Gas Holder Research Articles

Efficient prediction for Blast Furnace Gas holder level using novel preprocessing techniques and weight correction strategy

Accurately forecasting the level of Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) holder, managing the balance of gas supply and demand, strategically allocating BFG brings substantial economic and social benefits. In order to address the issues of volatile fluctuation, strong temporal variability, and high uncertainty of BFG, this paper proposes an efficient system for predicting the BFG holder level. Variational Mode Decomposition is utilized to separate components with different frequencies. The number of modes is determined according to Energy Ratio. Improved Discrete Wavelet Threshold is employed to eliminate noise. The grid search approach adjusts the activation functions. What is more, Particle Swarm Optimization is used to correct the weights of subsequences and emphasize critical information. Experimental results demonstrate that Root Mean Squared Error of the system are 0.0411, 0.0423 and 0.0416 for the three real-time monitoring datasets in April 2021. The average improvement percentage for the second dataset is 67.5% when compared to other commonly models. It is obvious that the prediction errors are minimized, and the stability and generalizability of the hybrid prediction system are enhanced. Additionally, the performance of the system is further verified through Diebold–Mariano test, improvement percentage test, and effectiveness test.

Biochemical Conversion of Food Waste for Energy and Agricultural Applications: Towards Sustainable Restaurant Operation in Nigeria

One of the major problems faced by many restaurants in Nigeria is high operational cost resulting from high cost of energy, food ingredients and waste disposal. Indiscriminate disposal of food wastes contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and the spread of diseases. This paper presents the design and fabrication of a biogas plant for the conversion of biodegradable food wastes into biogas and agri-supplements which can be used for domestic and commercial purposes such as cooking/heating and agricultural applications respectively. This study is geared towards the domestication of an existing technology that has not been taken seriously in Nigeria. the anaerobic digester consists mainly of the slurry inlet, the digester, gas holder and effluent discharge pipe. The slurry, a mixture of food waste and water was fed in to the digester and allowed to digest anaerobically to generate biogas consisting mainly of methane. The digestate, a harmless solid/liquid mixturewas applied as organic manure to a small portion of land in an agricultural experiment.Results of combustion tests in a locally fabricated torch presented a long, blue and quite flame, similar to that of LPG. Digested fed crops grew faster and yielded better. This projecthas the potential to enhance the operational sustainability of restaurants by lowering the cost of cooking and heating, while also supplementing vegetable supply.

Economic and exergy transmission analysis of the gas-liquid type compressed CO2 energy storage system

Exergy transmission characteristic of the compressed CO2 energy storage system is significant to evaluate the system performance while little attention has been paid to this analytical method in the literature. A CO2 energy storage cycle configured with a gas holder as a low-pressure gas reservoir and a liquid tank as a high-pressure gas reservoir is studied comprehensively. The exergy transmission characteristics and the cost uncertain analysis are considered. Results demonstrated that the round trip efficiency and levelized cost of storage are 71.2 % and 0.1286 $/kWh under optimal design parameters, respectively. Keeping the charge/discharge duration ratio close to 1 has a positive effect on optimizing the economic performance of the system. With the general exergy model of the whole system configured for the charge and discharge process, the study uncovers the fluctuations in the pertinent proportional ratios and exergy transfer efficiency in relation to important parameters. Except for the turbomachinery isentropic efficiency, which impacts nearly all efficiencies, the variation of each parameter only governs the modification of the exergy transfer efficiency for a specific term or a pair of terms. Furthermore, the thermal exergy efficiency of the discharge process and intercooler has a maximum value as the cold-side temperature difference of the high-temperature cooler changes to 27 °C.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) PABRIK TEMPE DENGAN DIGESTER ANAEROBIK DAN BIOFILTER ANAEROBIK DI WILAYAH SEMARANG (Studi Kasus Pabrik Tempe Dampyak Gunung Pati Kota Semarang)

The tempe industry is a food industry that has the potential to pollute the environment from the liquid waste it produces. Liquid waste from the tempe processing process if it is immediately disposed of without going through the management process first will have an impact on environmental pollution. In Semarang City, precisely in Gunung Pati District, there is a medium-scale tempe processing factory. So far, the tempe factory's liquid waste is directly disposed of into a ditch behind the factory without processing the liquid waste first.This research is a quantitative research presented in the form of numbers and then explained in the form of descriptions. From the results of the wastewater quality test, the pollutant parameters BOD = 369 mg/L; COD = 28,000 mg/L; TSS = 0.991 mg/L; and pH = 4,3. According to the Regional Regulation of the Province of Central Java Number 5 of 2012 concerning Amendments to the Regional Regulation of the Province of Central Java Number 10 of 2004 this value still does not meet the requirements. The wastewater treatment plant that the researchers are planning is in the form of a holding tank; Equalization Tub; Anaerobic Digesters; Gas Holder; Initial Settling Tub; Anaerobic Biofilter using bioball filter media and steel nets as a barrier for bioballs where bacteria are grown; and Final Settling Tank. With an estimated effluent from the processing of BOD, COD, and TSS of 7.47225 mg/L; 189mg/L; and 0.00669 mg/L which means it meets the quality standard. From the planning results, it was obtained that the total budget plan for planning the tempe factory wastewater treatment plant was Rp. 111.280.021,49.

Design and performance analysis of a novel compressed air–liquid CO2 energy storage

The application of aboveground artificial tank frees the compressed air energy storage (CAES) from geographical limitations, while one significant issue is how to reduce the price of storage tanks and achieves high efficiency concurrently. The compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) with flexible gas holder may be an effective and economic proposal, but it can only be used in sparsely populated areas due mainly to the huge size of flexible gas holder. Therefore, this study reports a new aboveground energy storage system with a small footprint, high efficiency and low investment cost. This system is an integration of CAES and CCES by arranging the CCES flexible gas holder into the CAES air chamber. With this configuration, the isobaric CAES is ensured and the size of flexible gas holder is significantly lessened. The integrated system is systematically evaluated in the view of a technical and economic standpoint. It is found that the system efficiency is 67.47 % (charge and discharge pressures being 5.5 MPa), which is increased by 12 % of the CAES efficiency (charge pressure being 10 MPa and discharge pressure being 3.5 MPa). One of the deficiencies of the proposed system may be the larger gas storage volume, which is 1.27 times of that in the CAES system. The system levelized cost of storage is 0.1491 $/kWh, representing a 14.05 percent reduction compared to that of the CAES system. More importantly, the system gas storage pressure is only 5.5 MPa, carrying about half of that in the CAES system. The reliability and safety of the energy storage plant is extensively intensified.

Diagnostic system of the facility for studying superconducting quadrupoles

For the HED@FAIR project, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — IHEP creates four quadrupole magnets with a unique combination of a large internal diameter of the superconducting winding and a high magnetic field gradient in the magnet aperture. To evaluate these superconducting magnets in different operation modes (cooling, maintaining operating parameters, heating, and transitioning magnet to the normal state), a cryogenic facility equipped with a diagnostic system was created. The main measured parameters of the unit were temperature, pressure, and vacuum in the equipment and pipelines, levels of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, level of the gas holder, and helium flow rate. The control devices were represented by valves with electric and valves. For processing incoming signals from sensors and generation of control actions, the equipment of the domestic company OVEN was used, particularly analog input modules MV110, discrete output modules MU110, and interface converters alternating current four and direct current power supplies. The critical part of the diagnostics system, namely, the control of cryogenic valves, was provided through analog output modules NI 9219 and input modules NI 9212 (feedback) of the CompactRIO chassis. The program part of the installation for the study of superconducting quadruples is a mnemonic diagram with interactive graphic elements, physically located on the computer (operator console), and available in the read mode via the remote desktop protocol to users outside the installation. The mnemonic scheme allows the manual control of the plant’s valves and the automatic regulation of some indicators, depending on the settings assigned by the operator. The dynamics of the processes can be monitored with graphs on the right side of the interface. These graphs are displayed on a separate display at the operator’s console, whereas they are displayed on a unified screen for remote users.

Performance of compressed CO2 energy storage systems with different liquefaction and storage scenarios

Energy storage technologies play a hard role in smoothening the fluctuations and improving penetrations of renewables. Compressed CO2 energy storage is a promising large-scale technology because of the excellent thermos-physical characteristics of CO2. As one of the primary constraints, the condensation of CO2 should be addressed to successfully develop compressed CO2 energy storage technology. In this paper, four compressed CO2 energy storage systems with different liquefication and storage scenarios are proposed and analyzed comparatively. The parametric analysis is conducted by establishing thermodynamic and economic modeling. Results indicate system A is advantageous with the highest round trip efficiency and the lowest levelized cost of electricity in comparison with other proposed systems in this paper. CO2 is liquefied by the two-tank cold storage subsystem and stored in the isovolumic tank in system A. It has 71.54 % of round trip efficiency and 40.61 kWh/m3 of energy density separately under designed conditions. With a mass flow rate of 37.86 kg/s, CO2 of 6.1*105 m3 in the gas holder is pressurized and stored in the liquid CO2 tank of 1970.03 m3. System A arrives at 0.1109 $/kWh for the levelized cost of electricity and 3.03 million$ for the net present value. The purchased cost of tanks takes the largest share over total system investment.

Gas system scheduling strategy for steel metallurgical process based on multi-objective differential evolution

Effective gas system scheduling is vital for ensuring the safe operation and energy efficiency of steel production. However, the dynamic and cyclical nature of gas generation and consumption leads to fluctuations in gas network pressure and gas holder levels. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel strategy for gas system scheduling based on multi-objective differential evolution. The originality lies in fully considering the workload of operators, effectively reducing the workload while ensuring gas network stability. We analyze the composition of the gas system and design a scheduling scheme. Subsequently, a novel gas holder level model based on mechanism analysis is established, which calculates the gas holder level by analyzing the volume and pressure of the gas. Then, a gas system scheduling model with a new objective function based on a multi-objective differential evolution algorithm is provided. By comparing with the two recent methods, this method reduced the number of adjustments by 13.9% and 9.75%, respectively, effectively reducing the workload while ensuring gas system stability. Through statistical analysis for eight consecutive months, the results show that this method can reduce the gas emission rate from 1.34% to 0.88%, demonstrating its correctness and effectiveness.

A novel combined model based on echo state network optimized by whale optimization algorithm for blast furnace gas prediction

The accurate prediction of blast furnace gas (BFG) holder level is crucial for reasonable gas dispatch. Therefore, we propose an improved echo-state network (ESN) model, based on variational modal decomposition (VMD) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA), for the BFG system. This model extracts inherent characteristic components of the sequence using VMD for prediction and determines model inputs via partial autocorrelation functions (PACF). ESN effectively handles the shortcomings of other classical neural networks with many training parameters and slow calculation speed. The important parameters are optimized through WOA to improve the prediction accuracy of the proposed model. Based on our proposed model, the average MAPE of three datasets is 0.1805% for 1-Step prediction, 0.1829% for 3-Step prediction, and 0.1886% for PACF prediction. With high prediction accuracy for BFG holder level, our model takes less time to establish and calculate, meeting requirements for short-term level prediction and more reasonable BFG scheduling decisions. The experiments and discussions support the correctness, effectiveness, and superiority of our model.

Study of the anaerobic destruction of post-alcohol distillery waste by mateen

Post-alcohol distillery waste is an environmental pollutant, which determined the relevance of its disposal. One of the ways to utilise post-alcohol distillery waste is through its anaerobic methane destruction in biogas plants. The research aims to determine the optimal amount of post-alcohol distillery wastes to be added to the substrate to achieve maximum biomethane yield. The research was conducted on a laboratory biogas plant consisting of a 30-litre digester and a gas holder in a mesophilic mode at a substrate temperature of 40°C with a periodic substrate loading mode. It was found that the highest biogas yield of 5.369 l/(h×kg DOM) was obtained by anaerobic methane mono-degradation of post-alcohol distillery waste. However, the methane content in the biogas is in the range of 48-52%. During the anaerobic methane destruction of a mixture of post-alcohol distillery waste with cow manure, the methane content in biogas increases to 70-76%, but the biogas yield is lower and is 4.577 l/(h×kg DOM) at 36% post-alcohol distillery waste content in the substrate, 3.294 l/(h×kg DOM) at 27%, 2.960 l/(h×kg DOM) at 18%, 1.538 l/(h×kg DOM) at 9%. The optimum content of post-alcohol distillery waste in the substrate, at which the biomethane yield will be maximum (3.821 l/(h×kg DOM)), is 46.7% of the substrate content and 100% of the organic part of the substrate. The results of this study can be used in planning the composition of the substrate of biogas plants and designing and building new biogas plants near distilleries

Thermo-economic performance of a compressed CO2 energy storage system with a flexible gas holder

In recent years, engineers' eyes have been increasingly captured by the compressed CO2 energy storage since it is a competitive electricity storage technology equipped with massive renewable power plants. Nevertheless, how to design an effective system configuration, for instance the scenarios of storing CO2 in high and low pressures, vacillates to the left and right in the researchers. A CO2 energy storage cycle, configured by three section compression/expansion, two-tank heat storage, artificial tank for storing high pressure CO2 liquid and gas holder for storing ambient pressure CO2, is comprehensively examined in this paper. Both the thermodynamic and economic performances are considered. Results demonstrate that the round trip efficiency is capable of arriving at 71 % along with the levelized cost of electricity being 0.1252 $/kWh. Inspiringly, the system is operated with low pressures, charge pressure being 8 MPa and discharge pressure being 6 MPa. The turbomachineries are provided with the 68.18 % share of overall exergy destruction. The high pressure heater carries the largest exergy destruction among heat exchangers. By integrating with low grade waste heat of 39 °C, the efficiency can be further improved to 72.66 % with the levelized cost of electricity being 0.1242 $/kWh. Meanwhile, the discharge pressure should be raised to 6.58 MPa.

DESIGN OF HOUSEHOLD ANAEROBIC BIO-DIGESTER FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ABATTOIR WASTE

Despite the awareness on the importance of using biogas produced from various biomasses that were previously considered as wastes, the fact remains that its applicability or usage in domestic purposes such as cooking stoves has not really gained attention especially in developing countries. Based on this reason, this research designed a batch system biogas generating facility that will serve the energy needed for cooking meals by a family size of six members, using rumen contents of cattle (Bos indicus) as biomass. The results made known that an anaerobic digester having a capacity of 2.7m 3 will perfectly serve for such facility to meet its intended use when fed with 72kg of substrate per batch, while the gas holder volume should be 0.527m 3. Necessary appurtenances including water jacket were designed and detailed dimensions, drawings as well as costing of the entire facility were provided to ease fabrication and possibly adjustment in the future if the need arise.

Safety control of dangerous operation in gas holder maintenance

The maintenance of gas cabinet is highly professional, with many dangerous sources in the maintenance process, and the safety management is difficult. Through the hazardous source identification and hidden danger investigation and treatment, the safety control of dangerous operation is strengthened to realize the maintenance safety of gas cabinet.

Sustainable hydrocarbon remediation using solar power at Redheugh gasworks, UK

A former UK gasworks site has been cleaned up sustainably using solar power. The small but multi-award-winning project involved designing and deploying an in situ remediation system driven entirely by photovoltaic energy. Over 22 months it recovered 6100 l of hazardous coal tar and creosote from a 9.5 m deep infilled former gas holder tank in Gateshead, north-east England. This paper describes how options appraisal, stakeholder mapping and sustainability assessment led to a genuinely low-emissions, cost-effective and durable treatment solution with the highest health and safety standards.

Thermal modelling and experimental validation for biogas production in anaerobic digestion

The thermal model was developed to calculate the anaerobic digester's heat loss or gain. In addition, a daily comparison of the predicted and actual biogas production from the 2m3 KVIC anaerobic digester has also been completed. When compared to the slurry inside the digester (5000 kg slurry with an average of 60 J/kg per day), the heat gain/loss from the biogas inside the gas holder was found to be very low (1.5 kg biogas with an average of 400 J/kg per day). On the other hand, the average heat energy retained in biogas was 154.69 and 465.49 J/kg, while the minimum and maximum average solar radiations were 37.23 and 216.36 W/m2, respectively. The developed model's validation was assessed using RMSE and RRMSE. The RMSE and RRMSE values were found to be 0.105 m3/day and 7.96 %, respectively, confirming a good correlation between the predicted and measured values.

Mathematical modeling of energy consumption in the production of hydrogen

The article discusses the technological process of hydrogen production at metallurgy. Mathematical models of the dependence of power consumption and specific consumption depending on various parameters have been obtained, which make it possible to calculate and predict. In the electrolyzer, the change in the component of the specific power consumption by the amount of potassium dichromate (chromium peak) over time is analyzed. Therefore, the analysis of the dependence of the specific power consumption in time was carried out directly on the basis of the results of an experimental study of the dependence of the change in time of the voltage on the electrolyzer when the electrolyzer was loaded with chromium peak. The most important issue of reducing electricity consumption due to the use of a gas holder in the mode of consumer-regulator has been investigated. Controlling the level of deviations in power consumption (±2%) in comparison with the normative (±5%) allows increasing the margin of "safety" in terms of load regulation time, reducing the likelihood of it going beyond the normative level and, accordingly, reducing the payment for deviations in the volume of electrical energy consumption.

Experimental study on solid waste management in slaughter house

To minimize the solid waste disposal and to enhance the eco system. The main aim of this research collects Solid waste from the slaughterhouse. It was kept for five days during the period of incubation solid waste material turn into liquid waste. The biogas plant was fabricated and installed. The fresh cow dung about 150 kg was procured and made into slurry and incubated for three days. The cow dung was charged into biogas plant for generation of biogas. The liquid medium of slaughterhouse was partially charged and again the generation of biogas was determined. Once it is confirmed further charging of the liquid waste of slaughterhouse was continued. The biogas plant which has gas holder was found to rise fully indicating the biogas production in the plant. This was once again tested for conformation for product of biogas. The biogas plant which has 750-liter capacity gas holder is known to contain about 700 L of biogas out of this 700-litre capacity the burning time of biogas was found to be two hours duration. This was confirmed by taking the biogas in the special lorry tube for studies. It is found that the biogas of about 0.4 kg f biogas production per day has been recorded. The biogas from the slaughterhouse was analysed for its composition. The sludge generated from the biogas plant was collected separately and passed through sand filter and the filtered sludge was solar dried and made into cake and it was used as manure. The wastewater generated from the biogas plant was also collected and passed into the sand filter and carbon filter. The filtrate was used as the nutrient medium for the kitchen garden.

БІОГАЗОВА УСТАНОВКА СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ МЕТАНОВОГО БРОДІННЯ БУРЯКОВОГО ЖОМУ

The relevance of the study is due to the need to increase the productivity of biogas plants due to the expansion of the raw material base. In Ukraine in 2022, 23 sugar factories were operating, the waste from which is beet pulp. It would be possible to build a biogas plant near each of these factories, the raw material for which would be sugar beet processing waste. The purpose of the work is to determine the optimal volume of loading beet pulp into the methane tank to obtain the maximum yield of biogas. The research was carried out at a laboratory biogas installation consisting of a methane tank with a useful volume of 30 liters and a “wet” type gas holder. The methane tank operated with a periodic system of raw material loading. The temperature of the substrate was 38 °С. 2.1 kg, 1.5 kg, 1 kg, 0.5 kg and 0.25 kg of beet pulp with pH=3.69 was added to 20 liters of digestate. The content of beet pulp in the substrate was 10.5; 7.5; 5.0 and 2.5%, 1.25%. With all variants of pulp content in the substrate, the maximum biogas output was obtained the next day after loading the substrate into the methane tank. At the same time, the pH of the substrate decreased sharply. Subsequently, methane fermentation of the pulp occurs in accordance with the way it is carried out for other types of substrates: after reaching the stationary phase on the first day of methane fermentation, a die-off phase is observed, during which the population of methanogens decreases due to depletion of substrate nutrients. At this time, the pH of the substrate gradually increased and reached its initial value at the end of methane fermentation. As a result of the study, it was established that beet pulp is successfully subjected to methane fermentation without the addition of cattle manure when loading up to 10% of the volume of the substrate. However, the increase in the loading volume of beet pulp leads to a decrease in the yield of biogas.The maximum yield of biogas during the fermentation of beet pulp with a periodic system of loading the methane tank is observed already on the next day, and after two days the yield of biogas decreases sharply. The optimal content of beet pulp when loading it into a methane tank, at which the biogas output will be maximum (1.762 l/(h. kg of CO)) is 2.3%.

Effects of Strong Ground Motion with Identical Response Spectra and Different Duration on Pile Support Mechanism and Seismic Resistance of Spherical Gas Holders on Soft Ground

Safety measures are required for spherical gas holders to prevent them from malfunctioning even after a large earthquake. In this study, considering the strong nonlinearity of the ground and damage to the pile during an earthquake, a three-dimensional seismic response analysis of the holder–pile–ground interaction system was conducted for an actual gas holder on the soft ground consisting of alternating layers of sand and clay. In the analysis, the seismic response of the structure to strong ground motions of different durations with the same acceleration response spectrum was verified. The results show that the piles were relatively effective in controlling the settlement when the duration of the earthquake motion was long. This is because the axial force acting on the pile increased due to the redistribution of the holder load caused by the lowering of the effective confining pressure of the sand and clay layers during the earthquake, which increased the bearing capacity of the pile. In contrast, when the duration of the seismic motion was short, the piles had little effect on the reduction in the settlement because the maximum acceleration was higher than that in the former case, and the piles immediately lost their support function.

Modification and Performance Evaluation of a Floating Drum Biogas Digester

Biogas is a renewable source of energy that is obtained from the anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues, animal dung, energy crops, domestic wastes and industrial wastes. These categories of waste that produce biogas are promising sources of energy and the biotechnology process of biofuel is environmentally friendly. This study aimed at modifying, fabricating and evaluating a floating drum digester. The modified floating drum digester consists of the digester tank, gas holder tank, feeding inlet pipe, gas collector outlet, slurry outlet, thermometer and hose. The gas holder tank was inserted into the digester tank while the biogas is generated in the digester tank by pressure. The biogas was produced from the mixture of cattle dung 30 % and 50 % plant wastes. Hence, the organic waste mixed with water in the ratio of 1: 2 for the digestion process. The digestion temperature was recorded daily for a period of 21 days at constant pressure of 1.32 KN/m2 throughout the experiment. The result revealed that the minimum and maximum average temperatures are 25 to 33 oC. This shows that the ambient temperature affects the temperature in the digester and the amount of gas produced is a function of the accumulated temperature in the digester. It was observed that the biogas generated increase as temperature rise. The modified floating drum digester is affordable and it is recommended for small- and large-scale production.