injecting varying concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas on the mechanical characteristics of both the fresh and hardened states of cement paste. This study also considered the influence of the presence or absence of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in cement mixture on these properties. Many researchers discovered the benefit of CO2 gas utilization in cement mixture to accelerate the early strength of cement or concrete hydration by its carbonation that form calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The application method is to directly inject CO2 gas in a curing chamber for air-curing of precast concrete. Alternatively, carbonated water is mixed with cement during concrete mixing. However, the use of CO2 gas does not significantly improve the 28-day strength of concrete. This study explores how to improve the carbonation impact on mechanical properties of cement paste and apply it to ground improvement. In this study, the method adopted is direct injection of CO2 gas during cement slurry mixing with different injection duration. The influence of CO2 in the presence of superplasticizer (SP) in cement slurry was also studied as SP is generally used for grouting. The results showed that the carbonation of cement paste with additional of superplasticizer significantly affect its flow, viscosity and bleeding properties. Unlike samples with SP addition, the samples without SP addition showed higher compressive strength after 28 days of curing up to certain CO2 injection time. For all CO2 gas injection time, smaller porosity rates were observed for 7-day cured samples with SP addition compared to those without SP addition. This is due to accelerated carbonation due to SP presence in cement mixture. From the results, the optimum of CO2 gas injection time for one liter mixture of cement paste to improve its compressive strength (up to 123% increase) have been discovered. It can be inferred that the addition of superplasticizer in cement slurry reduces the amount of CO32- ions and Ca2+ ions during carbonation process of cement hydration products, which are strongly related to the pH level in pore solution. These ions play a significant roles in determining the mechanical properties of cement slurry.

Experimental Optimization of Natural Gas Injection Timing in a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine to Minimize GHG Emissions

Phased injection of natural gas into internal combustion marine engines is a promising solution for optimizing performance and reducing harmful emissions, particularly unburned methane, a potent greenhouse gas. This innovative practice distinguishes itself from continuous injection because it allows for more precise control of the combustion process with only a slight increase in system complexity. By synchronizing the injection of natural gas with the intake and exhaust valve opening and closing times while also considering the gas path in the manifolds, methane release into the atmosphere is significantly reduced, making a substantial contribution to efforts to address climate change. Moreover, phased injection improves the efficiency of marine engines, resulting in reduced overall fuel consumption, lower fuel costs, and increased ship autonomy. This technology was tested on a single-cylinder, large-bore, four-stroke research engine designed for marine applications, operating in dual-fuel mode with diesel and natural gas. Performance was compared with that of the conventional continuous feeding method. Evaluation of the effect on equivalent CO2 emissions indicates a potential reduction of up to approximately 20%. This reduction effectively brings greenhouse gas emissions below those of the diesel baseline case, especially when injection control is combined with supercharging control to optimize the air–fuel ratio. In this context, the boost pressure in DF was reduced from 3 to 1.5 bar compared with the FD case.

Research on Gas Injection Limits and Development Methods of CH4/CO2 Synergistic Displacement in Offshore Fractured Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Gas injection for enhanced oil and gas reservoir recovery is a crucial method in offshore Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). The B6 buried hill condensate gas reservoir, characterized by high CO2 content, a deficit in natural energy, developed fractures and low-pressure differentials between formation and saturation pressures, requires supplementary formation energy to mitigate retrograde condensation near the wellbore area through gas injection. However, due to the connected fractures, the B6 gas reservoir exhibits strong horizontal and vertical heterogeneity, resulting in severe gas channeling and a futile cycle, which affects the gas injection efficiency at various levels of fracture development. Based on these findings, we conducted gas injection experiments and numerical simulations on fractured cores. A characterization method for oil and gas relative permeability considering dissolution was established. Additionally, the gas injection development boundary for this type of condensate gas reservoir was quantified according to the degree of fracture development, and the gas injection mode of the B6 reservoir was optimized. Research indicates that the presence of fractures leads to the formation of a dominant gas channel; the greater the permeability difference, the poorer the gas injection effect. The permeability gradation (fracture permeability divided by matrix permeability) in the gas injection area should be no higher than 15; gas injection in wells A1 and A2 is likely to achieve a better development effect under the existing well pattern. Moreover, early gas injection timing and pulse gas injection prove beneficial in enhancing the recovery rate of condensate oil. The study offers significant guidance for the development of similar gas reservoirs and for reservoirs with weakly connected fractures; advancing the timing of gas injection can mitigate the retrograde condensation phenomenon, whereas initiating gas injection after depletion may reduce the impact of gas channeling for reservoirs with strongly connected fractures.

Influence of In-Cylinder Turbulence Kinetic Energy on the Mixing Uniformity within Gaseous-Fuel Engines under Various Intake Pressure Conditions

To explore the potential for further enhancing the gas mixing uniformity of natural gas (NG) engines, this paper identifies turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), which has an essential impact on gas mixing, as the entry point of the research. After establishing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for NG engines’ direct injection and mixing processes, the inlet pressure is selected as the experimental variable to investigate the influence of TKE on gas mixing uniformity. In particular, by proposing the theoretical concept of the core mixing stage, the numerical variation rule between the best mixture concentration region (BMCR) percentage and the mean turbulent kinetic energy (MTKE) of the core mixing stage is analyzed under certain injection timing conditions. The results indicate that, with identical intake pressures, an advanced gas injection timing elevates the total turbulence kinetic energy (TTKE) during the core mixing stage, thereby amplifying the uniformity of the gas mixture at the ignition. In specific scenarios, as the intake pressure increases, the decreasing trend in the BMCR proportion closely resembles the diminishing trend in the MTKE during the core mixing stage. Scrutinizing the variation trend in either parameter allows for an approximate prediction of the variation trend in the other parameter. When the intake pressure is gradually raised from the naturally aspirated state, the adequacy of the gas jet development is progressively reduced by the increasing back pressure in the cylinder.

Hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff optimization of multiple horizontal wells with complex fracture networks in the M unconventional reservoir

The oil production of the multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) declines quickly in unconventional oil reservoirs due to the fast depletion of natural energy. Gas injection has been acknowledged as an effective method to improve oil recovery factor from unconventional oil reservoirs. Hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff becomes preferable when the CO2 source is limited. However, the impact of complex fracture networks and well interference on the EOR performance of multiple MFHWs is still unclear. The optimal gas huff-n-puff parameters are significant for enhancing oil recovery. This work aims to optimize the hydrocarbon gas injection and production parameters for multiple MFHWs with complex fracture networks in unconventional oil reservoirs. Firstly, the numerical model based on unstructured grids is developed to characterize the complex fracture networks and capture the dynamic fracture features. Secondly, the PVT phase behavior simulation was carried out to provide the fluid model for numerical simulation. Thirdly, the optimal parameters for hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff were obtained. Finally, the dominant factors of hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff under complex fracture networks are obtained by fuzzy mathematical method. Results reveal that the current pressure of hydrocarbon gas injection can achieve miscible displacement. The optimal injection and production parameters are obtained by single-factor analysis to analyze the effect of individual parameter. Gas injection time is the dominant factor of hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff in unconventional oil reservoirs with complex fracture networks. This work can offer engineers guidance for hydrocarbon gas huff-n-puff of multiple MFHWs considering the complex fracture networks.

Analysis of the fractal characteristics for combustion instability in a premixed natural gas engine

To investigate the influence of gas injection timing (GIT) on the combustion instability of a premixed natural gas engine, experiments were conducted under low load conditions using various GITs. Multifractal and multiscale entropy analyses were employed to examine the fractal characteristics and complexity of the experimental time series for indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and heat release (Q) at different scales. Statistical analysis and return maps of the IMEP and Q time series were utilized to verify the results. The findings revealed that the combustion process of the natural gas engine demonstrates clear fractal characteristics at different scales. A strong correlation is found between the combustion instability and the fractal characteristics. Furthermore, the probability densities of the IMEP and Q time series exhibit super-Gaussian distributions. Retarding the GIT results in an initial increase, followed by a decrease in the difference value of the Hurst index and singular spectrum width. The mapping point distributions of the IMEP and Q time series initially disperse and subsequently concentrate. The fractal complexity and chaotic characteristics of combustion instability initially strengthen and then gradually diminish. Moreover, under lower load conditions, the anti-persistent correlation becomes more pronounced, and the intermittence and complexity of the fractal characteristics also intensify, signifying a more significant impact of GIT on the combustion instability of the natural gas engine. Notably, when the GIT is approximately 60°CA after top dead center, the combustion process exhibits stronger fractal characteristics, accompanied by a greater dispersion degree of the mapping points. This study provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the lean-burn stability of natural gas engines.

Study on the Corrosion Mechanism of N80 Steel in Simulated Oxygen-Reduced Air Drive Production Wellbores.

In order to investigate the corrosion behavior of N80 steel in production wellbores of oxygen-reduced air drive, the main corrosion control factors are analyzed based on gray relational analysis. Taking reservoir simulation results as indoor simulation parameters, the corrosion behavior in different production periods is studied by the dynamic weight loss method combined with metallographic microscopy, XRD, 3D morphology, and other related characterizations. The results show that oxygen content is most sensitive to the corrosion of production wellbores. The corrosion rate increases significantly under oxygen-containing conditions, and the corrosion rate at an oxygen content of 3% (0.3 MPa) is about 5 times higher than that without oxygen. At the initial stage of oil displacement, the corrosion is CO2-dominated localized corrosion, and the corrosion products are mainly compact FeCO3. With the prolongation of gas injection time, the wellbore is in a CO2/O2 balanced environment, the corrosion changes into a combined action of the two, and the corrosion products are FeCO3 and loose porous Fe2O3. After continuous gas injection for 3 years, the production wellbore is in a high O2 and low CO2 environment, the dense FeCO3 is destroyed, the corrosion pit develops horizontally, and the corrosion changes to O2-dominated comprehensive corrosion.

Enabling off-highway diesel engine downsizing and performance improvement using electrically assisted turbocharging

Internal combustion engine (ICE) downsizing through various turbocharging configurations is generally known by the powertrain design community as an effective means to reduce frictional losses, increase waste heat recovery, and improve fuel efficiency while increasing engine power density. However, often is the case that turbocharging strategies, including variable geometry turbochargers, and regulated two-stage turbochargers, incur the performance tradeoff between transient response and fuel economy (pumping losses) at high engine speeds. For off-highway vehicles having particularly transient and high-powered duty cycles, efforts to improve this tradeoff and increase operational flexibility have turned to evaluating various electrified air system architectures. In this study, a 4.5 L diesel-ICE configured with an electrically driven compressor (eBooster®) is placed in series with a conventional turbocharger and integrated into a 48 V mild-hybrid powertrain architecture. The objective of this powertrain configuration is to enable engine downsizing by 34%, replacing the current 6.8 L ICE platform with the hybridized 4.5 L ICE concept. The commercial 1-D simulation software GT-SUITE is used for powertrain system development and system optimization. Development and validation of the GT-SUITE model and air system controls is concurrently supported through experimental data collection. The simulation model development includes using machine learning methods for optimizing exhaust gas dilution, injection timing, and eBooster® power to improve steady-state and transient brake-specific fuel consumption while minimizing criteria pollutant emissions. It was found that total specific fluid consumption over the standardized non-road transient engine duty cycle could be reduced by 18% over the current 6.8 L engine by using an optimized eBoosted 4.5 L engine. The hybridized 4.5 L engine concept concurrently showed sufficient transient response capability and nearly an order of magnitude reduction in duty cycle total soot production.

Role of initial conditions in plasma-current coupling of gas-puff Z-pinches

Azimuthal magnetic field measurements obtained during the implosion phase of an oxygen gas-puff Z-pinch on a 500 kA peak current and 180 ns rise time linear transformer driver are presented. While a fraction of the driver current was measured within the imploding plasma, key initial conditions were found to significantly impact the delivery of current to the plasma load. The electrode geometry was modified to assist the initial dielectric breakdown and resulted in improved shot reproducibility. Optimization of the gas injection plenum pressure and timing resulted in an increase in the current coupling parameter, defined as the ratio of the measured value of Bθ to the expected value, from 50% to 75%. The degree of radial expansion of the gas puff in the load region, which is suspected to lead to the observed current loss during the implosion, was reduced by shortening the valve opening duration. Additionally, a pre-embedded axial magnetic field of up to 0.2 T was found to have no significant impact on the plasma-current coupling of the oxygen implosions.

Impact of natural gas injection timing on the combustion and emissions performance of a dual-direct-injection diesel/natural gas engine

Under the background of carbon neutrality, the natural gas (NG) is deemed as a competitive alternative fuel for the internal combustion engine (ICE) industry to respond increasingly stringent emission and fuel consumption regulations. To better understand the effect of the NG injection timing (SOING) on the combustion and emissions performance of a dual-direct-injection diesel/NG engine, a detailed investigation concerned with the SOING is carried out. The testing work was operated on a self-developed single-cylinder engine under a constant speed of 1200 r/min, and the SOING was changed from −120°CA ATDC to −60°CA ATDC. During the testing, the mass flow rate of NG was changed from 0.337 to 0.807 kg/h and the mass flow rate of diesel was changed from 0.48 to 1.22 kg/h, and the engine cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate, NOx, UHC, CO2, CO emissions were investigated. The results show that the engine performance was strongly affected by the NG injection timing. When the mass flow rate of diesel was kept at 0.82 kg/h, the mass flow rate of NG was kept at 0.467 kg/h, with the SOING was changed from −60°CA ATDC to −120°CA ATDC, the brake thermal efficiency increased from 25.09% to 28.75%, the CO2 emissions increase from 6.00 to 6.42%. Overall, higher thermal efficiency can be achieved by advancing NG injection timing.

A Short-Time Real-World Study of Two Perfluoropropane Tamponade Methods in Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Retinal Detachment

Introduction: This real-world study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and operative parameters of two perfluoropropane (C3F8) tamponade methods combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retinal detachment (RD). Methods: A retrospective study of 132 patients (132 eyes) with RD (pure C3F8 in 38 eyes, mixed C3F8 in 94 eyes). All eyes underwent PPV with C3F8 tamponade and were followed up for at least 3 months. Retinal reattachment rate, time of gas configuration and injection, C3F8 dosage, intraocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity, postoperative ocular inflammation, and patients’ complaints were evaluated. Results: The single-surgery retinal reattachment rates of the pure C3F8 group and mixed C3F8 group were 97.4% and 96.8%, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 1.00). The final retinal reattachment rates of the two groups were 100% and 97.2%, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 1.00). The gas configuration time, gas injection time, and C3F8 dosage were significantly less in the pure C3F8 group (all p < 0.001). Time, but not group, was the influencing factor of postoperative IOP changes in the two groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.547, respectively). Compared with the baseline, the IOP estimates of the pure C3F8 group showed a significant increase immediately after surgery (p < 0.001), and the mixed C3F8 group showed a significant increase immediately and 1–2 days after surgery (all p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in ocular inflammation (p = 0.339) and patients’ complaints of discomfort (p = 0.175) between the two groups. Conclusion: Both the two methods of C3F8 tamponade combined with PPV in RD patients showed good efficacy and safety, but the clinical operation of pure C3F8 tamponade was more convenient and eco-friendly.

Multi-scale dynamics for a lean-burn spark ignition natural gas engine under low load conditions

This work investigates the multi-scale dynamics of the combustion system in a lean-burn spark ignition natural gas engine using different gas injection timings (GIT). The in-cylinder pressure time series are measured, and the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) time series are calculated. The influence of GIT on the combustion system is investigated through wavelet analysis, multi-resolution analysis, and the return maps with the GIT covering from 0 to 90°CA after top dead center at the intake stage. Results show that the combustion system has multi-scale chaotic characteristics, and it is sensitive to the change of GIT. The unreasonable GIT will result in serious combustion variations. Meanwhile, the combustion instability of the engine evolves on multiple time scales, showing evident multi-scale oscillation characteristics. All the wavelet power spectrums (WPS) present the characteristics of intermittent short-time periodic oscillations and persistent large-scale periodic oscillations concealed inside the IMEP time series. When the GIT approaches the medium value, the persistence of large-scale periodic oscillations is weakened, while the characteristics of high-frequency intermittent oscillations are enhanced. Under all working conditions, the contribution rate of high-frequency signal D1 decomposed by the IMEP time series to the overall time series fluctuation is about 40% or even higher. The contribution rate of the signal D1 also increases with the aggravation of combustion instability. The return map structures of high-frequency signals D1 and D2 show bifurcation structures, and the bifurcation characteristics of the signal D1 are more evident under medium GIT conditions, indicating a certain correlation between the 2–8 engine cycles, and the correlation between the adjacent engine cycles is stronger. The deterministic relationship between the multiple engine cycles found can help in developing a more reasonable and efficient combustion control strategy, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the stability of a natural gas engine.

Study on the Differences between Various Gas Injection Sources in the Process of Coal Seam Methane Replacement by Gas Injection.

To study the differences between various gas injection sources in the process of coal seam methane replacement, experimental research was conducted to study the influences of different gas injection sources and gas injection ratios on coal seam methane replacement by considering the strong adsorption gas CO2 and the weak adsorption gas N2. The experimental results show that the temperature rise effect of the CO2 injection gas is greater and lasts longer than that of the N2 injection gas in the process of coal seam methane replacement by gas injection, and the temperature rise can promote the desorption of adsorbed methane well. However, due to the different effects of gas compressibility, the increase in gas pressure caused by injecting N2 under the same conditions is higher than that of CO2; due to the strong adsorption of CO2, the gas pressure after injecting CO2 continues to decrease slowly. From the displacement effect, the adsorbability of the injection source gas has a significant effect on the displacement rate and injection-placement ratio, while the injection ratio has a significant effect on CO2 displacement but not on N2 injection. From the experimental results, for N2 injection, the effects of coal seam methane replacement by gas injection can be enhanced by improving the gas injection method and process; for CO2 injection, the effects of coal seam methane replacement by gas injection can be improved by the following two aspects: gas injection volume and gas injection time.

Optimal Injection Parameters for Enhancing Coalbed Methane Recovery: A Simulation Study from the Shizhuang Block, Qinshui Basin, China

The injection of N2 into coal reservoir has great potential in improving recovery of coalbed methane (CBM). In this study, a numerical model was established based on the GEM component model to evaluate the influences of different N2 injection parameters (production injection well spacing, gas injection timing, gas injection duration, gas injection rate, and the bottom-hole injection pressure) on the production of CBM in the Shizhuang Block of Qinshui Basin, China. Based on the economic benefit of CBM production, the production increasing rate and nitrogen replacement ratio were established to optimize the N2 injection parameters. The results show that (1) the production injection well spacing had the greatest influence on CBM production, followed by injection duration and the bottom-hole injection pressure, and injection timing and injection rate had a relatively small influence. (2) With increasing gas injection duration, injection rate, and the bottom-hole injection pressure, the rate of production increased and the nitrogen replacement ratio decreased. (3) The optimal N2 injection scheme was revealed with the production injection well spacing of 180 m, the injection timing of a second year after gas production, an injection duration of 7 years, an injection rate of 5000 m3/d, and a bottom-hole injection pressure of 10 MPa. Under these conditions, the rate of production increasing rate, the nitrogen displacement ratio, and the regional recovery of the four production wells were 18.14%, 0.5, and 48.96%, respectively, some 8.88% higher than that without nitrogen displacement, showing good effect in terms of CBM production.

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/cyclohexanol blend fuels under different exhaust gas recirculation ratios and injection timings

Cyclohexanol is obtained from abundant lignocellulosic biomass sources at low cost, and it is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this study, cyclohexanol was blended with diesel at various volume ratios and the mixtures were denoted as D100 (100 % diesel + 0 % cyclohexanol), D90CH10 (90 % diesel + 10 % cyclohexanol), and D80CH20 (80 % diesel + 20 % cyclohexanol), respectively. Subsequently, the effects of exhaust gas recirculation and pilot plus main injections at various pilot injection timings on the combustion and emissions of the diesel engine fueled with various mixtures were evaluated. The results demonstrated that diesel/cyclohexanol blends had a longer ignition delay, but shorter combustion duration. D80CH20 had the highest oxygen content, peak combustion temperature (PCT), and peak heat release rate (PHRR) at medium and high loads. Cyclohexanol blending with diesel significantly decreased the particulate number (PN) and volume concentrations at the expense of higher NOx emissions. Advancing the pilot injection timing prolonged the ignition delay and combustion duration, and increased the PCT and PHRR. Therefore, it emitted higher NOx emissions, but lower PN emissions. D80CH20 with 8 % EGR can simultaneously reduce the PN and NOx emissions at medium and high loads.

Study on Natural Gas/Diesel Dual-fuel Engine Energy Ratio: Effect of Natural Gas Injection Parameters

Natural gas has been a promising demand for several years in Indonesia as a fuel for a diesel engine by converted into a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine. However, determining the energy ratio of the diesel and natural gas fuel is important due to the engine performance and emissions which affect the engine safety operation. This study presents the method to determine the natural gas and diesel fuel energy ratio on intake port natural gas injection mode through experiment. A direct injection diesel engine is converted to a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine by injecting natural gas into the intake port. The diesel injection parameters are unmodified for the experiment; besides the natural gas injection variations are studied to determine the energy ratio. Moreover, the engine is tested for low to high load conditions. However, natural gas injection duration, pressure, and injection timing variation affect the fuel energy ratio and indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). At low load, the optimum fuel energy ratio and ITE are achieved at a long injection duration (10 ms) and with advanced injection timing. Moreover, at high load, the optimum fuel energy ratio and ITE is achieved at high natural gas injection duration (12 ms), high injection pressure (3 bar), and advancing the injection timing.

Analysis of Oxidized 1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-Sn-Glycero-3 Phosphocholine Products in Uremic Patients by LC-ESI/MS

A simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) method has been developed to analyze oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ox-PAPC) products on the lipoproteins of uremic patients. The native PAPC standard was in vitro oxidized by the Fenton reaction, and the ox-PAPC products were analyzed by LC- ESI/MS. For LC, a C8 column and a mobile phase (acetonitrile-isopropanol containing 0.1% formic acid (70:30, v/v)) were selected. For ESI/MS, the optimal conditions included sheath gas pressure (10 psi), capillary temperature (270 °C), and injection time (1000 ms). The identification of ox-PAPC products on human lipoproteins was based on the extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) and the ESI-MS spectra of the in vitro oxidation products of PAPC standard. The EICs and ESI-MS spectra showed good repeatability and sensitivity. A total of 21 ox-PAPC products was determined. Linear analysis has been performed for the phospholipid standard, 1, 2-Di-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(O-16:0/O-16:0)). The linear range was 5.0–100.0 µg/mL, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.989. The concentration limit of detection (LOD) was 1.50 µg/mL, and the concentration limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 4.54 µg/mL. The selected 21 ox-PAPC products have been identified and quantified in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of uremic and healthy subjects. Interestingly, the results showed that the levels of 18 products in VLDL, one product in LDL, and 19 products in HDL were significantly higher for uremic patients than healthy controls. This simple LC-ESI/MS method might accelerate the searching for biomarkers of uremia in the future.

Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy In A Direct-Injected Natural Gas Spark-Ignition Engine

The purpose of this study is to investigate the fuel concentration around the spark plug obtained using spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) method with the spark plug with an optical fiber in the direct-injected natural gas SI engine. Effect of exposure duration on measurement accuracy of fuel concentration was discussed. Equivalence ratio around the spark plug in the direct-injected natural gas SI engine were measured under different natural gas injection timing. When the exposure duration is shortened, the emission of potassium elements near the emission wavelength of oxygen elements can be suppressed, and the measurement accuracy in the calculation of the emission intensity ratio can be improved. The relationship between the luminescence intensity ratio of hydrogen and oxygen (Hα/O) and the equivalence ratio of homogeneous mixture of natural gas and air was investigated and it was found that there was a positive correlation between the luminescence intensity ratio of hydrogen and oxygen (Hα/O) and the equivalence ratio. As a result of measuring the equivalence ratio around the spark plug of direct-injected natural gas SI engine using the SIBS method, an equivalence ratio of 0.67 was measured for a set value of 0.8 using the luminescence intensity ratio of hydrogen and oxygen.

Corrigendum to “Effects of gas injection timing on combustion instability for a spark ignition natural gas engine under low load conditions” [Appl. Therm. Eng. 206 (2022) 118144

Corrigendum to “Effects of gas injection timing on combustion instability for a spark ignition natural gas engine under low load conditions” [Appl. Therm. Eng. 206 (2022) 118144