Gasoline Gas Research Articles

Inherent Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission of the CNG–Petrol Bi–Fuel Engine Based at Non–Loaded Operation

Gas asli termampat (CNG) merupakan bahan api alternatif yang paling berjaya dan digunakan dengan meluas bagi kenderaan terkini yang berada di pasaran. Kenderaan pacuan petrol bagi tujuan ini biasanya dilengkapkan dengan kit penukar gas asli bagi membolehkan operasian dwi-bahan api di antara CNG dan petrol. Pendekatan secara uji kaji ini difokuskan ke atas penggunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos dan kos bahan api di antara operasian gas asli dan petrol. Rig ujian terdiri dari sebuah sistem enjin teksi dwi-bahan api menggunakan 1500 cc dengan 12 injap sistem karburetor adalah dibina khusus. Penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos yang setara diperolehi pada kelajuan putaran seminit (rpm) enjin yang berbeza ketika operasian menggunakan bahan api CNG dan petrol secara berasingan. Pengoperasian rpm enjin tanpa bebanan diubahsuai dari kedudukan pegun kepada kedudukan melebihi 5000 rpm untuk memperolehi profil penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos. Kedua-dua data yang diperolehi ini kemudiannya digunakan bagi mengira kadar udara bahan api enjin. Kesemua ketiga-tiga parameter yang diperolehi digunakan untuk membuat perbandingan terhadap operasian gas asli dan petrol. Pemerhatian yang dibuat menunjukkan kadar udara bahan api bermula dari 19 ke 16.3 bagi operasian petrol dan dari 40 ke 18.7 untuk operasian menggunakan gas asli. Emisi ketika operasian menggunakan CNG jelas menunjukkan penurunan ketara ke atas keluaran hidrokarbon (HC), karbon monoksida (CO), karbon dioksida (CO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOx) dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Dari segi kos, penggunaan CNG memberikan keuntungan melebihi 50% terhadap kesemua kelajuan rpm enjin jika dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Kata kunci: NGV, enjin dwi–bahan api, pengunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos, CNG, gas asli Compressed natural gas (CNG) is the most successful and widely used alternative fuel for vehicles in the market today. Petrol fuelled vehicles are fitted with natural gas vehicle (NGV) conversion kit to enable bi-fuel operation between CNG and petrol. This experimental approach is focused on the fuel consumption, exhaust emission and fuel cost between natural gas and petrol operations. The specially constructed test rig comprises of the bi-fuel fuel system employed in the 1500 cc 12 valves carburettor engine NGV taxis. The inherent fuel consumption and corresponding exhaust emission are acquired at different engine revolution per minute (rpm) during petrol and CNG operation separately. The engine rpm operating without load is varied from idle to more than 5000 rpm to acquire the fuel consumption and exhaust emission profile. These two acquired data are then used to calculate the engine’s air fuel ratio. All three parameters acquired are used to conduct comparisons between petrol and natural gas operation. It is seen that the bi-fuel system operates with air fuel ratio ranging from 19 to 16.3 for petrol operation and ranges from 40 to 18.7 for natural gas operations. The emission during CNG operation clearly shows significant decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) over the use of petrol. In terms of cost, the use of CNG provides savings exceeding 50% through all engine rpm compared to petrol non-loaded operations. Key words: NGV, bi–fuel engine, fuel consumption, exhaust emission, CNG, natural gas

Growth of Pyrocarbon by Multi-Physics Fields Chemical Vapor Infiltration

A novel rapid chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) processing defined by multi-physics fields CVI was used to fabricate carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Liquid petrol gas is used as carbon source and the parameters were experimental tested and optimized. The influence of temperature and pressure on the growth of pyrocarbon was investigated in detail. Because of the influence of multi-physics fields, a new surface morpha is grown under control parameters. It is called Dot Structure. The structure of pyrocarbon is analyzed and characterized by XRD, SEM with EDS, and Raman spectrum. At the end, a simple model of point discharge for growth of pyrocarbon is proposed. The deposited pyrocarbon based on multi-physics fields chemical vapor infiltration is expected to provide an improve performance in rapid C/C composites fabrication.

Control Growth of Pyrocarbon by Chemical Vapor Infiltration

A novel rapid chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) processing defined by multi-physics fields CVI was used to fabricate carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Liquid petrol gas is used as carbon source and the parameters were experimental tested and optimized. Because of the influence of multi-physics fields, a new surface morpha is grown under control parameters. It is called “Dot Structure”. The structure of pyrocarbon is analyzed and characterized by XRD, SEM with EDS, and Raman spectrum. At the end, a simple model of point discharge for growth of pyrocarbon is proposed. The deposited pyrocarbon based on multi-physics fields chemical vapor infiltration is expected to provide an improve performance in rapid C/C composites fabrication.

A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE OF BURNER ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY

In this research, three burners are manufactured in different shapes (rectangular, square and circular). By optical Schielren system, velocity of laminar flame diffusion is measured for the three burners to the Iraqi Liguid Petrol Gas (LPG) and the beforehand mixed air at the laboratory condition (1 atm, 298o K) and for wide and equal range of equivalent ratios (Ф) in the three burners, and using the equivalent ratios as a comparison factor in this research. The experimental results were performed and the effect of the shape of burners on the laminar flame speed was studied. The results in this research gave a good agreement with the litretures.The agreement refers that there is a good accuracy in the method of calculation and measurement used in this research

Rapid chemical vapor infiltration of C/C composites

With liquid petrol gas (LPG) as carbon source, carbon felt as porous perform and hydrogen as diluent, C/C composites were fast fabricated by using a multi-physics field chemical vapor infiltration (MFCVI) process in a self-made furnace. A set of orthogonal experiments were carried out to optimize parameters in terms of indices of density and graphitization degree. The results show the optimal indices can be achieved under the conditions of temperature 650 °C, LPG concentration 80%, gas flux 60 mL/s, total pressure 20 kPa, infiltration time 15 h. The verification experiment proves the effectiveness of the orthogonal experiments. Under the optimal conditions, the graphitization degree of 75% and bulk density of 1.69 g/cm are achieved with a uniform density distribution. At the same time, a new structure is obtained.

Thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, particle dynamic, and experimental analyses of silica nanoparticles synthesis in diffusion flame

AbstractUsing silicon tetrachloride as a precursor, the silica nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in the diffusion flame of air and liquid petrol gas (LPG). Different effects on flame shape and temperature, silicon tetrachloride conversion, major gas‐phase compositions, and diameter of silica NPs were obtained via thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, or particle‐dynamic approaches. The size of silica NPs decreased with the increasing air‐flow rate, increased with the increasing LPG flow rate, and increased obviously with the increasing evaporator temperature. The size of the synthesized silica NPs is about 25–30 nm at an optimal condition.

완주지역의 VOCs 배출특성에 따른 공단지역과 일반지역의 기여도 분석

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured from the local industrial sources in Wanju industrial complex during June <TEX>$2007{\sim}January$</TEX> 2008. The samples were collected from the primary sources (6 emission points) in 4 major factories in Wanju industrial complex as well as two general sources in Wanju County to elucidate the abundances of speciated VOCs and their spacial and temporal distributions depending on source bases. Industrial sources are as follows; fabricated metal manufacture, motor vehicle manufacture, rubber and plastic manufacture, and chemical manufacture factories. Two general source samples were collected from gasoline gas station and dry cleaning shop in urban area. In order to understand the near source influence at receptor, samples from the two receptor sites (one is at center of the industrial complex and the other site is at distance residential area downwind from the center) were collected with sample canister, and analyzed by using GC/MSD. The concentrations from different sources were compared and discussed. The mass contributions of the speciated VOCs to total VOCs measured from industrial sources and ambient ai r at two receptors were presented and discussed.

Predicting the Performance of System for the Co-production of Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Liquid and Power from Coal

A co-production system based on Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reactor and gas turbine was simulated and analyzed. Syngas from entrained bed coal gasification was used as feedstock of the low-temperature slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch reactor. Raw synthetic liquid produced was fractioned and upgraded to diesel, gasoline, and liquid petrol gas (LPG). Tail gas composed of unconverted syngas and FT light components was fed to the gas turbine. Supplemental fuel (NG, or refinery mine gas) might be necessary, which was dependent on gas turbine capacity, expander through flow capacity, etc. FT yield information was important to the simulation of this co-production system. A correlation model based on Mobil’s two step pilot plant was applied. This model proposed triple chain-length-dependent chain growth factors and set up correlations among reaction temperatures with wax yield, methane yield, and C2–C22 paraffin and olefin yields. Oxygenates in the hydrocarbon, water, and vapor phases were also correlated with methane yield. It was suitable for syngas, iron catalyst, and slurry bed. We can show the effect of temperature on the products’ selectivity and distribution. User models that can predict product yields and cooperate with other units were embedded into Aspen plus simulation. Performance prediction of syngas fired gas turbine was the other key of this system. The increase in mass flow through the turbine affects the match between compressor and turbine operating conditions. The calculation was carried out by GS software developed by Politecnico Di Milano and Princeton University. The simulated performance assumed that the expander operates under choked conditions and turbine inlet temperature equals the NG fired gas turbine. A “F” technology gas turbine was selected to generate power. Various cases were investigated to match the FT synthesis island, power island, and gasification island in co-production systems. Effects of CO2 removal/LPG recovery, co-firing, and CH4 content variation were studied. Simulation results indicated that more than 50% of input energy was converted to electricity and FT products. Total yield of gasoline, diesel, and LPG was 136–155g∕Nm3(CO+H2). At coal feed of 21.9kg∕s, net electricity exported to the grid was higher than 100MW. Total production of diesel and gasoline (and LPG) was 118,000t(134,000t)∕year. Under the economic analysis conditions assumed in this paper, the co-production system was economically feasible. The after tax profits can research 17 million euro. Payback times ranged from 6 to 7 years.

전주공단지역의 주요VOCs 배출농도 측정 및 배출원별 특성 분석

It will be necessary to make proper management plans to preserve the air quality in good level for the public. In order to make these plans, source information and detail emission inventories of the city and near industrial areas should be given. However, lack of the source measurements data makes us more difficult to complete the source inventory. VOC source Inventory could be utilized for the feasibility study to estimate the contribution of VOC sources presenting to the receptor such as residential area. It may give policy maker an idea how to control the air quality, and improve their social environment in the area. This study shows data that measured VOCs concentrations from the local industrial areas in Jeonju during from May 2005 to January 2006. The samples were collected from the near sources in 7 major factories in the industrial park as well as 5 general sources in near city Jeonju area to elucidate the abundances of speciated VOCs and their spacial and temporal distributions depending on source bases. Industrial sources are as follows; chemical, food, paper, wood, metal, non-metal (glass), and painting (coating) industries. The 5 general sources are sampled from tunnel, gasoline gas station, dry cleaning shop, printing (copy) shop, and road pavement working place in urban area. To understand the near source effect at receptor, samples from the 2 receptor sites (one is at center of the industrial complex and the other site is at distance residential area downwind from the center) were collected and analyzed for the comparison to source concentration. The mass contributions of the speciated VOC to total mass of VOCs measured from the different sources and ambient (2 receptors) were presented and discussed.

Plasticized/graphite reinforced phenolic resin composites and their application potential

AbstractPlasticized graphite (PG)/phenolic resin composites are candidates for positive temperature coefficient resistivity (PTCρ) thermistors, which are used for self‐recoverable elements that provide protection from overcurrents, gasoline sensors, and electrostatic charge and electromagnetic wave shielding in many kinds of electrical devices. The morphology and network structure of PG/phenolic resin composites have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy and with measurements of the crosslinking density, bound resin content, degree of crystallinity, viscosity, surface energy, thermal conductivity, enthalpy, and glass‐transition temperature. In addition, mechanical properties such as the tensile strength, Young's modulus, Shore A hardness, and elongation at break for resins filled with PG have been studied. The electrical properties of the composites have been measured to relate the PG volume fraction to the electrical conductivity. A large PTCρ value has been observed for all samples. The mechanism of the PTCρ effect in the materials is related to the thermal expansion and highest barrier energy of the composites. Switching behaviors of the current and voltage for all samples have been observed. The applicability of PG/phenolic resin composites for temperature controllers and gasoline gas sensors has been examined. The antistatic charge dissipation and dielectric constant as functions of the PG content have been studied. Finally, the experimental electromagnetic interference of the PG/phenolic composites has been investigated in the frequency range of 1–15 GHz and compared with a theoretical model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 697–709, 2007

Burns due to explosions with liquid petrol gas (LPG) tubes

Burns due to explosions with liquid petrol gas (LPG) tubes

Committee machine for LPG calorific power classification

This work shows the results of the development of a robust system as an alternative to recognize the quality of an alcohol vapor fuel sample and liquid petrol gas (LPG) calorific power in an electric nose. Two experimental methodologies were implemented to extract the features of alcohol vapor fuel and LPG gas patterns. The first approach used the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) topology of artificial neural networks (ANN) to recognize alcohol vapor fuel patterns. The second approach processed data to develop an LPG calorific power recognizing system that is robust to the loss of a random sensor. Three systems were used. The first implemented an MLP to recognize all data that simulated the failure of a random sensor. This system had 97% of right responses. The second implemented seven MLPs trained with input data subsets, so that six MLPs were trained with a different failure sensor, and the seventh MLP was trained with data considering all sensors without failure. This system had 99% of right responses. The third implemented an ensemble static learning machine containing 10 parallel MLPs. This system had 97% of right responses.

Technoeconomic appraisal of a ground source heat pump system for a heating season in eastern Turkey

In this study, performance experiments and economic analysis of a horizontal ground source heat pump (GSHP) system have been performed. The horizontal GSHP system connected to a test room, Elazığ (38.41°N, 39.14°E), Turkey, was designed and constructed for space heating. The heating and cooling loads of the test room were 2.5 and 3.1 kW at design conditions, respectively. The performance was determined experimentally under real operational conditions. The experimental results were obtained from 7 November 2002 to 3 May 2003 in the heating season of 2002–2003. A detailed cost analysis was presented and payback periods when substituting for different local fuel/power sources were determined. The GSHP system was compared to conventional heating methods (electric resistance, fuel oil, liquid petrol gas, coal, oil and natural gas) in the economical analysis using an annualised life cycle cost method. It was shown that the GSHP system offers economic advantages over the mentioned first five conventional heating methods. However, it is not an economic alternative system to natural gas.

Experimental investigation and particle dynamic simulation for synthesizing titania nanoparticles using diffusion flame

Using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as a precursor, titania (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized in the diffusion flame (DF) of air and liquid petrol gas (LPG). The effects of air and LPG flow rates and flow ratio, flame temperature and flame shape on the synthesized titania nanoparticles were investigated. Experimental investigation showed that the mean particle size of TiO2 increased obviously with increasing airflow rate, and not obviously with that of LPG, the mean particle size at optimal experimental condition was less than 20 nm, the rutile fraction in the synthesized powder increased with increasing flame temperature and the particle size was affected by the flame height. A particle-dynamic model, describing the nucleation and coagulation of titania monomers/nanoparticles, was used to account for the experimental results based on the isothermal assumption. Generally speaking, the calculated particle sizes from the particle dynamics were consist with the experimental measurements, especially, when the feed concentration of TiCl4 was low.

Nitride precipitation during high temperature corrosion of ductile cast irons in synthetic exhaust gases

Internal nitrides form in two ductile cast irons (SiMo and Ni-Resist) intended for exhaust systems in vehicles. Samples oxidised at 650–1050 °C for 50 h in modified synthetic exhaust gases were analysed by using AES and FEG-SEM. No nitrides formed in absence of NO x . In dry petrol gas coarse nitrides (<20 μm) precipitated heterogeneously deep (600 μm at 950 °C) into SiMo. It is argued that the accommodation of volume change, preferential diffusion paths and increased N solubility as Si was depleted contribute to a self-accelerating process. The Si depletion around the coarse nitrides lowered the microhardness and the corrosion resistance of the alloy. In diesel and in normal petrol gases μ-sized MgSiN 2 form in SiMo in cell boundaries where Mg segregates. This also occurs in Ni-Resist in both dry and normal petrol whereas no nitrides were observed in Ni-Resist exposed to diesel gases.

Transport Tax Reform and the Environment

In July 2004 a new transport policy White Paper was published (Department for Transport 2004b) which marks a significant change for energy and environmental policy. The energy and environmental impacts of transport are an extremely problematic policy area. The amount of CO2 generated by transport in the UK has doubled in the last 25 years and transport is the fastest growing source of all emissions. It is the only major sector where CO2 emissions have risen since the Kyoto base year of 1990. There have been improvements to new car fuel economy, but these have made remarkably little difference in real life practice. This is due to increases in the amount of travel, and ‘rebound effects’, such as changes in drivers’ and car buyers’ behaviour, compensating for the vehicle improvements. Overall, although vehicle energy efficiency has improved, the total amount of fuel consumed (and CO2 emitted) has risen. Vehicle energy efficiency measures are saving less energy than expected, which is part of a wider trend documented with reference to other energy sectors by Herring (1999). Engine design and other fuel efficiency improvements have been used mainly to improve the performance of cars rather than their fuel economy. The power of cars has increased; in 1980, the average power of new cars sold in the UK was 55 kW; by 1995 it had risen to 68 kW. The power of Australian and USA cars is almost twice this level, having risen to over 100 kW by 1995 (Schipper and Marie-Lilliu, 1999). The fashion for four-wheel drive vehicles is also pushing up power and worsening fuel consumption (these vehicles average little better than 12-14 litres per 100 km). Added to this, what developments there have been in alternative fuel cars have not been combined with improvements in fuel economy. Petrol gas guzzlers have been replaced by LPG gas guzzlers. This is the energy and environment context in which the new transport policy White Paper emerged, but it is of note that energy and environment issues have not played a significant role in the policy shift that it contains.

Cost-Effective Temporary Microirrigation System for Grass Establishment on Environmentally Sensitive Steep Slopes

An advanced technology cost-effective drip irrigation system design and setup on environmentally sensitive elevated steep slopes (batters) of a coal train derailment site in Central Queensland, Australia, are presented. The final profile of the coal burial site consists of six batters and associated berms with a drop in elevation of about 35 m. A small dam constructed downstream of the confluence of the two main drainage channels at the site supplied water for irrigation of the batters to aid the establishment of grass to control erosion. Water was periodically pumped from the small dam to three storage tanks using a petrol (gas) pump. Three solar pumps drew water from the storage tanks and dam to irrigate the top four batters. Contactors, pressure switches and irrigation control valves in turn shared a single solar power source between the solar pumps. Level balls (floating switches) placed in the storage tanks cut the solar power supply to the pumps when the storage tanks were nearly empty. On the whole, the irrigation system worked very well and excellent grass cover was established within 12 weeks. Given the environmental risks associated with the on-site burying of coal, and the estimated cost of about AU$$11.73/m{sup 2} (every 10 years) in maintenance if the railway batters are not treated, the estimated total cost of AU$$4.61/m{sup 2} of batter area treated with irrigation, including AU$3.08/m{sup 2} in irrigation cost, is justified.

Redesign of a recycling system for LPG-tanks

This paper presents a case study that is performed at Auto Recycling Nederland (ARN), the organization for end-of-life vehicle recycling in the Netherlands. End-of-life vehicle recycling starts with the removal of dangerous materials, such as oil, fuel and LPG-tanks (Liquefied Petrol Gas). We consider the problem of redesigning the recycling system for LPG-tanks. Like in many reverse logistics network design questions, uncertainty in system behavior and difficulty in gathering reliable data are important characteristics of our case. Especially while the total costs consist for almost 50% of transportation costs, reliable transportation costs estimations are crucial. We use a vehicle routing model to solve this data problem and feed the estimations into a mathematical programming model. The system uncertainty is tackled with sensitivity analysis.

The gas sensing characteristics of ITO thin film prepared by sol–gel method

In this paper, indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared by sol–gel method. The gas sensing properties of ITO thin films were investigated. The ITO thin films have better sensitivity to ethanol and nitrogen dioxide, but have little response to H 2, gasoline, liquid petrol gas (LPG), CH 4 and CO, Pd, Pt, CaO, Th 2O 3 and rare earth elements were added to improve gas sensing characteristics. It was found that the influences of the additives on gas sensing characteristics were slight. The stability of ITO thin films is good.

Season of birth variations in suicide methods in relation to any history of psychiatric contacts support an independent suicidality trait

Background: Due to reports on season of birth variations in suicidal behaviour as well as in cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine metabolites, we investigated season of birth variations in suicide methods for completed suicides in relation to any history of psychiatric contacts. Relationships with the psychiatric diagnoses for those with psychiatric contacts were also studied. Methods: Sociodemographic variables and suicide methods were examined for all the 693 suicide victims during 1961–1980 in Västerbotten, Sweden. Information on any history of psychiatric contacts was obtained from psychiatric in-patient and out-patient records. Results: Gender differences in the choice of suicide method were found in the group without any history of psychiatric contacts, but not in those with such a history. Only those without a history of psychiatric contacts showed season of birth variations for suicide methods — those born during February to April were significantly more likely, and those born during October to January significantly less likely, to have preferred hanging rather than poisoning or petrol gases. These associations were stronger for the determined suicides, for males, and for urban residence. Suicide victims with a history of psychiatric contacts were significantly younger than those without. Limitations: No psychological autopsies for those without psychiatric contacts. No information on eventual contacts with general practitioners. No measures of monoamine neurotransmitters were available. Conclusions: Season of birth association for suicide methods is likely to be mediated by a suicidality trait independently of specific major psychiatric disorders. Monoamine neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin, are likely to underlie such a trait.