Gas Chromatography Equipped With A Flame Ionization Detector Research Articles

Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith against Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps

Multidrug resistance is a significant health problem worldwide, with increasing mortality rates, especially in the last few years. In this context, a consistent effort has been made to discover new antibacterial agents, and evidence points to natural products as the most promising source of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to characterize the antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Etlingera elatior (EOEE) and its major constituents against efflux pump-carrying Staphylococcus aureus strains. The essential oil was extracted from fresh inflorescences by hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The strains RN-4220, 1199B, IS-58, and 1199 of S. aureus were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the inhibition of efflux pumps. A total of 23 compounds were identified, including dodecanal and 1-dodecanol as major compounds. EOEE and dodecanal showed weak activity against the strains, while 1-dodecanol inhibited bacterial growth at low concentrations, indicating strong antibacterial activity. In addition, this compound potentiated the activity of norfloxacin against S. aureus 1199. In conclusion, 1-dodecanol was identified as the most effective compound of EOEE, showing significant potential to be used in antibacterial drug development.

A polypyrrole-cotton pad sorbent as micro-solid phase extractor enclosed in tea bag envelope for determination of synthetic antioxidants in non-alcoholic beverage products

A polypyrrole (PPy)-cotton pad sorbent enclosed in tea bag envelope was developed and used in micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After extraction, the extract was qualified and quantified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Parameters influencing this developed method and the efficiency of µ-SPE were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method provided good linearity in a concentration range of 0.100–100 µg L−1 for BHA and 0.050–50 µg L−1 for BHT, respectively. The limits of detection were 39.27 ± 0.52 ng L−1 for BHA and 16.96 ± 0.17 ng L−1 for BHT. Satisfactory relative recoveries of BHA and BHT were achieved in the range from 86.8 ± 1.9 to 117.1 ± 2.3% with acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) below 8.1%. Good reproducibility was obtained with RSDs < 3.1%, for n = 6. The developed adsorbent is easy to operate, low cost, eco-friendly, reusable, with high extraction efficiency, and was successfully applied in the simultaneous synthetic antioxidant determination of non-alcoholic beverage samples.

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The study analysed the fatty and amino acid compositions of chia seeds and the physicochemical characterisation of chia seeds oil. The quantification of amino and fatty acids was done using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The amino acids from chia seeds were leucine, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, isoleucine, threonine, histidine, and methionine with 1.63, 1.37, 1.34, 1.14, 0.98, 0.98, 0.88 and 0.81 g/100 g, respectively. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 3.95 and 30.48%, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean ratio of Omega 6/Omega 3 fatty acids was 0.333. The established physicochemical characteristics of CSO were acid value 2.63 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 6.23 meq active oxygen/kg, iodine value 200.721 g I2/100 g, saponification value 193.345 mg KOH/g, refractive index 1.454 at 40&deg;C relative density 0.8824 g/cm3 at 20&deg;C and specific gravity 0.882 at 40&deg;C. The fatty acid and amino acid profiling of chia seeds revealed the presence of an appreciable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and essential amino acids. The physicochemical characteristics of CSO constitute a drying oil category that requires timely usage and proper storage condition to reduce rancidity from air or light exposure. &nbsp; Key words: Chia seeds, chia seeds oil, amino acids, fatty acids, physicochemical characteristics.

A rapid removal of xylene from air based on nano-activated carbon in the dynamic and static systems and compared to commercial activated carbon before determination by gas chromatography

As main air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) must be paid special attention. In this study, the removal efficiency of xylene from the air was investigated by nano-activated carbons (NACs) as an efficient adsorbent and compared to commercial activated carbons (ACs). In the chamber, the xylene vapor in pure air was generated, stored in the airbag (5 Li), and moved to adsorbents. Then, the xylene vapor was absorbed on the NAC/AC adsorbents and desorbed from it by a heat accessory. The efficiency of xylene removal with NACs and ACs was investigated in the dynamic and static systems based on 100-700 mg L-1 of xylene, flow rates of 100 ml min-1, and 100 mg of adsorbent at a humidity of 32% (25°C). Xylene concentrations were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In the batch system, the maximum absorption capacity for NACs and ACs was obtained at 205.2 mg g-1 and 116.8 mg g-1, respectively. The mean adsorption efficiency for NACs and ACs adsorbents was obtained at 98.5% and 76.55%, respectively. The RSD% for NACs ranged between 1.1-2.5% in optimized conditions. The characterizations of the NACs adsorbent showed that the particle-size range was between 35-100 nm.

Inlet hydrogenation gas chromatography to predict mass % linear paraffin content

The light condensate fraction obtained from the low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LT-FT) process is very complex and it is processed further by hydrotreating to produce hydrocarbon products that can be sold as final products. The mass% linear paraffins in some of the final paraffin products is listed as a required specification. Usually gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) is used for the analysis of the condensate feeds to estimate the mass% linear paraffins that can be expected in the final products after commercial hydrogenation. This is an important parameter used in the blending of suitable condensate feeds. Due to the complexity of the condensate feeds, significant peak overlap occurs in the GC-FID analysis, making it difficult to accurately estimate the mass% linear paraffin content that will be obtained in the hydrogenated products. Inlet hydrogenation GC-FID analysis simplifies the prediction of the mass% linear content that can be expected in the paraffin product fractions from the analysis of a plant feed since the feed is hydrogenated in the GC inlet before GC-FID analysis. The results from this study showed that sufficient hydrogenation without significant peak tailing can be obtained in the GC inlet when using the appropriate mass and particle size Pd/Al2O3 catalyst with the optimum bed height. Inlet hydrogenation GC-FID analysis simplifies the prediction of the mass% linear content that can be expected in the paraffin product fractions. The method can be implemented on routine GC-FID instrumentation by simply installing an inlet liner containing an appropriate catalyst, that could be re-used at least 20 times, and avoids the purchasing of additional instrumentation and complex data processing and is suitable for commercial process control.

Bacterial strains diversity in contaminated soils and their potential for bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in south west of Iran.

The main purpose of this research was investigating of bioremediation potential oily contaminated soils using native bacterial strains in an oil field. In this research, total bacterial consortium were identified in oily soils with sandy loam texture as case and non-contaminated soils as controls during six months. The dominant strains present on contaminated soil were identified by DNA extraction using 16S rDNA gene sequencing via NGS technique and compared with bacteria present in non-contaminated soil as control samples. Furthermore, quantitative variations of bacterial count along with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal was performed in oily (case) samples to investigate the relation between TPH removal and changes in bacterial density. The TPH values were determined with gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The dominant identified bacteria in oily soil were as follows: Halomonas, Moraxellaceae, Thalassobacillus, Zhihengliuella and Enterobacteriaceae which varied significantly from those identified in control soil. The bacterial diversity was higher in contaminated soil and a TPH removal of 50.9% was observed over a period of six months monitoring. Indigenous bacteria in oil-contaminated soils of an oilfield in south west of Iran were found to be able to degrade Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Our results showed that bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils can be implemented without need to amplification of heterogeneous bacteria. Considering sandy loam texture of soil samples, the identified strains of bacteria could be introduced as sufficient consortium for biodegradation of this soils with similar texture.

Comparative study of the percutaneous permeation and bioaccumulation of a cyclic siloxane using frozen-thawed and nonfrozen ex vivo human skin

Literature shows contradictory information regarding the effect of freezing the excise skin ex vivo on the diffusion of substances into the skin. Few studies indicate that storing the human or animal skin in a frozen state decreases the barrier properties after thawing. Therefore, to understand the properties of frozen skin, we evaluated the effect of storage of ex vivo human skin (2 weeks at −20 °C) on the penetration of stratum corneum and permeation into deeper skin layers (epidermis, and dermis) as well as to the receptor fluid by octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) a representative test compound of cyclic siloxanes. The main research were preceded by checking the integrity of nonfrozen ex vivo human skin in comparison to the frozen-thawed one by using the Electrical Resistance technique (ER) and the fluorescence microscopy. Samples collected in the skin absorption experiment were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results of this study demonstrated that freezing of excised ex vivo human skin at −20 °C for up to 14 days does not alter the permeability of D4 in a statistically significant manner. Thus, our results confirmed the validity of using skin storage conditions for testing the penetration and permeation of xenobiotics recommended by the OECD, EMA, and WHO guidelines.

Metabolite-Flavor Profile, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity Changes in Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Seeds during Germination.

Sacha inchi seeds are abundant in nutrients such as linolenic acids and amino acids. Germination can further enhance their nutritional and medicinal value; however, germination time is positively correlated with off-flavor in germinated seeds. This study investigated the changes in the metabolite and flavor profiles and evaluated the nutritional quality of sacha inchi seeds 8 days after germination (DAG). We also determined their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. We used gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and identified 63 metabolites, including 18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). FAMEs had the highest concentration in ungerminated seeds, especially palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids. Amino acids, total phenolic compounds (TPCs), and antioxidant activity associated with health benefits increased with germination time. At the final germination stage, oxidation products were observed, which are associated with green, beany, and grassy odors and rancid and off-flavors. Germination is a valuable processing step to enhance the nutritional quality of sacha inchi seeds. These 6DAG or 8DAG seeds may be an alternative source of high-value-added compounds used in plant-protein-based products and isolated protein.

Investigation of Physicochemical Indices and Microbial Communities in Termite Fungus-Combs.

Termitomyces species are wild edible mushrooms that possess high nutritional value and a wide range of medicinal properties. However, the cultivation of these mushrooms is very difficult because of their symbiotic association with termites. In this study, we aimed to examine the differences in physicochemical indices and microbial communities between combs with Termitomyces basidiomes (CF) and combs without Termitomyces basidiomes (CNF). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), some commercial kits, high-throughput sequencing of the 16s RNA, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were used. Humidity, pH, and elements, i.e., Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Ni, S, Ca, and Mg were higher while amino acids particularly alanine, tyrosine, and isoleucine were lower in CF as compared to CNF. The average contents of fatty acids were not significantly different between the two comb categories. The bacterial genera Alistipes, Burkholderia, Sediminibacterium, and Thermus were dominant in all combs. Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, and Sediminibacterium were significantly more abundant in CF. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were also identified in combs. Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces sp. Group3, and Termitomyces sp. were the most dominant species in combs. However, any single Termitomyces species was abundantly present in an individual comb.

Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco, Italy and France: Insight into chemical compositions and biological properties

The essential oils (EOs) of medicinal and aromatic plants have been huge scientific interests for their biological properties, we use them in various applications such as medicine, pharmacy, culinary, cosmetics, biocides, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The objectives of this minireview were to identify the bioactive molecules of Rosmarinus Officinalis essential oil from different regions of the world such as Morocco, Italy and France. These EOs have been extracted by the method of steam distillation and its chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). These comparative studies of this plant show its richness in terms of chemo-types such as 1.8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor, caryophyllene and D-limonene. Which open a diverse application uses specially as an antioxidant, antimicrobial and an environmentally friendly green pesticide.

Rapid Authentication of Potato Chip Oil by Vibrational Spectroscopy Combined with Pattern Recognition Analysis.

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid technique to authenticate potato chip frying oils using vibrational spectroscopy signatures in combination with pattern recognition analysis. Potato chip samples (n = 118) were collected from local grocery stores, and the oil was extracted by a hydraulic press and characterized by fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Spectral data was collected by a handheld Raman system (1064 nm) and a miniature near-infrared (NIR) sensor, further being analyzed by SIMCA (Soft Independent Model of Class Analogies) and PLSR (Partial Least Square Regression) to develop classification algorithms and predict the fatty acid profile. Supervised classification by SIMCA predicted the samples with a 100% sensitivity based on the validation data. The PLSR showed a strong correlation (Rval > 0.97) and a low standard error of prediction (SEP = 1.08–3.55%) for palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. 11% of potato chips (n = 13) indicated a single oil in the label with a mislabeling problem. Our data supported that the new generation of portable vibrational spectroscopy devices provided an effective tool for rapid in-situ identification of oil type of potato chips in the market and for surveillance of accurate labeling of the products.

The quest for efficient oxygenated fuels: Examining interactions between lubricant components and oxygenates

This work empirically evaluated oxygenated blendstock - lubricant compatibility using a novel but simple method. The reactivity or compatibility was evaluated via gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) before and after heating for 2 h at 150 °C, which would roughly mimic conditions encountered in the crankcase of a Spark Ignition (SI) or Compression-Ignition (CI) engine. Although 150 °C does not mimic combustion chamber temperatures, it may provide an insight of potential in-cylinder interactions. Five oxygenate blendstocks spanning several functional groups and chain lengths (prenol, isoprenol, butyl acetate, isohexanol, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers) were evaluated in a base fuel with nine variations of lubricant components of controlled concentrations, including fully formulated commercial lubricants. Baseline comparative examples were also generated, to decouple the effect of the oxygenate on the mixture, by heating only the base fuel with the lubricant component. Results demonstrate the relative compatibility between noted lubricants and oxygenates in base fuel upon heating. This was illustrated by minimal to no changes in the GC-FID traces. However, reactions of several of the chosen lubricants, especially Molybdenum di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate (Molyvan L) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), with prenol and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blendstocks showed substantial side reactions compared to corresponding baseline examples. Control experiments without oxygenates but comprising the same lubricant components showed no change in the mixture with heating. We concluded the reactivity is due to the oxygenate and not the components of the base fuel. This preliminary work is valuable in establishing trends as well as providing useful information when a new component is introduced in the fuel.

Edible Oils Differentiation Based on the Determination of Fatty Acids Profile and Raman Spectroscopy—A Case Study

This study proposes a comparison between two analytical techniques for edible oil classification, namely gas-chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), which is an acknowledged technique for fatty acid analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, as a real time noninvasive technique. Due to the complexity of the investigated matrix, we used both methods in connection with chemometrics processing for a quick and valuable evaluation of oils. In addition to this, the possible adulteration of investigated oil varieties (sesame, hemp, walnut, linseed, sea buckthorn) with sunflower oil was also tested. In order to extract the meaningful information from the experimental data set, a supervised chemometric technique, namely linear discriminant analysis (LDA), was applied. Moreover, for possible adulteration detection, an artificial neural network (ANN) was also employed. Based on the results provided by ANN, it was possible to detect the mixture between sea buckthorn and sunflower oil.

Physicochemical Properties and Pesticide Residues in Okra Fruits (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Vegetable acts as major valuable source of nutrients. Among different vegetables, okra was analyzed to study moisture content, ash content, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), total carbohydrates, and micro-minerals, fatty acid compositions and pesticide residues. Fatty acid compositions were studied by gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) while, gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector GC-ECD was used for analysis of pesticide residues. Total carbohydrate content was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The amount of soluble dietary fiber was estimated by acid extraction method. Fe, Cu and Zn content were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The relative percentage of fatty acids were found to be palmitic, cis-9-oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acid in a range of 0.27-1.35, 3.78 - 6.32, 30.67- 38.44, 2.13 - 4.85 and 1.29 -3.17 %, respectively. Residual diazinon, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, cypermethrin and quinalphos were not found to be present in any sample. Total carbohydrate, SDF, moisture and ash content in fresh okra fruits were found to be 6.01- 6.09, 3.35 - 3.50, 88.02 - 91.84 and 1.72 - 2.04 %, respectively. The amount of Fe, Cu and Zn was 11.41-11.43, 1.78 -1.85 and 8.56 - 9.05 mg per 100 g sample, respectively.&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 68(2): 155-160, 2020 (July)

Biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils using indigenous bacterial consortium

Background: Biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds is a great environmental concern due to their toxic nature and ubiquitous occurrence. In this study, biodegradation potential of oily soils was investigated in an oil field using indigenous bacterial consortium. Methods: The bacterial strains present in the contaminated and non-contaminated soils were identified via DNA extraction using 16S rDNA gene sequencing during six months. Furthermore, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were removed from oil-contaminated soils. The TPH values were determined using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results: The bacterial consortium identified in oil-contaminated soils (case) belonged to the families Halomonadaceae (91.5%) and Bacillaceae (8.5%), which was significantly different from those identified in non-contaminated soils (control) belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae (84.6%), Paenibacillaceae (6%), and Bacillaceae (9.4%). It was revealed that the diversity of bacterial strains was less in oil-contaminated soils and varied significantly between case and control samples. Indigenous bacterial consortium was used in oil-contaminated soils without need for amplification of heterogeneous bacteria and the results showed that the identified bacterial strains could be introduced as a sufficient consortium for biodegradation of oil-contaminated soils with similar texture, which is one of the innovative aspects of this research. Conclusion: An oil-contaminated soil sample with TPH concentration of 1640 mg/kg was subjected to bioremediation during 6 months using indigenous bacterial consortium and a TPH removal efficiency of 28.1% was obtained.

Identification of Hydrogen Gas Producing Anaerobic Bacteria Isolated from Sago Industrial Effluent.

In this study, the biohydrogen production ability of isolated strains with sago industrial effluent in anaerobic batch fermentation was investigated. The bacteria responsible for the biohydrogen were isolated and identified as Clostridium sartagoforme NASGE 01 and Enterobacter cloacae NASGE 02. The volume of biohydrogen gas generated from the effluent was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and the organic acids formed during the biohydrogen production were determined by GC equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In batch fermentation, C. sartagoforme NASGE 01 produced high amount of biogas (232 ± 11.02mL/L) and biohydrogen (41.5%) followed by E. cloacae NASGE 02 produced 212.8 ± 8mL/L biogas containing 31.5% of biohydrogen. Moreover, the hydrogen production potential (P), production rate (Rm) and lag time (λ) were analyzed from Gompertz non-linear curve fit model. The peak hydrogen yield was obtained with C. sartagoforme NASGE 01 was 158.7mL/g glucose (1.26mol H2/mol glucose) with the substrate degradation of 56.7%. Butyric acid was the major organic acid formed while hydrogen production with Clostridium sartagoforme NASGE 01 (176.4mg/L) and Enterobacter cloacae NASGE 02 (285.1mg/L). These experimental data demonstrated the feasibility of biohydrogen production using pure culture of anaerobic bacteria with sago industrial waste water as substrate.

Volatile constituents of leaf, stem and flower of the traditional shrub Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. from the Western Ghats, India

The volatile organic constituents from the leaf, stem and flower of Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty-two, fifty-seven and forty-four compounds were identified from leaf oil (LO), stem oil (SO) and flower oil (FO). The identification was done according to their mass spectra, and their relative retention indices were determined on a non-polar stationary phase capillary column (ZB-5), representing 96.4% (LO), 94.9% (SO) and 95.2% (FO) of the total oil constituents. The major constituents were identified as (E)-β-ocimene (42.6–6.9%), germacrene D (21.1–5.9%), trans-β-guaiene (10.6–6.8%) and β-caryophyllene (9.6–6.3%) from various parts of the plant P. plectranthoides. The oil was found (E)-β-ocimene-germacrene D-trans-β-guaiene chemotypes from the plant growing in the Western Ghats of this region.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Organic Constituents of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants from the Western Ghats of India: Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce., Heliotropium indicum L. and Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

The present study explored essential oil constituents of the medicinal plants used in traditional medicine and growing wild in the Western Ghats region of India, which is one of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots. The hydro distilled essential oils of Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce. (Asteraceae), Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) and Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (Tiliaceae) were analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Thirty-six, twenty-seven, and fifty constituents were identified from the essential oils of B. lanceolaria, H. indicum, and T. rhomboidea, respectively comprising 97.3% (B. lanceolaria), 98.2% (H. indicum) and 97.6% (T. rhomboidea) of the total oil constituents. The major compounds of B. lanceolaria, H. indicum, and T. rhomboidea were identified as β-pinene (82.3%), methyl salicylate (54.3%), and β-caryophyllene (28.9%), respectively. The essential of B. lanceolaria was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (90.4%), while H. indicum and T. rhomboidea oils were rich in phenyl derivative (72.8%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (69.5%) type constituents, respectively. The common compounds viz., terpin-4-ol and eugenol were identified in the essential oils of B. lanceolaria, H. indicum, and T. rhomboidea.

Qualitative Analysis of Essential Oil from French and Italian Varieties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Grown in the Midwestern United States

Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial evergreen undershrub belongs to the family Lamiaceae and traditionally used as a spice, medicine to enhance cognitive ability, reducing stress, insomnia, and respiratory system diseases. Leaves found to be rich in essential oil, widely used in aromatherapy, as a natural antimicrobial agent, used as a pesticide and deer repellant. Though rosemary is a common garden herb in the Mid-west, there was a need to commercialize the cultivation through extraction and quality analysis of essential oil. Thus, an investigation was carried out to study the quality of essential oil content and chemotype variability in two cultivars of organically grown rosemary, R. officinalis var. albiflorus (French type) and R. officinalis var. Gorizia (Italian type) in Iowa by using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Steam distillation of French type herb yielded higher essential oil content (1.38 %) on a fresh weight basis as compared to Italian rosemary (1.25 %). Chromatographic analysis of essential oils of both the varieties showed an enormous variation in volatile components. French type showed higher α-pinene (37.5%), 1,8-cineole (15.69 %), verbenone (6.61 %) and camphene (4.64 %) however, Italian type yielded elevated 1,8-cineole (23.39 %), α-pinene (13.14 %), camphor (13.02 %) and camphene (6.54 %).

Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oils and Antibacterial Activity and Antioxidant Properties of Barringtonia asiatica (L) Leaf Extract.

Objective To ascertain the essential oil phytochemicals of the leaf and to test for the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of dichloromethane crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica leaf. Methods The phytochemical screening of essential oils, extraction by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus, and analysis performed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Antibacterial activity and the inhibition rate (mm) were determined using the agar disc method against four bacterial strains using tetracycline as positive control. The antioxidant potential of dichloromethane crude extract was investigated spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Results The essential oil properties were reasonable with major phytochemicals like uncineol 30.9%, eicosane 27.4%, eicosane 21.6%, and 4-propyl-guaiacol 14.05%. The antibacterial activity of the dichloromethane crude extract showed broad-spectrum activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition value ranges between 2.50 ± 0.10 mm and 5.00 ± 0.06 mm. The dichloromethane crude extract exhibited strong antioxidant activities when compared to the standard. Conclusions These results suggest that the leaves of Barringtonia asiatica is composed of essential compound as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties from the crude extract; these are possible due to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the crude extract. The species also showed a reasonable amount of natural products in the essential oils from the hydrodistillation which can as well be used in the cosmetics and food industries.