Abstract
Objective To ascertain the essential oil phytochemicals of the leaf and to test for the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of dichloromethane crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica leaf. Methods The phytochemical screening of essential oils, extraction by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus, and analysis performed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Antibacterial activity and the inhibition rate (mm) were determined using the agar disc method against four bacterial strains using tetracycline as positive control. The antioxidant potential of dichloromethane crude extract was investigated spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Results The essential oil properties were reasonable with major phytochemicals like uncineol 30.9%, eicosane 27.4%, eicosane 21.6%, and 4-propyl-guaiacol 14.05%. The antibacterial activity of the dichloromethane crude extract showed broad-spectrum activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition value ranges between 2.50 ± 0.10 mm and 5.00 ± 0.06 mm. The dichloromethane crude extract exhibited strong antioxidant activities when compared to the standard. Conclusions These results suggest that the leaves of Barringtonia asiatica is composed of essential compound as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties from the crude extract; these are possible due to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the crude extract. The species also showed a reasonable amount of natural products in the essential oils from the hydrodistillation which can as well be used in the cosmetics and food industries.
Highlights
In the last century, a tremendous progress in medicinal plants research has been observed
Barringtonia asiatica is a species of Barringtonia, native to mangrove habitats on the tropical area; it is a common plant in the Malaysian mangroves and wetlands such as the Kuching wetlands in Sarawak, Bako National Park, and Meranek river in Kota Samarahan. It is found in tropical Africa, Nigeria, and Madagascar. e plant has large pinkish-white pompon flowers which give off a sickly sweet smell to attract bats and moths which pollinate the flowers at night; it is known as box fruit plant due to the distinct box shape of the fruit. e plant is a medium-sized tree growing to 7–25 m tall [12, 13]. e hexane leaf extract was reported by Isaac et al [14] to possess antimicrobial properties. us, this study evaluated the phytochemical composition of the essential oils from hydrodistillation and antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the crude extract of the leaves
Essential Oil. e yield of the leaf essential oil of Barringtonia asiatica was 0.8 ± 0.13% based on the fresh weight of the sample. e phytochemical profile of the essential oil components from Meranek river bank in Meranek Kota Samarahan as presented in Table 3 is composed of fourteen compounds with three unidentified; ethyl valerate, decane, ethyl lactate, (Z) 4-decenal, hexyl hexanoate, (−)-c-elemene, geranyl butyrate, humulene oxide, 4-propyl-guaiacol, uncineol, eicosane, tetradecanol, and acetovanillone. e main constituents in the Barringtonia asiatica essential oil were uncineol 30.9%, eicosane 27.4%, eicosane 21.6%, and 4-propylguaiacol 14.05%
Summary
To ascertain the essential oil phytochemicals of the leaf and to test for the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of dichloromethane crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica leaf. Antibacterial activity and the inhibition rate (mm) were determined using the agar disc method against four bacterial strains using tetracycline as positive control. E antibacterial activity of the dichloromethane crude extract showed broad-spectrum activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition value ranges between 2.50 ± 0.10 mm and 5.00 ± 0.06 mm. E dichloromethane crude extract exhibited strong antioxidant activities when compared to the standard. Ese results suggest that the leaves of Barringtonia asiatica is composed of essential compound as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties from the crude extract; these are possible due to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the crude extract. Conclusions. ese results suggest that the leaves of Barringtonia asiatica is composed of essential compound as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties from the crude extract; these are possible due to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the crude extract. e species showed a reasonable amount of natural products in the essential oils from the hydrodistillation which can as well be used in the cosmetics and food industries
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