Gas Flow Rate Research Articles

TIG welding process on IS 2062A steel of 5 mm plate, utilizing a 2.5 mm diameter tungsten solid wire as electrode along with direct current straight polarity and argon inert gas was employed for shielding purpose

The quality as well as efficient welding is crucial to fulfil the consumer satisfaction and getting returns from production, which is mostly depends on weld bead properties for any welding process, which is influence by the selected welding method and its process variables. So, the significant efforts are to choose the appropriate welding process in addition the process parameters as well as their level. In an atmosphere of welding different technique have been developed in last few decades, the demand of Gas Tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or Tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) has been increasing day by day owing to it has potential to fabricate multiple metallic materials (similar/dissimilar), quality joint, smooth modification for industrialization, higher efficiency, and low capital cost. However, published literature regarding research on TIG welding of IS 2062A steel is notably scarce. Detailed discussions on the optimization techniques exploring the impact of process parameters such as welding current, traversing speed, and gas flow rate on both weld quality and bead geometry in TIG welding of mild steel are conspicuously absent in prior works. So it is very crucial for quality joint to applied process optimization on TIG Welding parameters. The study focused on tungsten inert gas welding process on 5 mm thick plate of IS 2062A steel, utilizing a 2.5 mm diameter tungsten solid wire as electrode along with direct current straight polarity and argon inert gas was employed for shielding purpose. To streamline experimentation, a multi-response optimization technique was employed, using Taguchi's L16 experimental design method. Among several welding parameters, the significant parameters like current (I), traversing speed (S), and gas flow rate (Gf) were considered, others parameters were kept constant. The study measured various aspects of bead properties, including penetration, bead width, and depth of HAZ, along with HAZ hardness. The optimized parameter settings, derived from the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, has been validated as improved the weldment properties along with possess highest grey relation grade, which highlighting the effectiveness of the Grey-based Taguchi method in enhancing joints properties as product quality together with efficiency in manufacturing. Quantitative assessment via the analysis of variance method was conducted to determine the relative significance of each variable on the overall output characteristics of the weldment.

Dual Actuator Control Strategy for Temperature Stability in High Temperature Solar Receivers

Abstract Fluctuations in incoming solar energy adversely affect the temperature stability within solar receivers, leading to a decrease in thermal efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to design a control system with the capability to maintain quasi-steady temperatures inside the reactor consistently throughout the day. This study introduces a dual actuator control technology to regulate the temperature within a high–temperature cylindrical cavity type gas receiver. The actuating system comprises two primary components. The first component involves a variable aperture mechanism, executed through a rotary mechanism made of stainless steel. This mechanism features seven holes of fixed diameters arranged in a half-circle configuration. The rotary mechanism is powered by a stepper motor regulated by a feedback control system. The second actuator is a Mass Flow Controller (MFC) responsible for meticulous adjustment of the inlet gas flow directed towards the solar receiver. The Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) is simulated using a 10 kW High Flux Solar Simulator (HFSS) with a variable power supply ranging from 80 to 200 A. This setup enables the simulation of different operational conditions. The dual actuator method concurrently adjusts both gas flowrate and aperture size. While utilizing each of these methods individually can achieve reasonable temperature control performance, the hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both control methods, resulting in a significant improvement in the temperature regulation performance of the solar receiver. Two control strategies, namely Proportional Integral (PI) and Model Predictive Controller (MPC), were implemented to regulate the temperature inside a cavity type gas receiver. Experimental tests indicate that the incorporating the dual actuators controller is a promising technique, and its application can be extended to include additional parameters for utilization in a multi–input multi-output (MIMO) control system.

Simultaneous Prediction of Gas Flow Rate and Concentration in the Micro-Calorimetric Sensor Using Physics-Guided Neural Networks

Simultaneous Prediction of Gas Flow Rate and Concentration in the Micro-Calorimetric Sensor Using Physics-Guided Neural Networks

Exploring the synergistic effect of NaOH/NaClO absorbent in a novel wet FGD scrubber to control SOx/NOx emissions.

Escalating SOx and NOx emissions from industrial plants necessitates customized scrubbing solutions to improve removal efficiency and tackle cost limitations in existing wet FGD units. This work investigates the real-time intensified removal pathways via an innovative two-stage countercurrent spray tower configuration strategically integrating NaOH (Ma) and NaOH/NaClO (Ma/Mb) to remove SOx and NOx emissions simultaneously from the industrial stack through a comprehensive parametric study of absorbents concentration, reaction temperature, gas flow rate, liquid to gas ratio (FL/FG), and absorbent showering head. Flue gas stream comprising SO2 bearing 4500ppm, SO3 bearing 300ppm, 70ppm NO, and 50ppm NO2 brought into contact with two scrubbing solutions as Ma, and a complex absorbent of Ma/Mb at varying respective ratios. Ninety-two percent SOx emissions were removed using 5% NaOH with double-stage scrubbing, while NOx removal was observed below 50%. Adding NaClO facilitates additional "free radical (ClO-)" chemical pathways for gases to react and decompose into ionic forms for easier solubilization so as to significantly enhance the removal capacities for both SOx and NOx compounds. NaClO oxidizer, along with NaOH, boosted the respective removal efficiencies of SOx to 99.6% and 92% NOx, proving complementary media integration advantages arising from staged exposure and bubbly interphase mass transfer phenomena. The customized synergistic effect of Ma and Mb promoted the development of an additional free radical oxidation route while sustaining the solubilization of SOx/NOx in caustic, driving toward fractional detoxification. A dimensionless emission performance model was developed along with mechanism validation through DFT in context to the successful formation of residual salts by applying the DMol3 tool in Materials Studio by exploring the convergence analysis, geometry optimization, and COSMO sigma profile.

Research on the adsorption capacity and mechanism of carbon dioxide by ion exchange resin loaded with metal–organic cages

AbstractMetal–organic cages (MOCs), a novel type of porous material, have shown great potential in the adsorption and separation of CO2 gas. Zirconium‐based metal–organic cages (Zr‐MOCs) have garnered special attention because of their outstanding stability and high solubility. Nevertheless, due to its powdery nature and the tendency for easy aggregation, its application in the industrial field is limited. Here, drawing inspiration from water treatment, the inexpensive and stable ionic exchange resin D001 was employed as the supporting material for loading Zr‐MOCs, and D001‐Zr‐MOC was prepared. The adsorption capacity of D001‐Zr‐MOC for CO2 from the mixed gas (15% CO2/85% N2) under diverse loads of Zr‐MOCs, various temperatures, and different gas flow rates was investigated, and its cyclic adsorption performance for CO2 was determined. The adsorption mechanism of CO2 on D001‐Zr‐MOC was probed by means of adsorption energy, adsorption isotherm, adsorption heat, and diffusion coefficient. The results showed that the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity of D001‐Zr‐MOC was 3.96 mmol/g. The adsorption capacity decreased by merely 4.62% after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles. The adsorption energy and adsorption heat of D001‐Zr‐MOC for CO2 molecules are relatively high, which indicates that D001‐Zr‐MOC has good adsorption capacity and selectivity for CO2 molecules. The adsorption of CO2 is regarded as a typical Langmuir monolayer adsorption, and it is verified that a chemical reaction occurred between CO2 and the adsorbent. CO2 possesses a higher diffusion coefficient, and the excellent cyclic adsorption capacity of D001‐Zr‐MOC is verified.

Recovery of Iodine in the Gaseous Phase Using the Silicone Hollow Fiber Membrane Module

Iodine, being an important resource, must be recovered and reused. Iodine is not only attracted to the hydrophobic silicone membrane but also easily vaporized. In this study, we explored the use of five types of silicone hollow fiber membrane modules (SFMMs) for separating iodine in the gaseous phase. In the SFMM, iodine gas and the recovery solution (sodium sulfite and sodium carbonate at a concentration of 10 mM each) were flowed outside and inside the silicone hollow fiber, respectively, in a co-current-flow manner. At an iodine gas flow rate of 0.2 L/min (8.4 × 10−3 mmol-I2/L), the capture efficiency of iodine into the SFMM was approximately 100% for all five SFMMs. With increasing feed gas flow rates, the capture efficiency of iodine decreased, reducing to approximately 50% at 0.8 L/min. However, the recovery efficiency of iodine in the recovery solution was 60–30% at 0.2–0.8 L/min. This decrease in capture efficiency with increasing flow rates was because iodine could not spread and diffuse successfully in the SFMM, resulting in a low recovery efficiency of iodine. Thus, we next improved the structure of the SFMM by placing a perforated pipe in the center of the module. The perforated pipe effectively directs the iodine feed gas from the holes in the pipe to the hollow fiber membrane bundle wrapped around the pipe. With the improved SFMM, the capture efficiency markedly increased to approximately 100% in the range of the flow rates tested in our experiments. The recovery efficiency also increased to ≥70%. These data illustrate the potential application of the improved SFMM for recovering iodine in the gaseous phase.

Dependency of solid particle erosion behaviour of plasma sprayed NiTi coating on primary gas flow rate

Dependency of solid particle erosion behaviour of plasma sprayed NiTi coating on primary gas flow rate

Effect of silicon and oxygen co-doping on structure and properties of non‑hydrogenated amorphous carbon

Introducing silicon and oxygen dopants into amorphous carbon (a-C) is known to improve its structural and functional properties, making it suitable for specialized applications. Yet, given the limited compositional control offered by the complex deposition methods, the relationship between dopant concentration and coating properties is not well understood. This study systematically investigates the effect of increasing silicon (0–30 at.%) and oxygen (0–20 at.%) content on structure, hardness, reduced modulus, and surface wettability of non‑hydrogenated a-C coatings, deposited by magnetron sputtering. The coating composition was controlled by adjusting the power applied to the silicon target and the oxygen gas flow rate during the sputtering process. Our results indicate that with increasing silicon content, the sp3/sp2 fraction, hardness, reduced modulus, and surface energy progressively increased. Moreover, while high oxygen content, in general, promoted graphitization, leading to loss of mechanical properties, it also helped in reducing surface energy by terminating silicon bonds. Nonetheless, it was observed that the otherwise detrimental effect of oxygen doping on mechanical properties could be avoided by maintaining a low concentration of oxygen (~ 10 at.%), combined with high silicon content (> 18 at.%). This work establishes optimized doping conditions for tailoring the structure and properties of silicon and oxygen co-doped non‑hydrogenated a-C coatings, potentially extending their usage in protective and functional applications.

Gliding Arc Plasma Induced One‐Step Millisecond Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Mesoporous TiO2 Homojunctions for Robust Photocatalytic H2 Production

AbstractOne of the major challenges in photocatalytic hydrogen production lies in the charge separation and transfer. Herein, a one‐step millisecond synthesis of highly crystalline mesoporous TiO2 homojunction nanostructures through the gliding arc plasma is developed toward efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The unique non‐thermal plasma environment uniquely enables the concurrent attainment of high crystallinity, well‐defined mesoporosity, and homojunction formation within millisecond. The synthesized TiO2 predominantly comprises an anatase phase (≈80%), with the remainder being a rutile phase. By varying the gas flow rate, there is a noticeable transition in particle morphology from spherical to non‐spherical, accompanied by a gradual reduction in particle size. The mechanism underlying the one‐step synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 homojunctions through gliding arc plasma has been elucidated using in situ emission spectroscopy and band‐pass filter imaging. The optimized TiO2 homojunctions exhibited exceptional photocatalytic hydrogen production rate, 4.32 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated solar light irradiation, corresponding excellent stability, and reusability. This work not only demonstrates the potential of gliding arc plasma technology for advanced material synthesis but also opens new avenues for the scalable production of high‐performance photocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production.

CFD-Based Determination of Optimal Design and Operating Conditions of a Fermentation Reactor Using Bayesian Optimization.

The efficiency of fermentation reactors is significantly impacted by gas dispersion and concentration distribution, which are influenced by the reactor's design and operating conditions. As the process scales up, optimizing these parameters becomes crucial due to the pronounced concentration gradients that can arise. This study integrates the kinetics of the fermentation process with hydrodynamic analysis using Bayesian optimization to efficiently determine the optimal reactor design and operating conditions. By utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the study provides a comprehensive assessment of distributions ranging from gas supply to cell growth. The results demonstrate that a combination of wide baffle width, narrow impeller gap, slow gas flow rate, and high agitation speed significantly enhances reactor performance by improving gas distribution and minimizing stagnant zones. These findings underscore the importance of considering both kinetic and hydrodynamic factors to achieve more precise and scalable fermentation processes, offering valuable insights for industrial applications.

OPERATING FEATURES OF NATURAL GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Energy resources accounting is a component of their rational consumption. The outdated equipment use that doesnot meet the requirements for measurement accuracy is one of the main issues in natural gas metering. Therefore, theissues of creating high-precision gas metering systems remain relevant. Gas metering units are used at various sites,from boiler houses to gas distribution stations and points that have different requirements for metrologicalperformances and characterized by different operating conditions.To improve the gas metering quality, it is necessary to control its physical and chemical parameters, such aspressure, temperature, density, gas composition, etc. Therefore, the creation of systems for measuring the flow andquantity of natural gas requires an integrated approach that includes recording, processing and monitoring allnecessary parameters using data transmission technologies.The automated collection lack and information conversion from the measuring system components makes itimpossible to remotely monitor its state.The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of existing systems for measuring the flow and quantity of naturalgas, as well as the requirements’ formulation for an automated system for measuring its parameters.The functioning features of existing systems, their structure and technical performances are discussed in thearticle. An analysis of current approaches to energy carrier accounting has been conducted.Particular attention is paid to the requirements for algorithms for processing and converting information receivedfrom automated systems for measuring natural gas flow rate, in addition to bringing the gas volume to base conditionsand calculating the consumed energy quantity. General requirements for such systems, which contribute to increasing the accuracy and reliability of measurements, are formulated.The prospects for further work are to improve an algorithm for the interaction between the measurement system components.

Temperature and Cr-Co ratio on Production of Diethyl Ether from Ethanol Dehydration using Cr-Co/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The running down of fossil fuels and rising environmental concerns, there is an increasing emphasis on identifying eco-friendly alternative energy sources. Diethyl ether (DEE) is considered one such additive fuel that can replace fossil fuels. In this study, DEE was synthesized through the reaction dehydration of ethanol using γ-alumina catalysts impregnated with chromium and cobalt. The dehydration of ethanol performed in a fixed bed reactor using Cr-Co/γ-Al2O3catalysts loading. The effect of metal ratio of Cr-Co was examined. Catalyst characterization was carried out using XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX analyses. The dehydration reaction was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor at temperatures 100 to 200 ºC, with nitrogen gas flowrates between 200 and 600 mL/min as the carrier gas. The findings revealed that the increase chromium contents, and the temperature were augmenting the diethyl ether yield. And the increase of nitrogen flow rate is slightly increasing the yield of DEE and conversion of ethanol. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Advancing Graphene Synthesis: Low-Temperature Growth and Hydrogenation Mechanisms Using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition.

This study explores the low-temperature synthesis of graphene using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), emphasizing the optimization of process parameters to achieve controlled growth of pristine and hydrogenated graphene. Graphene films were synthesized at temperatures ranging from 700 °C to as low as 400 °C by varying methane (25-100 sccm) and hydrogen (25-100 sccm) gas flow rates under 10-20 mBar pressures. Raman spectroscopy revealed structural transitions: pristine graphene grown at 700 °C exhibited strong 2D peaks with an I(2D)/I(G) ratio > 2, while hydrogenated graphene synthesized at 500 °C showed increased defect density with an I(D)/I(G) ratio of ~1.5 and reduced I(2D)/I(G) (~0.8). At 400 °C, the material transitioned to a highly hydrogenated amorphous carbon film, confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) in the Raman spectra. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed pristine graphene with a root mean square roughness (Rq) of 0.37 nm. By carefully adjusting PECVD synthesis parameters, it was possible to tune the surface roughness of hydrogenated graphene to levels close to that of pristine graphene or to achieve even smoother surfaces. Conductive AFM measurements revealed that hydrogenation could enhance graphene's contact current under specific conditions. The findings highlight the role of PECVD parameters in tailoring graphene's structural, morphological, and electronic properties for diverse applications. This work demonstrates a scalable, low-temperature approach to graphene synthesis, offering the potential for energy storage, sensing, and electronic devices requiring customized material properties.

ENHANCEMENT OF POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS VIA INCORPORATION OF GAN SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL SYNTHESIZED IN HOT-WALL CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION FURNACE

This study discusses the results of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition synthesis of GaN on sapphire and silicon substrates using specific parameters: a forward output voltage of 150 watts, a N2 gas flow rate of 60 standard cubic centimeters per minute, a chamber pressure of 2.48 mmHg, and a synthesis time of 2hours. Characterization by scanning electron microscope, Raman and energy dispersive X-ray revealed the non-stoichiometric formation of GaN, with Ga clearly predominating in the composition. scanning electron microscope analysis of the substrate surface morphology revealed the presence of small islands, which are considered to be the first step in the chemical vapor deposition process. The research also examined the effects of incorporating GaN into the photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells. The study investigated the optimal amount of GaN powder in the TiO2 matrix. The initial experiments used commercial GaN powder to determine the optimal weight percentage. Four different weight percentages (wt%) 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30wt % and 40 wt% GaN were selected for the study. Among them, the 20 wt% GaN had the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.75%. The fill factor values ​​showed a tendency to decrease as the weight fraction of GaN increased.

Performance optimization and compatibility of FeCoNiCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy coatings laser-cladded onto 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel surfaces

4Cr5MoSiV1 steel, known for its excellent toughness, thermal stability, and high hardenability, finds widespread application in areas such as hot extrusion dies, forging molds, and die-casting molds. However, its operational performance and service life are significantly impacted by limitations in surface hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. This study focuses on the optimization of laser cladding processes, preparing a FeCoNiCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy cladding layer on the surface of 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel through laser cladding, and conducts an examination and validation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cladding layer. The experiments employed a laser power of 2.5 kW, a beam diameter of 3mm, a scanning speed of 5 mms−1, a gas flow rate of 1.5 Lmin−1, and a powder feed rate of 30g min−1. The results reveal that the top of the cladding layer is dominated by fine and dense equiaxed crystals, the middle by dendritic crystals with secondary dendrite arms, and the bottom by cellular crystals. The cladding layer is primarily composed of a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase structure, with the precipitation of particulate hard σ phases within and between the crystals. The average microhardness of the cladding layer is 360 HV0.2, approximately 63.6% higher than that of the base material. The average coefficient of friction for the cladding layer is 0.6609, with a wear volume of about 27 mg, representing an improvement of approximately 18% over the base material; the wear volume is about 81% of that of the base material. In a 3.5% NaCl solution, the self-corrosion current density of the cladding layer is measured at 9.98 × 10−9 A/cm2, with a self-corrosion potential of −368.3 mV. Compared to the base material, it achieves an enhancement in electrochemical corrosion capability while maintaining relative compatibility. The process and research provide a theoretical foundation and methodological reference for the surface modification of 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel.

Effective Enhancement of CO2 Mass Transfer in an Oscillatory Baffled Column: A Comparative Study

CO2-water mass transfer was studied in a multi-orifice oscillatory baffled column (OBC) operated in a semi-batch system (batch liquid phase and continuous gas phase). The effect of column configurations, oscillation conditions and gas flow rates, on CO2 concentration ratio (C/Co) in the gas phase, CO2 concentration in water (g/l) and mass flux (g/m2.min) were examined. The experiments were conducted over a wide range of oscillation condition expressed by modified oscillatory Reynolds number ( = 0-1450) and aeration rate, volume of gas per volume of liquid per minute, (vvm = 0-1). The inlet gas stream consists of 15% v/v CO2 (the rest is N2) used to simulate the emission of flue gas streams in industries. The results showed that the mass transfer enhancement increased with oscillation (frequency and amplitude) due to the improved mixing in the OBC. The OBC showed a higher enhancement in CO2-water mass transfer than that obtained with a bubble column (BC) (smooth column without baffles and oscillation), and baffled column (without oscillation). The maximum enhancement of CO2 mass flux achieved in the OBC was 10-fold over the BC at = 1449 and vvm=0.8.

TG-MS Analysis for Elemental Composition of Organic Matters and Their Structural Properties.

A novel approach for determining the elemental content of organic matter through thermal gravimetric analysis coupled online with a mass spectrometer (TG-MS) is disclosed. This method not only yields results equivalent to ASTM analysis but also provides insight into the covalent bond structure within the sample. The principle of this technique consists of the combustion of organic matter in an oxygen-enriched environment within the thermogravimetric (TG) system. The gases generated during combustion, including carbon-containing gases such as CO2 and CO, hydrogen-containing gases such as H2O, nitrogen-containing gases such as NO2 and NO, and sulfur-containing gases such as SO2, are then analyzed using online MS. Quantitative analysis of these gases is accomplished via an external standard method, facilitating the determination of the elemental content of the organic matters. The experiment employed a temperature-programmed heating rate of 10 °C/min, a carrier gas flow rate of 100 mL/min, and an oxygen concentration of 50% by volume. We conducted tests on a range of 23 samples, including coal, heavy oil, oil shale, and biomass. The results for coal, oil shale, and biomass samples were consistent with ASTM standards, while the heavy oil samples demonstrated slightly lower values compared with ASTM methods. Furthermore, we probed into the mass loss and gas generation processes that occur during the combustion of samples, and these results enhance the understanding of the mechanism of organic matter combustion as well as that of the covalent bond structure of organic matters.

Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of GMAW welded S275 steel welded zone

This study investigates the effect of welding parameters on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and hardness, in mild steel plates welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The welding parameters examined include welding current, arc voltage, and gas flow rate, with ER K-71 T filler wire as the consumable material. Results indicate that a higher welding current and reduced gas flow rate result in a maximum tensile strength of approximately 533 MPa. However, discrepancies were noted in the microhardness data across different zones, with the heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibiting a hardness of 115.8 HV, while the weld zone and base metal showed values of 76.7 HV and 112.9 HV, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed the presence of bainite and ferrite with a tempered martensitic structure in the welded area, demonstrating that the combination of welding parameters plays a critical role in controlling phase transformations and mechanical behavior. It is essential to reconcile the observed hardness values with the conclusions drawn to ensure accurate interpretation of the data.

Multiobjective optimization of welding process variables in RMD and FCAW techniques using a heat transfer search algorithm for 316LN stainless steel

This study aims to identify the optimal parameters for regulated metal deposition (RMD) and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) processes when joining 316LN stainless steel. The objective was to determine the optimal settings for current (A), voltage (V), and gas flow rate (GFR, L/min) to achieve the desired weld bead characteristics, including bead width (BW), bead height (BH), depth of penetration (DOP), and heat-affected zone (HAZ). A Box–Behnken design based on response surface methodology was employed for the bead-on-plate trials. Mathematical models were developed from the experimental data and validated through analysis of variance and residual analysis, with R-squared values confirming model accuracy. The heat transfer search (HTS) algorithm was used for both single objective and multiobjective optimization. For RMD, optimal results were achieved with a BW of 9.95 mm, BH of 4.39 mm, DOP of 2.26 mm, and HAZ of 0.29 mm, at 130 A, 18 V, and 20 L/min GFR. For FCAW, optimal values were a BW of 11.45 mm, BH of 3.59 mm, DOP of 2.15 mm, and HAZ of 0.40 mm, at 210 A, 24 V, and 10 L/min GFR. The Pareto solutions offered a most suitable choice of the optimal configuration, balancing the desired BW, BH, DOP, and HAZ values. The effectiveness of the HTS algorithm is demonstrated by the minimal differences between predicted and measured values, highlighting its high accuracy in optimizing 316LN stainless steel welding parameters.

Influence of shielding gas flow rate on residual stresses in GMAW weld beads using LCR waves

Influence of shielding gas flow rate on residual stresses in GMAW weld beads using LCR waves