Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer Research Articles

Persistence and risk assessment of spiromesifen on tomato in India: a multilocational study

Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic locations of India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of spiromesifen on tomato. Spiromesifen 240 SC was sprayed on tomato at 150 and 300g a.i. ha(-1). Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15days after treatment and soil at 15days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer in selective ion monitoring mode in the mass range of 271-274 (m/z). The limit of quantification of the method was found to be 0.05mgkg(-1), while the limit of determination was 0.015mgkg(-1). Residues were found below the LOQ of 0.05mgkg(-1) in 10days at both the doses of application at all the locations. Spiromesifen dissipated with a half-life of 0.93-1.38days at the recommended rate of application and 1.04-1.34days at the double the rate of application. Residues of spiromesifen in soil were detectable level (<0.05mgkg(-1)) after 15days of treatment. A preharvest interval (PHI) of 1day has been recommended on tomato on the basis of data generated under All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues. Spiromesifen 240 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of spiromesifen on tomato has been fixed by Food Safety Standard Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India as 0.3μg/g after its risk assessment.

Physicochemical studies and rheological modelling of Albizia lebbeck (AL) gum exudates

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the physicochemical and rheological parameters of Albizia lebbeck gum. Design/methodology/approach – Physicochemical analysis was carried out using recommended methods. Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer and Fourier transformed infra red (FTIR) analyses were carried out using their respective spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out using scanning electron microscope, while rheological measurements were carried out using Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, digital Brookfield DV 1 viscometer and a rheometer. Findings – Albizia zygia gum is an ionic gum with unique physical and chemical properties. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that the internal structure of the gum is porous with irregular molecular arrangement. Thermodynamic parameters of viscous flow indicated the existence of few inter- and intra-molecular interactions, and the attainment of transition state was linked to bond breaking. Coil overlap transition studies revealed the existence of dilute and concentrated regimes. The viscosity of the gum was also found to decrease with decrease in the charge of cation (such that Al3+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; K+) and with increase in ionic strength. Research limitations/implications – The paper provided information on physicochemical and rheological characteristics/behaviour of Albizia zygia gum, of Nigerian origin. From this information, possible application of this gum in the food and pharmaceutical industries can be deduced. Originality/value – The paper is original since information concerning Albizia zygia gum of Nigerian origin are not well documented as established in the work. It also adds values on the use of Albizia zygia gum, either on its own or in combination with other gums for industrial purpose.

Effect of polyimide baking on bump resistance in flip-chip solder joints

The effect of polyimide (PI) thermal process on the bump resistance of flip-chip solder joint is investigated for 28nm technology device with aggressive extreme low-k (ELK) dielectric film scheme and lead-free solder. Kelvin structure is designed in the bump array to measure the resistance of single solder bump. An additional low-temperature pre-baking before standard PI curing increases the bump resistance from 9.3mΩ to 225mΩ. The bump resistance increment is well explained by a PI outgassing model established based on the results of Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrophotometer (GC–MS) analysis. The PI outgassing substances re-deposit on the Al bump pad, increasing the resistance of interface between under-bump metallurgy (UBM) and underneath Al pad. The resistance of interface is twenty-times higher than pure solder bump, which dominates the measured value of bump resistance. Low-temperature plasma etching prior to UBM deposition is proposed to retard the PI outgassing, and it effectively reduces the bump resistance from 225mΩ to 10.8mΩ.

Effect of operating parameters on triclosan degradation by Fenton’s reagents combined with an electrochemical system

Triclosan is used as an antimicrobial in many processes. Fenton’s reagents were used to degrade triclosan in combination with an electrochemical system, and the effects of operating parameters were investigated. The pH, current density, Fenton’s reagents ratio, and H2O2 feeding modes were investigated to determine their effect on the process efficiency. The results showed that higher efficiency could be achieved by increasing the H2O2 concentration during Fenton’s reagents ratio modification and by changing the H2O2 feeding mode development from a one-time initial feeding mode to a step feeding mode of operation. This could also reduce the toxicity potential of the one-time initial feeding mode. Under optimum pH, Fenton’s reagents ratio, and electrical current density conditions, 1mM triclosan could be completely removed in the initial H2O2 feeding operation. Additionally, the initial degradation rate for the first-order model and relative oxidation performance ratio was used to indicate process optimization. High performance liquid chromatography, ion chromatograph data, and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer confirmation results were used to identify the intermediates that comprised 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-catechol, phenol, hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, maleic, acetic, oxalic, and formic acids, that were present among the degradation reactions. The main oxidation intermediates present depended on the H2O2 operating feeding mode.

Study on identification of leather industry wastewater constituents and its photocatalytic treatment

The present research work was intended to find out the useful information on identification, separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater. The separation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater was carried out by solvent extraction. The separated crude extracted products were purified through column chromatography and characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, 1H and 13C Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The elemental analysis of wastewater and solid residue was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The organic compounds such as nonadec-1-ene, 2-phenylethanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and other organic compounds in the leather industry wastewater were identified. Out of these organic compounds, 2-phenylethanol was photocatalytically degraded using standard Degussa P-25 TiO2 (100 mg) photocatalyst under the irradiation of UV light. Result has been shown that 2-phenylethanol was transformed into 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol then the prolonged time (30 h) irradiation leads to 100 % degradation of 2-phenylethanol. Further possible degradation mechanism of 2-phenylethanol was proposed based on the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of degraded samples. The degradation of 2-phenylethanol was confirmed by chemical oxygen demand analysis of degraded samples. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, color, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and ionic chromatography analysis of the leather industry wastewater were also measured.

Influence of Sample Preparation and Extraction Time on Chemical Composition of Steam Distillation Derived Patchouli Oil

Patchouli or Pogostemon Cablin (Blanco) Benth is one of the species of essential oil plant. In Malaysia, patchouli is commonly known as’nilam’. It is widely appreciated because of its value in medicine, toiletries, perfumery and insecticides. Aromatic oils and their compounds have very good demand in national and international markets. In order to gain the optimum production from patchouli oil yield and quality, the best selection of sample preparation must be identified to prevent the chemical composition in the aromatic oils. This study investigates the effect of sample preparation on the yield and quality of patchouli oil, namely the chemical composition. Three different size of sample was prepared. Dried Patchouli plant (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) with an average length of 10-20 cm, 2-4 cm and 0-4 mm was used as the sample in the study. The production of patchouli oil can be obtained using steam distillation. The yield extracted from patchouli plant was collected every 2 hour until 10 hours of extraction time. This study examined the chemical composition of patchouli oil as a function of extraction time during steam distillation. Capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of the extracted essential oil. The major composition to determine the patchou oil are β-patchoulene, α-guaiene, α-patchoulene, Patchouli alcohol, and α-bulnesene. The chemical percentage increased gradually with time up till 10 hours, in which exceeding this duration no increase in the yield was observed. Patchouli alcohol, the major component and characterized the patchouli oil, accounted for 47% in the extracted oil, from grind sample which complies with the commercial grade patchouli oil, 30%.

Physicochemical Study and Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Ficus tricopoda for Aluminium in Acidic Medium

Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer (GCMS) analysis of Ficus tricopoda gum indicated the presence of 4.75, 56.15, 32.10 and 7.00 % of camphene, sucrose, 2methylene cholestan-3-ol and 7-hexadecenal, respectively. Several stretching and bending vibrations were observed in the Fourier transformed infra-red (FTIR) spectrum of the gum. Physicochemical examinations of the gum revealed that it is pale yellow in colour, mildly acidic, ionic and display characteristics of sour taste. The solubility of the gum in water was found to increase with increase in temperature. Knowledge of the chemical constitution of the gum (hence chemical structures of its constituents) was useful in predicting the corrosion inhibition potential of Ficus tricopoda (FT) gum. Consequently, the gum was found to be a good adsorption inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminum in solution of H 2SO 4. The adsorption of the gum (which, followed first order kinetic) was found to be endothermic at FT gum critical concentration of 0.3 g/L and exothermic at concentrations above the critical limit. The short coming of the Langmuir adsorption model in describing the existent of interaction between the molecules of the gum was complimented by the Frumkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption models. Calculated values of activation and free energies of activation indicated that the adsorption of Ficus tricopoda gum on Al surface exhibited both physical and chemical adsorption mechanism.

Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Delhi, India

Three seasonal sampling campaigns were undertaken at an urban site of Delhi for collection of PAHs in particulate and gas phase. Sampling was done by using modified Respirable Dust (PM ≤10μm) sampler attached with polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs and compared with conventional Respirable Dust (PM ≤10 μm) sampler. Total 16 EPA PAH (gaseous + particulate) were determined by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The 3-ring PAH constitutes approximately 90% of the gaseous PAHs with phenanthrene, fluoranthene, acenapthylene, and acenaphthene being the most abundant gaseous PAHs. PAHs with 4- to 6- rings accounted for 92%, 87% and 78% in samples collected during winter, summer and monsoon season respectively. Gaseous PAHs, particulate PAHs and total PAHs were higher during winter as compared to summer and monsoon seasons. The contribution of particulate PAHs were 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 times higher in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively than of gaseous PAHs. Indeno[123-cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenzo[ah]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene were found to be the most abundant PAH compounds in the particulate PAHs during all the seasons. The result from application of diagnostic ratio suggests that the higher particulate PAHs emissions were predominantly associated with vehicular emissions along with emissions from biomass burning during winter season.

Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and toxicity evaluation of essential oil of Tulbaghia violacea Harv.

Essential oil from the rhizomes of Tulbaghia violacea of the family Alliaceae was obtained by hydro-distillation using an all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus. In vitro antioxidant activities of the oil at various concentrations were assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. The results were compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid. Brine shrimp lethality test was used to determine cytotoxicity of the oil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) analyses of oil revealed 7 polysulfides with a pungent garlic-like odor. The principal constituents were dimethy disulfide, dimethy trisulfide (methyl methylthio), methyl, 2,4-dithiapentane (11.35%) and (methylthio) acetic acid, 2- (methylthio) ethanol, 3-(methylthio)- and propanenitrile (7.20%). The essential oil demonstrated moderate radical scavenging activities. Although, their EC50 value was lower than those of the BHT and ascorbic acid, the value was close to those reported for other Alliaceae family. The LC50 value of 12.59 µg/ml obtained showed that the essential oil of T. violacea was toxic. The implication of the toxicity of the oil is discussed. Key words: Tulbaghia violacea, antioxidant, essential oils, gas chromatography/ gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC/GC-MS), toxicity.

Persistence and Dissipation Kinetics of Deltamethrin on Chili in Different Agro-Climatic Zones of India

Multi-location supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro climatic locations in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern of deltamethrin on chili. Deltamethrin 10 EC was applied on chili @17.5 and 35 g a.i. ha(-1), samples of green chili were drawn at different time intervals and that of red chili and soil at harvest time and quantified by gas liquid chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The identity of residues were confirmed by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer in selective ion monitoring mode in mass range 181, 253 m/z. Limit of quantification of the method was found to be 0.01 mg kg(-1). Half-life of deltamethrin at application rate of 17.5 g a.i. ha(-1) varied from 0.36 to 1.99 days and at double the application rate was found to range from 0.38 to 2.06 days. Residues of deltamethrin were found below its determination limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1) in red chili and soil. On the basis of the data generated, Deltamethrin 10 EC has been registered for use on chili in India and its Maximum Residue Limit has been fixed as 0.05 μg/g.

Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) study of ethanolic extract of Aporosa lindleyana Baill

The present study was carried out for the identification of phytochemicals present in the roots ofAporosa lindleyana and also to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Total phenol was carried out by Folin Ciocalteu method and the phenolic content was 31.20 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalent (GE) and the flavonoid content was 203.10±0.9. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the roots of A. lindleyana showed 19.91 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC). The gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) study was also carried out and it showed the presence of phytochemicals like 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ester (RT: 11.97), pthalic acid, bis (7 methylocytyl) ester (RT: 20.86) and squalene (RT: 24.70). Key words: Aporosa lindleyana, antioxidant, flavonoids, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).

Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) study of ethanolic extract of Aporosa lindleyana Baill

The present study was carried out for the identification of phytochemicals present in the roots ofAporosa lindleyana and also to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Total phenol was carried out by Folin Ciocalteu method and the phenolic content was 31.20 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalent (GE) and the flavonoid content was 203.10±0.9. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the roots of A. lindleyana showed 19.91 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC). The gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) study was also carried out and it showed the presence of phytochemicals like 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ester (RT: 11.97), pthalic acid, bis (7 methylocytyl) ester (RT: 20.86) and squalene (RT: 24.70). Key words: Aporosa lindleyana, antioxidant, flavonoids, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).

Effect of polysaccharide from cultured Cordyceps sinensis on immune function and anti-oxidation activity of mice exposed to 60Co

Aim of the studyThe present study was designed to investigate the molecular weight (MW), chemical composition and effect of polysaccharide (CS-PS), from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis, on immune function and anti-oxidation activity of BALB/c mice exposed to 60Co. Materials and methodsThe MW of CS-PS was determined by gel-filtration. The chemical composition of CS-PS was tested by using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). Mice were administered CS-PS with doses of 50, 100 or 200mg/kg body weight, then exposed to 60Co. The normal control group and irradiated control group were also used. Four days later, lymphocyte proliferation, activity of macrophage phagocytosis, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), total-superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, and cytokine expression in serum from the mice were tested. ResultsThe average molecular weight of CP-PS was 12kD. The polysaccharide was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. Lymphocyte proliferation, the activity of macrophage phagocytosis, DTH and total-SOD enzyme activity in the CS-PS groups were significantly enhanced compared to the irradiated control group. Lipid peroxidation level was significantly reduced in the CS-PS groups compared to the irradiated control group. Levels of cytokine IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 are also affected in the CS-PS groups compared to the irradiated control group. ConclusionsCS-PS, a heteropolysaccharide, enhances immunity activity in mice treated by ionizing radiation, through reducing oxidative injury and modulating the secretion of cytokine IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17.

Radiation Protection of Carboxymethylation of an Acid Polysaccharides Extracted from Auricularia Auricula against Uvb &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt;

This paper reports on a water-soluble acid polysaccharide (AAP) and in how it was extracted from Auricularia auricular, acquired by CTAB, and prepared it’s carboxymethylation. Chemical characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography/gel permeation chromatograph (HPLC/GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) were investigated. Chemical analysis indicated that C AAAP was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the molar ratio at 0.04: 0.13: 1.00: 0.59: 0.29. Moreover, radiation protection against UVB in vitro indicated that at the dose range of 200–500 μg/mL, C AAAP enhanced the protection of HepG2 cells against UVB cytotoxicity than AAAP. However, but at the dose range of 50–150 μg/mL the result was just opposite.

English

&nbsp; In this study, the effects of temperature and different levels of recombinant human somatotropin, one of the growth agents, on growth performances and body composition of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Two different temperatures (10.1 &plusmn; 0.10&deg;C and 14.8 &plusmn; 0.50&deg;C) and four different doses of the growth agent were added to the feed (0.0, 27.4, 54.8 and 82.2 &micro;g/g) in this experiment. The following results were obtained from the research conducted according to 2 x 4 x 2 randomized factorial experimental design which lasted for a total of 230 days (114 feeding days with growth agent). At the end of the experiment, weights of the fingerlings whose initial weights were 0.23 &plusmn; 0.04 g, differed between applications. While the highest value was obtained as 17.51 &plusmn; 0.56 g from the 27.4 &micro;g/g growth agent at higher temperature group, the lowest values were obtained as 7.05 &plusmn; 0.06 g from the control group at normal temperature and 8.35 &plusmn; 0.19 g from the 82.2 &micro;g/g growth agent normal water temperature group. The differences between water temperatures and levels of growth agents were found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). In terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR), different values were obtained from the groups and the differences between them were also found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). While the best feed conversion ratio was obtained as 1.43 &plusmn; 0.24 and 1.43 &plusmn; 0.23 g from the 27.4 and 54.8 &micro;g/g growth agents at normal temperature groups, the lowest value was obtained as 1.85 &plusmn; 0.11 in the control group at higher temperature. From the survival rate (SR) point of view, the difference between the results obtained from the groups was found to be statistically significant in terms of water temperatures, but not significant in terms of the levels of growth agent (p &lt; 0.05). As a result of proximate analyses of fish meat, the differences between water temperatures and levels of growth agents were found to be statistically significant in terms of crude protein and crude lipid values (p &lt; 0.01). The crude protein ratio was found to be higher and the crude lipid ratio was found to be lower in the groups given the growth agent. After investigating the results obtained from other analyses at the end of the study, the carcass weight was found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01), the condition factor (CF) was not found to be significant, and values of hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01) in terms of water temperatures and levels of the growth agent. According to GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer) tests, residue of the growth agent was found to be negative in the body of fries 15 days after addition to the feed was ceased. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Water temperature, recombinant human somatotropin hormone&nbsp;(r-hGH),&nbsp;Oncorhynchus mykiss, growth performance, meat composition, residue.

Purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP I-a) prevents oxidative stress in an ageing mouse model

This paper reports on a water-soluble polysaccharide (AAP I-a) extracted from Auricularia auricular with assistance from ultrasonics, and purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Additional further structural characteristics were determined from high-performance liquid chromatography/gel permeation chromatograph (HPLC/GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). AAP I-a is composed of l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, d-xylose, d-mannose, d-glucose, and d-galactose in a molar ratio of 0.2:2.6:0.4:3.6:1.0:0.4. After 35 days of AAP I-a oral administration (50, 100 and 200mg/kg once a day), the AAP I-a significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities in mice where ageing is induced by d-galactose (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicated that AAP I-a possessed potent antioxidant activity.

Estimation of blood alcohol concentration by horizontal attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Numerous methods like distillation followed by iodometric titrations, gas chromatograph (GC)–flame ionization detector, gas chromatograph–mass spectrophotometer, GC-Headspace, Breath analyzer, and biosensors including alcohol dehydrogenase (enzymatic) have been used to determine blood alcohol concentration (BAC). In the present study, horizontal attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy had been used to determine BAC in whole blood. The asymmetric stretching frequency of C–C–O group of ethanol in water (1,045 cm −1) had been used to calculate BAC using Beer's Law. A seven-point calibration curve of ethanol was drawn in the concentration range 24–790 mg dL −1. The curve showed good linearity over the concentration range used ( r 2 = 0.999, standard deviation = 0.0023). The method is accurate, reproducible, rapid, simple, and nondestructive in nature.

Extraction, characterization of polysaccharides from lycium barbarum and its effect on bone gene expression in rats

In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from dried fruits of lycium barbarum. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the compounds in polysaccharides from lycium barbarum (LBP) . GC–MS analysis revealed that glucose and mannose were the main monosaccharides of LBP. Xylose, galactose, arabinose and galactose were detected in trace amounts. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of LBP revealed typical characteristics of polysaccharides. The pharmacological study indicated that LBP could enhance bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in rats. RT-PCR studies had shown that LBP treatment resulted in increase in the mRNA expression of Col5a2 and Alpl in rat blood. Western blot analyses elicited a decreased Col5a2 and Alpl protein level after 45 days of LBP administration. Taken together, our results provide evidence that LBP increase bone gene expression, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in ovariectomized rats.

Analysis of chemical composition of polysaccharides from Poria cocos Wolf and its anti-tumor activity by NMR spectroscopy

In this study, we extracted the polysaccharide from Poria cocos Wolf and examined its chemical components using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Then its anti-tumor effects was investigated via in vivo assays. Chemical analysis revealed that the polysaccharide was composed of ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in the molar contents of 1.49, 1.17, 0.62, 10.34, 86.39 and 1.31 μM, respectively, and their corresponding mole percentages were 1.6%, 1.09%, 0.54%, 11.3%, 85.9%, and 1.01%, respectively. After 7 weeks of feeding, the polysaccharide significantly inhibited tumor cells growth and increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in rats. These results indicate that the polysaccharide possessed strong anti-tumor activity.

Changes of Aroma Components in Hongdeng Sweet Cherry During Fruit Development

To study the changes of aroma components in sweet cherry during fruit development, the aroma components in sweet cherry fruit from the green stage, the color stage, the commercial stage, and the ripe stage were collected using head-space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and were analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). A total of 37 compounds were identified from the sample extracts. Aldehydes, alcohols, and esters were the major constituents. The aroma components behaved differently during the fruit developmental period. C 6 aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes were the main aldehydes in the sweet cherry fruit. The contents of C 6 aldehydes increased quickly to 84.16% in the color stage, then decreased as ripening proceeded, and then, the contents decreased to 59.20 and 55.58% at the commercial stage and the ripe stage, respectively. The aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde) increased as ripening proceeded, and the maximum was found at the ripe stage. Alcohols of sweet cherry fruit included C 6 alcohols and aromatic alcohols. The content of (E)-2-hexen-1-o1 increased as ripening proceeded. The maximum was found at the commercial stage; alcohol was only found at the ripe stage. Ester components included ethyl acetate, butanoic acid ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, which increased as the fruit ripened. Hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-hexen-1-01, ethyl acetate, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were the characteristic aroma components of sweet cherry fruit. These aroma components started to form drastically at the color stage, and the main aroma was formed at the commercial stage, which then turned bad at the ripe stage because of the presence of alcohol. So the optimal harvest time of sweet cherry was at the commercial stage.