Gas Tank Research Articles

Out-of-Plane Compression Behaviour of Aluminum Alloy Large-Scale Super-Stub Honeycomb Cellular Structures.

The out-of-plane compression behaviour of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy super-stub honeycomb cellular structures without and with friction stir welding (FSW) facesheets are presented in this paper. A total of twelve axially compressed experiments on large-scale specimens, six with square hollow section (SHS) cores and six with hexagonal hollow section (HHS) cores, were conducted, with failure modes, ultimate resistances and axial load-end shortening curves analysed. The accuracy of finite element (FE) models was validated in accordance with test results. The numerical data obtained from extensive parametric analyses combined with test data were subsequently used to evaluate the applicability of existing design rules in Chinese, European and American aluminium alloy specifications. The results showed that the three specifications generally yielded very conservative predictions for the out-of-plane compression resistances of SHS and HHS super-stub honeycomb cores without and with FSW facesheets by about 30-37%. Design recommendations on the cross-section effective thickness are finally proposed and shown to provide much more accurate and consistent predictions than current design methods. The research results are beneficial to the application and development of large-scale super-stub honeycomb structures in structural engineering, such as the helicopter landing platforms, the base of fluid and gas tanks and ship decks.

Prediction of long-term prestress loss for prestressed concrete cylinder structures using machine learning

The long-term prestress loss caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete and stress relaxation of prestressed tendons has significant effects on the sealability and safety of prestressed concrete cylinder structures such as nuclear reactor containments and liquified natural gas (LNG) tanks. By utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques, this study aims to establish an intelligent approach for the long-term prestress loss prediction of concrete cylinder structures. Firstly, based on the Infrastructure Technology Institute of Northwestern University (NU-ITI) database of concrete shrinkage and creep performance, the explicit expressions are presented for concrete shrinkage and creep function using genetic programming (GP); Moreover, the concrete constitutive model is incorporated into a general finite-element software package based on the ABAQUS UMAT platform. Then finite element analysis (FEA) models are established and calibrated based on the existing long-term prestress loss tests of prestressed concrete beams. In addition to the experimental results in the literature, the numerical results of the FEA model are also used to form the database of the long-term prestress losses for concrete cylinder structures. Finally, three prediction models of long-term prestress loss are proposed by utilizing the artificial neural network (ANN), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) and genetic programming (GP). Compared with the measured results of nuclear containments in practical engineering, the ML based prediction models are demonstrated to be accurate and efficient in evaluating the long-term prestress loss for prestressed concrete cylinder structures.

Literature Review on Costing Strategies of Radar System Remanufacturing

The purpose of this literature review is to explore the current state of knowledge and understanding of the cost of designing radar systems for the maritime sector, with a focus on remanufacturing. The review aims to identify the key cost engineering techniques and tools used in the design of radar systems, as well as the best practices and challenges encountered in this area. The review also aims to identify any knowledge gaps or areas that require further research in order to improve the cost and quality of radar system remanufacturing in the maritime sector. By collating and synthesizing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in radar system design costing for remanufacturing in the maritime sector, and to identify key areas for future research and development. The remanufacturing of radar systems for the maritime sector has garnered increasing interest in recent years due to the need to address the end-of-life stages of such products. However, there is limited literature available on the cost of designing radar systems for the maritime sector and how product design techniques can be used in remanufacturing processes. This study aims to review the current literature on design costing frameworks, cost trade-off techniques, and cost estimation methods used in other sectors that can be applied to maritime companies in order to improve the reliability and quality of radar systems for end-users, shipyards, naval forces, and oil and gas tankers. By conducting an exhaustive benchmarking analysis of industrial best practices, this study aims to identify how product life cycle costing solutions can be used to reduce the cost and improve the quality of future maritime products and new radar systems through custom configuration changes. Additionally, the study aims to understand the importance of cost-driven strategies for remanufacturers to remain competitive in the second lifecycle of products.

Досвід проєктування та впровадження системи індивідуального регулювання тиску в камері коксування.

The purpose of this article is to show the possibility of using the GIPRO system, designed for individual pressure regulation in each coking chamber, on existing and new coking batteries. The prerequisites for the emergence of the technology of individual pressure regulation are described. The basics of processes occurring in coking chambers, which lead to undesirable environmental and production consequences, are explained. These negative effects can be leveled with the use of PROven® and SORRESO individual regulation systems developed in the world. The article provides a comparative analysis of various systems of individual pressure regulation, which are used in world practice, and the system of maintaining individual pressure in the coking chamber - the GIPRO system, developed by SE "GIPROKOKS" - with other existing global analogues. The history of the introduction of various systems of individual pressure regulation in the world is briefly presented. Design features of the systems themselves are described. The path of development of the "GIPRO" system from the idea to the experimental installation is described. The results of the design and installation of the "GIPRO" system at some factories in China and India are given. A description of the "GIPRO" system during operation with negative pressure in the gas tank is given, as well as other possible modes of operation of the system are presented. On the example of the developed projects, the possibility of using the "GIPRO" system for installation, both on large-capacity coke batteries with tamping technology that are being built, and on the local modernization of gas removal equipment on existing coke batteries, has been proven. Conclusions were made about the possibility and expediency of using the developed system for coke batteries of various designs. The developed system can be used to improve the environmental performance of existing coke batteries. Installation of the system on a working coke battery can be implemented with minimal loss of coke production on that battery. Keywords: hard coal, coking chamber, system of individual pressure regulation, reduction of harmful emissions, experimental installation, riser valve box. Corresponding author M.O. Solovjov, e-mail: solovjov.gpk.ua@gmail.com

Analytical and parametric analysis of interface stress behaviour in nanoclay/polymer composite

Nowadays, nanoclay-reinforced polymers are one of the most widely used nanocomposites due to their high aspect ratio, higher contact area and their unique properties. These composites are used in a number of industrial applications, such as construction (building sections and structural panels), automotive (gas tanks, bumpers, interior and exterior panels), chemical processes (catalysts), pharmaceutical (as carriers of drugs and penetrants), aerospace (flame retardant panels and high performance components), food packaging and textiles, etc. Their interphase properties are essential for determining their proper design and safety application when applying large mechanical loads on them. In this work, a parametric analysis is performed to investigate how the change in the interphase properties influences the interphase shear stress (ISS) and interphase peel stress (IPS) in a nanoclay/polymer nanocomposite structure, subjected to axial load. The two-dimensional (2D) stress-function method is applied, which results in obtaining an analytical solution for ISS and IPS. The implemented parametric analysis shows how varying of the interphase mechanical properties (Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio) and their geometric properties (thickness and length) influence the value of the model interphase stresses. It was found, that increasing the value of Young modulus of the interphase does not change significantly the value of the model ISS, as well as the value of IPS, in the considered nanoclay/polymer structure. On the other hand, increasing the value of the interphase layer thickness becomes important for the value of ISS and IPS after 25nm. It turned out, that the interphase layer length is the most appreciable parameter, influencing both the model ISS and IPS. The obtained results could be useful for the proper design and safety application of similar nanoclay/polymer composites in industry.

A Dynamic Scheduling Framework for Byproduct Gas System Combining Expert Knowledge and Production Plan

Effective scheduling for byproduct gas systems of steel industry is becoming increasingly vital for maintaining their safe operating and improving energy utilization. Considering that the existing studies failed to capture the dynamic changes in the production environment, a novel dynamic scheduling framework is proposed that seamingly integrates expert knowledge with a dynamic programming process. Given the phase characteristics of the steelmaking processes, data series are first partitioned into information granules based on the production plan to form the knowledge-based initial policies. To achieve dynamic scheduling process, a two-stage value function approximation method is proposed, where in the first stage one learns an event-driven Q-function by the fuzzy rule-based states, and then an action fitting strategy is developed for evaluating continuous actions. Considering the difficulties of establishing a mechanism-based model, the state transition process is described by a granular prediction model to simulate taking actions. On their basis, a dynamic compensation for the initial policies is finally achieved. A number of comparative experiments are conducted by utilizing the practical data coming from a steel plant. The results show that the proposed method can deliver effective solutions for long-term scheduling scenarios. Note to Practitioners—Given that the steelmaking process is a discontinuous one and the byproduct gas system can hardly be described by a physical or mechanism-based model, its energy scheduling works is usually performed by manual approach or using static optimization methods, which would lead to low accuracy and a waste of energy. Since a large number of real-time data had been accumulated by the SCADA system implemented in most steel plants, a data-driven dynamic scheduling approach is proposed in this study. The proposed method takes advantages of the expert knowledge and production plan data, and produces dynamic scheduling solutions by utilizing an actor-critic learning process. The application system on the basis of the proposed method can adapt to different scenarios and ensure long-term safety operations of the gas tanks. Furthermore, since there may be missing data or outliners in the acquired data collected by the SCADA onsite, it is necessary to perform data imputation and filtering methods to guarantee the data integrity and reliability. This study avoids the redundant introduction of such preliminary preprocessing methods for the sample data.

Análise numérica da explosão de tanques de gás com o uso da fluidodinâmica computacional

abstract: Buildings are composed of several systems, each with specific designs and regulations to ensure that constructions are safe and viable. Many residential, commercial, and industrial buildings have systems with gas central storage, which must be subjected to strict safety criteria to avoid accidents. In addition to the safety mechanisms provided by manufacturers, designers of these gas central storage must consider other devices to reduce explosion risk and mitigate the damaging blast effects. Explosions are physical-chemical phenomena that are characterized by the sudden expansion of a material and, consequently, energy release. When an accidental explosion occurs, much damage is caused by the shock wave and fragments. In the case of pressure vessels, a mechanical explosion can occur. Studying this explosion is essential to developing a more reliable, safe design for surrounding buildings and its users. This work aims to study the effects of gas tank explosions. In this study, the Autodyn computational tool based on fluid dynamics (CFD) is used. This software allows the modeling of complex explosion scenarios and the evaluation of blast wave parameters. For each numerical model, the overpressure levels outdoors and indoors are evaluated. The results indicated how the wave overpressures are distributed in different scenarios, and from them, it was possible to analyze the damaging levels.

Medical gas monitoring design applying image processing

Design of a methodology, that uses image processing to monitor the pressure indicators of medical gas tanks (oxygen and nitrogen) used in hospitals to care for patients who require it. This system can notify the pressure level reported by the indicators and its contribution is the application of technology that prevents the displacement of medical or technical personnel to the gas installations, resulting in a remote monitoring system.

"Living like an empty gas tank with a leak": Mixed methods study on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.

The burden and presentation of post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) are a developing major public health concern. To characterize the burden of PASC in community-dwelling individuals and understand the experiences of people living with PASC. This mixed-methods study of COVID-19 positive community-dwelling persons involved surveys and in-depth interviews. Main outcome was self-report of possible PASC symptoms 3 weeks or longer after positive COVID-19 test. In-depth interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions and probes based on emerging literature on PASC and the impact of COVID-19. With a survey response rate of 70%, 442 participants were included in this analysis, mean (SD) age 45.4 (16.2) years, 71% female, 12% Black/African American. Compared to those with no PASC symptoms, persons who reported PASC symptoms were more likely to be older (mean age: 46.5 vs. 42; p = 0.013), female (74.3% vs. 61.2%; p = 0.010), to have pre-existing conditions (49.6% vs. 34%; p = 0.005), and to have been hospitalized for COVID-19 (14.2% vs. 2.9%; p = 0.002). About 30% of the participants experienced severe fatigue; the proportion of persons reporting severe fatigue was 7-fold greater in those with PASC symptoms (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR] 6.73, 95%CI: 2.80-16.18). Persons with PASC symptoms were more likely to report poor quality of life (16% vs. 5%, p<0.001) and worse mental health functioning (Mean difference: -1.87 95%CI: -2.38, -1.37, p<0.001). Themes from in-depth interviews revealed PASC was experienced as debilitating. In this study, the prevalence of PASC among community-dwelling adults was substantial. Participants reported considerable coping difficulties, restrictions in everyday activities, invisibility of symptoms and experiences, and impediments to getting and receiving PASC care.

Development of a pneumatic actuated low-pressure direct injection gas injector for hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines

Mixture formation is one of the greatest challenges for the development of robust and efficient hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. In many reviews and research papers, authors pointed out that direct injection (DI) has noteworthy advantages over a port fuel injection (PFI), such as higher power output, higher efficiency, the possibility of mixture stratification to control NOx-formation and reduce heat losses and above all to mitigate combustion abnormalities such as back-firing and pre-ignitions. When considering pressurized gas tanks for on-vehicle hydrogen storage, a low-pressure (LP) injection system is advantageous since the tank capacity can be better exploited accordingly. The low gas density upstream of the injector requires cross-sectional areas far larger than any other injectors for direct injection in today's gasoline or diesel engines. The injector design proposed in this work consists of a flat valve seat to enable the achievement of lifetime requirements in heavy-duty applications. The gas supply pressure is used as the energy source for the actuation of the valve plate by means of a pneumatic actuator. This article describes the design and the performed tests carried out to prove the concept readiness of the new LP-DI-injector.

Programming of marine engineers' simulator training

Continuous improvement of the technical equipment of sea vessels is inevitably accompanied by the development and complication of the training base for marine specialists. Simulator training based on a computer model of operating the units of the liquefied natural gas tanker of the Veliky Novgorod type includes interactive computer programs for learning management, created using the e-Tutor computer module included in the simulator delivery set. In the course of systematizing the experience of using specialized programming tools for educational and research activities of students in organizing and conducting simulator training for electrical engineers on computer simulation models of sea vessels, a system of conventional graphic symbols for the elements of the flowchart of the training exercise program has been formed and their description has been given. Training and control exercises include familiarization with the mnemonic diagrams of the integrated marine vessel automation system and assessment of the state of the ship's electrical power system with their help, starting the propulsion electrical installation, providing energy to the operating propulsion electrical installation under load changes, switching on the backup diesel generator unit for parallel operation with the network in normal and emergency modes, acceleration of the vessel to the given speed in accordance with the tasks of the instructor. The advantages of training programming using the e-Tutor computer module are the ability to use the simulator in self-study mode with automated teaching support.

A reduced order model for FSI of tank walls subject to wave impacts during sloshing

Loads due to wave impacts are a limiting factor in the design of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers and their insulation. The current methodology considers the load independent from the response of the tank. Better tanks can be designed by knowing the effect of the interaction between the wave loads and the response, however predicting these effects is computationally expensive. In this paper a new application of the non-hydrostatic shallow water equations are presented, namely as a reduced order model (ROM) for fluid structure interaction for wave impacts. Our ROM is compared to a high fidelity model. The proposed ROM is fast and accurately predicts the total impulse and added mass, and therefore the general behaviour of the structure during the free vibration phase. It does however not always accurately predict the maximum force. It is therefore considered an appropriate tool for a first screening of the loads for which fluid-structure interaction is important, after which a more accurate method can be used to evaluate the most interesting cases. A sensitivity study is performed for various impact angles and velocities, showing that the importance of fluid structure interaction depends highly on the specific situation.

Fire Fighting Robot

Firefighters are generally responsible for putting out fires, but they are frequently exposed to greater dangers when doing so, particularly in hazardous locations such as nuclear power plants, petroleum refineries, and gas tanks. They confront additional challenges, particularly when a fire breaks out in a confined space, since they must investigate the ruins of structures and overcome obstructions in order to extinguish the fire and save the victim. As a result, this study describes the construction of a fire-fighting robot that can put out fires without exposing firefighters to undue danger. The robot is build using sensors, motors, Arduino and pump. These robots are mainly used in industrial areas for where there is high risk of fire. Fire-fighting robots provide greater access into small spaces and to extinguish fire in narrow places.

Removal of CO2 and H2S from biogas and enhanced compressed bio-methane gas production from swine manure and elephant grass

Anaerobic co-digestion of concentrated swine manure with elephant grass silage was used, and this study carried out in full-scale three continuously stirred tank reactors was operated at mesophilic temperature. The Biogas impurity removal procedure was enhanced by using a molecular sieve and activated carbon. Two molecular sieve tanks are used to absorb water from the biogas. An activated carbon tank (2 meters) was used to eliminate H2S to &lt; 1 ppm before entering the gas tank. In the form of compressed bio-methane gas (CBG), production was 14,400 m3/day (CH4 60-70%), and the amount of CBG was 9,600 m3/day 6.8 tons/day. The raw biogas containing CH4, CO2, and O2 are 68.8%, 29.7% and 0% with H2S 768 ppm. After the enhancement process, CBG having CH4, CO2, O2 are 89.35%, 10.05 0% and 0.02% with &lt; 0.01 ppm H2S. Therefore, after the purification process amount of CO2, H2S gas was considerably reduced and CH4 was improved by up to 90% by volume, and then the CBG was compressed to 250 bar tanks to the fuel for cars. Therefore, these results clearly demonstrate that the activated carbon method is feasible to process for the removal of CO2 and H2S from biogas in a large-scale plant.

Design and Analysis of Mini Fire Fighting Robot

Abstract: Fire Incident is a disaster that can potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. The Victim of Fire Incident can also suffer from prolonged psychological and trauma. Fire fighters are primarily tasked to handle fire incidents, but they are often exposed to higher risks when extinguishing fire, especially in hazardous environments such as in nuclear power plant, petroleum refineries and gas tanks. They are also faced with other difficulties, particularly if fire occurs in narrow and restricted places, as it is necessary to explore the ruins of buildings and obstacles to extinguish the fire and save the victim. With high barriers and risks in fire extinguishment operations, technological innovations can be utilized to assist firefighting. Therefore, this paper presents the design of a firefighting robot dubbed that can extinguish fire without the need for fire fighters to be exposed to unnecessary danger. It is designed to be compact in size than other conventional fire-fighting robot to ease small location entry for deeper reach of extinguishing fire in narrow space. It is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to avoid it from hitting any obstacle and surrounding objects, while a flame sensor is attached for fire detection. This resulted in It demonstrating capabilities of identifying fire locations automatically and ability to extinguish fire remotely at distance

Flame characteristics and heat flux profile of a tank surface caused by horizontal gas leak jet fire impingement

Jet fire accidents caused by leaks in gas pipelines or gas tanks often occur, which may trigger a domino effect. The present work experimentally investigated the characteristics and heat flux profile of flames on a tank surface, with different leak hole-tank spacing and fuel initial velocity. The results show that, for any given leak hole diameter, the height and width of the impingement flame increase with an increasing heat release rate, whereas they decrease with an increase in the leak hole-tank spacing. The impingement flame height correlated well with the characteristic length Lm, which was used in free jet fires. Based on the balance of the momentum flux to the buoyancy flux of the horizontal jet fire, a new characteristic length scale and a dimensionless heat release rate was proposed. Meanwhile, some of the numerical results were also analyzed and the non-dimensional functional correlation for the flame width of the impinging area was proposed with the fire heat release rate and flame Froude number Frf. Finally, considering the effect of the unburned portion of the fuel with jet fire impinging the tank, a new correlation was proposed to describe the heat flux and temperature profile of the tank surface.

Reconciling Multiple Methane Detection and Quantification Systems at Oil and Gas Tank Battery Sites.

Emission rates were estimated for >100 oil and gas production sites with significant liquid-handling equipment (tank battery sites) in the Permian Basin of west Texas. Emission estimates based on equipment counts and emission factors, but not accounting for large uninventoried emission events, led to ensemble average emission rates of 1.8-3.6 kg/h per site. None of the site-specific emission estimates for individual sites, based on equipment counts, exceeded 10 kg/h. On-site drone-based emission measurements led to similar emission estimates for inventoried sources. Multiple aircraft measurement platforms were deployed and reported emissions exceeding 10 kg/h at 14-27% of the sites, and these high-emission rate sites accounted for 80-90% of total emissions for the ensemble of sites. The aircraft measurement systems were deployed asynchronously but within a 5 day period. At least half of the sites with emission rates above 10 kg/h detected by aircraft had emissions that did not persist at a level above 10 kg/h for repeat measurements, suggesting typical high-emission rate durations of a few days or less for many events. The two aircraft systems differed in their estimates of total emissions from the ensembles of sites sampled by more than a factor of 2; however, the normalized distributions of emissions for sites with emission rates of >10 kg/h were comparable for the two aircraft-based methods. The differences between the two aircraft-based platforms are attributed to a combination of factors; however, both aircraft-based emission measurement systems attribute a large fraction of emissions to sites with an emission rate of >10 kg/h.

Investigations on vapor cloud explosion hazards and critical safe reserves of LPG tanks

To clarify vapor cloud explosion hazards in process industries and strengthen emergency treatment measures, a full-scale liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank model was established using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Also, gas dispersion behavior and explosion hazards under different leakage characteristics were investigated and LPG safe reserves reasonably predicted. The results showed that heavy gas expansion near the ground mainly moved along gaps between structural congestions, while continuous large-scale congestion had significant enhancement effects on gas expansion and concentration accumulation. When an LPG cloud with nonuniform concentration ignited, the turbulent flame impacted the diluted explosive cloud at high speed, resulting in more serious consequences. When LPG leakage exceeded 300 s and the aperture greater than 10 mm, the hazard zone (Pc > 2 kPa) sharply increased and therefore considered to be the key factor in controlling explosion hazards. The LPG safe reserve varied little under low protection distance (Rp) and critical overpressure (Pc), but increased exponentially when Rp and Pc exceeded 200 m and 20 kPa, respectively. The present research conclusions provided a theoretical reference for emergency disposal, disaster assessment, and reserve safety design of LPG leakage and explosion accidents.

(Digital Presentation) Using Simulations to Determine the Effects of the Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Sizes on Performance of Electric Vehicles

Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles have a longer driving range with a full tank of gas than lithium-ion battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs). Alongside having a higher purchase cost and a lack of charging infrastructure, the range of EVs is a large deterrent to potential buyers. One solution to increasing the range of EVs is using a battery pack with a higher capacity. However, increasing the capacity typically involves an increase in lithium-ion battery cells, which leads to a higher weight, higher vehicle cost, lower energy efficiency, and higher battery charging time. In addition, regenerative braking recovers the vehicle's kinetic energy which is related to speed and weight. To find the optimal battery pack size, a numeric road test simulation can be used to determine how battery pack size affects energy efficiency, driving range, charging time, and cost. This is more optimal than a real-life road test since inconsistent variables like traffic conditions and weather can be controlled. This paper applies work-energy mathematic modeling of an electric vehicle under different EPA dynamometer driving schedules to investigate the problem proposed above, using an EV model with 21700 type lithium-ion cells. In addition, total vehicle weight, motor efficiency, wheel sizes/weight, and the weight of passengers will also be considered. The simulation revealed that when the total vehicle weight reaches a certain point, it can regenerate significant kinetic energy back to the battery pack to increase the range. Figure 1

Mathematical modeling of an oscillation criteria based on second order linear difference equations using fuel cell system for electric vehicle

A fuel cell offers intriguing promise for powering autonomous electric vehicles (AEV). The AEV is designed to do mapping and survey missions on power systems. To reach deep depths, these missions demand a significant amount of electricity. The disadvantages of running a standing power scheme, which was prepared by the scientist at the controlling ability, transport and logistics, ability access and include mobilization costs should be considered. To overcome these problems and operate the AEV running for a long time, oscillation criteria based on second-order linear differential equations fuel cell systems are used in a current storage supply system. This paper presents particular basic circumstances of second-order linear differential equations which lead to the positive that all explanations there oscillatory to zero. However, the mathematical model is constructed in MATLAB 2022a to give an improved knowledge of the scheme’s performance. In addition, the model also has a hydrogen gas tank. Finally, oscillation criteria based on second-order linear differential equations and the simulation results demonstrated a DC-DC converter with 6kW output power and 96% efficiency to validate the optimization result.